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Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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90 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
# 47. Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
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> Source: [YouTube](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=12921s)
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The present subjunctive is formed by taking the **yo form of the present indicative**, dropping the `-o`, and adding the **opposite vowel endings**: -ar verbs take `-e` endings; -er/-ir verbs take `-a` endings. Almost every present-subjunctive irregularity falls out of this rule.
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## Key Rules
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1. **Regular verbs** — switch the ending vowel:
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- -ar verbs use **-e** endings.
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- -er and -ir verbs use **-a** endings.
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2. **Irregular yo verbs** — take the irregular yo stem and apply it to all persons (e.g., `tener` → `tengo` → `tenga, tengas, tenga…`).
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3. **-car / -gar / -zar verbs** — spelling change (think yo form of the preterite):
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- -car → -**qu**e (marcar → marque)
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- -gar → -**gu**e (pagar → pague)
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- -zar → -**c**e (organizar → organice)
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4. **Stem-changing verbs** — same stem changes as the present simple, except `-ir` stem-changers also change in the **nosotros/vosotros** forms.
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5. **Five fully irregular verbs:** ser, estar, ir, saber, dar (plus haber for compound tenses).
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## Conjugation / Pattern Tables
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### Regular endings
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| Pronoun | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| yo | hable | coma | viva |
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| tú | hables | comas | vivas |
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| él/ella | hable | coma | viva |
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| nosotros | hablemos | comamos | vivamos |
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| vosotros | habléis | comáis | viváis |
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| ellos | hablen | coman | vivan |
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### Irregular yo-verb pattern
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| Pronoun | tener | hacer | decir | venir | conducir |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| yo | tenga | haga | diga | venga | conduzca |
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| tú | tengas | hagas | digas | vengas | conduzcas |
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| él | tenga | haga | diga | venga | conduzca |
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| nosotros | tengamos | hagamos | digamos | vengamos | conduzcamos |
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| vosotros | tengáis | hagáis | digáis | vengáis | conduzcáis |
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| ellos | tengan | hagan | digan | vengan | conduzcan |
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Other yo-irregulars: **oír → oiga**, **traer → traiga**, **ver → vea**.
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### -car / -gar / -zar spelling change
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| Verb | yo (preterite) | Present subjunctive |
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|---|---|---|
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| marcar | marqué | marque, marques, marque, marquemos, marquéis, marquen |
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| pagar | pagué | pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen |
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| organizar | organicé | organice, organices, organice, organicemos, organicéis, organicen |
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### Stem-changers (note `-ir` exceptions)
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| Verb | Pattern | nosotros / vosotros |
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|---|---|---|
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| pensar (e→ie) | piense, pienses, piense, **pensemos**, **penséis**, piensen | normal |
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| volver (o→ue) | vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, **volvamos**, **volváis**, vuelvan | normal |
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| pedir (e→i) | pida, pidas, pida, **pidamos**, **pidáis**, pidan | also changes |
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| sentir (e→ie) | sienta, sientas, sienta, **sintamos**, **sintáis**, sientan | also changes |
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| dormir (o→ue) | duerma, duermas, duerma, **durmamos**, **durmáis**, duerman | also changes |
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### The 5 irregular verbs
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| Pronoun | ser | estar | ir | saber | dar |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| yo | sea | esté | vaya | sepa | dé |
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| tú | seas | estés | vayas | sepas | des |
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| él | sea | esté | vaya | sepa | dé |
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| nosotros | seamos | estemos | vayamos | sepamos | demos |
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| vosotros | seáis | estéis | vayáis | sepáis | deis |
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| ellos | sean | estén | vayan | sepan | den |
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Plus **haber → haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan** (used for the present perfect subjunctive).
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## Examples
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| Spanish | English |
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|---|---|
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| que yo hable | (that) I speak |
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| que tú comas | (that) you eat |
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| que él viva | (that) he live |
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| que nosotros tengamos | (that) we have |
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| que ellos digan | (that) they say |
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| que yo pague | (that) I pay |
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| que tú duermas | (that) you sleep |
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| que él sea | (that) he be |
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| que nosotros vayamos | (that) we go |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- The mnemonic: "**Opposite vowel** — -ar takes -e, -er/-ir takes -a."
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- `dé` (give, subjunctive) carries an accent to distinguish it from `de` (preposition, "of").
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- `esté` and `estés` keep accents on the final syllable (like the present indicative of `estar`).
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- For irregular yo verbs, the "yo trick" works: `salgo → salga`, `pongo → ponga`, `traigo → traiga`.
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