admin/Spanish
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Add 13 new grammar notes with 1010 exercises from video extraction

Browse Source 
Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on
14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and
generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic.

- 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives,
  greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo,
  stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present
  indicative conjugation)
- 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing)
- Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks
- Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect,
  subj future) with numbered usage format
- Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade
- Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes,
  structured JSON, and exercise data

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Trey t
2026-04-16 08:40:05 -05:00
parent ff4f906128
commit 47a7871c38
297 changed files with 114661 additions and 14 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

6
.gitignore vendored
View File

@@ -34,3 +34,9 @@ Pods/
screens/
conjugato/
conjuu-es/
# Video scraping pipeline (kept locally for reruns, not committed)
scrape/
*.webm
*.mp4
*.mkv

1262
Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarExercise.swift
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

441
Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift
View File

@@ -1274,4 +1274,445 @@ struct GrammarNote: Identifiable {
**Tip:** Use the Irregularity Drills in the Practice tab to focus on each type separately — spelling changes, stem changes, or unique irregulars.
"""
)
// MARK: - BEGIN generated notes (do not edit — regenerate via scrape/work/generate_swift.py)
static let generatedNotes: [GrammarNote] = [
GrammarNote(
id: "present-indicative-conjugation",
title: "Present Indicative Conjugation",
category: "Core Concepts",
body: """
The present indicative describes what someone **does** or **is doing** right now, habitually, or as a general truth. To conjugate a regular verb, drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add the person-ending that matches the subject.
**-ar verbs** (hablar — to speak):
*hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan*
**-er verbs** (comer — to eat):
*como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen*
**-ir verbs** (vivir — to live):
*vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven*
Notice -er and -ir verbs share the same endings EXCEPT in the nosotros and vosotros forms (-emos/-éis vs -imos/-ís).
*Yo hablo español todos los días.* — I speak Spanish every day.
*¿Tú comes carne?* — Do you eat meat?
*Ellos viven en Madrid.* — They live in Madrid.
**Key tip:** Since the verb ending already tells you the subject, Spanish often drops subject pronouns: *Hablo español* already means *I speak Spanish.*
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "articles-and-gender",
title: "Articles & Gender",
category: "Core Concepts",
body: """
Every Spanish noun has a grammatical gender (masculine or feminine) and a number (singular or plural). The article must agree with both.
**Definite articles** (the):
*el* (m. sing.), *la* (f. sing.), *los* (m. pl.), *las* (f. pl.)
**Indefinite articles** (a/an/some):
*un* (m. sing.), *una* (f. sing.), *unos* (m. pl.), *unas* (f. pl.)
*el libro / los libros* — the book(s)
*la mesa / las mesas* — the table(s)
*un amigo / unos amigos* — a friend / some friends
**General rules:**
- Nouns ending in -o are usually masculine: *el carro, el vino.*
- Nouns ending in -a are usually feminine: *la casa, la silla.*
- Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad are feminine: *la canción, la ciudad.*
- Nouns ending in -ma, -pa, -ta from Greek are often masculine: *el problema, el mapa, el planeta.*
**Common exceptions to memorize:**
*la mano, la foto, la moto, la radio* (feminine but end in -o)
*el día, el clima, el tema, el idioma, el sofá* (masculine but end in -a)
**Tip:** Always learn a new noun together with its article — *la mano*, not just *mano*.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "possessive-adjectives",
title: "Possessive Adjectives",
category: "Adjectives",
body: """
Spanish possessive adjectives go **before** the noun and agree in number with the item possessed (not with the possessor). Only *nuestro* and *vuestro* also agree in gender.
| | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| my | mi | mis |
| your (tú) | tu | tus |
| his/her/your(Ud.) | su | sus |
| our | nuestro/a | nuestros/as |
| your (vosotros) | vuestro/a | vuestros/as |
| their/your(Uds.) | su | sus |
*mi libro / mis libros* — my book(s)
*tu casa / tus casas* — your house(s)
*nuestra familia / nuestros amigos* — our family / our friends
**Note:** *tu* (your) has no accent; *tú* (you) does.
**Ambiguity of *su*:** *su* can mean his, her, its, your (Ud./Uds.), or their. Context or *de + pronoun* clarifies: *la casa de él* (his house), *la casa de ella* (her house).
*Su coche es rojo* — His / Her / Their / Your car is red.
*El coche de ella es rojo.* — Her car is red.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "demonstrative-adjectives",
title: "Demonstrative Adjectives",
category: "Adjectives",
body: """
Demonstratives point to something and agree with the noun in gender and number. Spanish has three levels of distance:
**este/esta/estos/estas** — this/these (near the speaker)
**ese/esa/esos/esas** — that/those (near the listener)
**aquel/aquella/aquellos/aquellas** — that/those over there (far from both)
*este libro* — this book
*esta mesa* — this table
*esos zapatos* — those shoes (near you)
*aquellas montañas* — those mountains (in the distance)
**Neuter pronouns** — use *esto, eso, aquello* when pointing to something unidentified or to an abstract idea. They don't change form.
*¿Qué es esto?* — What is this?
*Eso no me gusta.* — I don't like that.
*Aquello fue un desastre.* — That was a disaster.
**Tip:** *este/ese/aquel* follow the distance triangle — speaker → listener → beyond. The *-ese* forms (ese/esos) sit in the middle.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "greetings-farewells",
title: "Greetings & Farewells",
category: "Core Concepts",
body: """
Spanish greetings are highly time-of-day aware. Using the wrong one sounds jarring.
**Greetings**
*hola* — hi (anytime)
*buenos días* — good morning (until ~noon)
*buenas tardes* — good afternoon (noon until sunset)
*buenas noches* — good evening / good night (after dark, also used when leaving)
**Common questions**
*¿cómo estás?* — how are you? (tú)
*¿cómo está usted?* — how are you? (formal)
*¿qué tal?* — what's up?
*¿qué hay?* — what's new?
*¿cómo te va?* — how's it going?
**Responses**
*bien, gracias* — fine, thanks
*muy bien* — very well
*más o menos* — so-so
*todo bien* — all good
**Introductions**
*mucho gusto* — nice to meet you
*encantado / encantada* — delighted (m./f.)
*igualmente* — likewise
**Farewells**
*adiós* — goodbye
*hasta luego* — see you later
*hasta pronto* — see you soon
*hasta mañana* — see you tomorrow
*nos vemos* — see you (around)
*chau / chao* — bye (informal)
**Tip:** *buenas noches* works for both *good evening* (hello) and *good night* (goodbye) — context tells which.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "poder-infinitive",
title: "Poder + Infinitive",
category: "Irregular Verbs",
body: """
*Poder* means "to be able to / can" and is one of the most-used verbs in Spanish. It's an o→ue stem-changer in the present tense (all forms except nosotros and vosotros) and takes an infinitive directly — no preposition.
**Present indicative:**
*puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden*
**Preterite (irregular stem pud-):**
*pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron*
**Future / Conditional stem:** *podr-*
*podré, podrás, podrá...* (future)
*podría, podrías, podría...* (conditional — often softens a request)
*Puedo hablar tres idiomas.* — I can speak three languages.
*¿Puedes ayudarme?* — Can you help me?
*No pudimos ir al concierto.* — We couldn't go to the concert.
*¿Podrías pasar la sal?* — Could you pass the salt? (polite request)
**Pattern:** poder + infinitive. Never *poder a* or *poder de*.
**Nuance:** The preterite *pude* often carries the meaning "managed to / succeeded in"; *no pude* means "I failed to / couldn't."
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "al-del-contractions",
title: "al & del Contractions",
category: "Core Concepts",
body: """
Spanish has only **two mandatory contractions**, and they both collapse the redundant vowel between a preposition and the article *el*.
**a + el = al** (to the)
**de + el = del** (of the / from the)
*Voy al mercado.* — I'm going to the market. (NOT *a el*)
*La puerta del coche está abierta.* — The door of the car is open. (NOT *de el*)
No other preposition + article pair contracts:
*en el parque, por el camino, con el amigo* — all uncontracted.
None of the other articles contract either:
*a la escuela, a los niños, a las chicas, de la casa, de los libros* — all separate.
**Exception — proper names:** Don't contract with *Él* (the pronoun *he*) or when *El* is part of a name (*El Salvador*, *El Paso*).
*Le doy el regalo a él.* — I give the gift to him. (NOT *al*)
*Vuelvo de El Salvador.* — I'm coming back from El Salvador. (NOT *del*)
**Tip:** Think of al/del as a pronunciation shortcut — Spanish hates two vowels smashed together (a-el, de-el).
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "prepositional-pronouns",
title: "Prepositional Pronouns",
category: "Pronouns",
body: """
After most prepositions (a, de, en, para, por, sin, sobre, etc.) Spanish uses a special set of object-of-preposition pronouns. Only *yo* and *tú* change form.
| Subject | After preposition |
|---|---|
| yo | **mí** |
| tú | **ti** |
| él / ella / usted | él / ella / usted |
| nosotros/as | nosotros/as |
| vosotros/as | vosotros/as |
| ellos/as / ustedes | ellos/as / ustedes |
*Este regalo es para mí.* — This gift is for me.
*No puedo ir sin ti.* — I can't go without you.
*Hablan de nosotros.* — They're talking about us.
*Pienso en ella.* — I'm thinking about her.
**Note the accent:** *mí* (me) has an accent, *mi* (my) doesn't. *ti* never has an accent.
**Special: con + mí/ti**
The preposition *con* fuses with *mí* and *ti* into single words:
*conmigo* — with me
*contigo* — with you
*consigo* — with himself/herself/yourself (reflexive, less common)
*¿Quieres venir conmigo?* — Do you want to come with me?
*Iré contigo.* — I'll go with you.
**Exceptions:** After *entre, según, incluso, excepto, menos* use subject pronouns: *entre tú y yo* — between you and me.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "irregular-yo-verbs",
title: "Irregular Yo Verbs",
category: "Irregular Verbs",
body: """
A group of Spanish verbs conjugates regularly in every present-tense form **except yo**, which takes a special irregular ending. Once you learn these yo forms, the rest of the conjugation behaves normally.
**-go endings (very common):**
*hacer → hago* (I do/make)
*poner → pongo* (I put)
*salir → salgo* (I leave)
*tener → tengo* (I have) — also stem-changes in tú/él forms
*venir → vengo* (I come) — also stem-changes
*decir → digo* (I say) — also stem-changes
*traer → traigo* (I bring)
*oír → oigo* (I hear)
*caer → caigo* (I fall)
**-zco endings** (verbs ending in -cer or -cir after a vowel):
*conocer → conozco* (I know)
*conducir → conduzco* (I drive)
*traducir → traduzco* (I translate)
*ofrecer → ofrezco* (I offer)
*parecer → parezco* (I seem)
**-oy endings:**
*dar → doy* (I give)
*estar → estoy* (I am)
*ir → voy* (I go)
*ser → soy* (I am)
**Standalone irregulars:**
*ver → veo* (I see)
*saber → sé* (I know — has an accent)
*caber → quepo* (I fit)
*Yo tengo dos hermanos.* — I have two brothers.
*Hago la tarea cada día.* — I do homework every day.
*Conozco a tu padre.* — I know your father.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "stem-changing-verbs",
title: "Stem-Changing Verbs",
category: "Irregular Verbs",
body: """
Stem-changing verbs modify the vowel inside their stem in **all present-tense forms except nosotros and vosotros**. The affected forms map out like a boot on a conjugation chart — hence *boot verbs*.
**Four categories:**
**1. e → ie** (pensar — to think):
*pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan*
Also: cerrar, empezar, querer, entender, preferir, sentir.
**2. o → ue** (poder — to be able):
*puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden*
Also: dormir, contar, volver, encontrar, recordar, morir.
**3. e → i** (only -ir verbs) (pedir — to ask for):
*pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden*
Also: servir, repetir, seguir, vestirse.
**4. u → ue** (*jugar* — to play — the ONLY one):
*juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan*
**Why nosotros/vosotros are spared:** the stress falls on the ending in those forms, so the stem vowel stays unstressed and unchanged.
*Yo quiero un café.* — I want a coffee.
*Nosotros queremos café.* — We want coffee. (no change)
*Ella duerme ocho horas.* — She sleeps eight hours.
*Nosotros dormimos poco.* — We sleep little. (no change)
*Pido la cuenta.* — I ask for the check.
**Tip:** Stem changes carry through into the present subjunctive and sometimes affect the gerund (*durmiendo, pidiendo*) and 3rd-person preterite (*durmió, pidió*) — but only for -ir verbs.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "stressed-possessives",
title: "Stressed Possessive Adjectives",
category: "Adjectives",
body: """
Stressed possessives are the "long-form" possessives used for emphasis, after the noun, or after *ser*. Unlike the short forms (mi, tu, su…), they agree in BOTH gender and number with the item possessed.
| | Singular m. / f. | Plural m. / f. |
|---|---|---|
| mine | mío / mía | míos / mías |
| yours (tú) | tuyo / tuya | tuyos / tuyas |
| his/hers/yours (Ud.) | suyo / suya | suyos / suyas |
| ours | nuestro / nuestra | nuestros / nuestras |
| yours (vosotros) | vuestro / vuestra | vuestros / vuestras |
| theirs/yours (Uds.) | suyo / suya | suyos / suyas |
**Used three ways:**
1. **After a noun** (emphatic, often with *un/una*):
*un amigo mío* — a friend of mine
*una idea tuya* — an idea of yours
*unos primos nuestros* — some cousins of ours
2. **After ser** (ownership):
*El libro es mío.* — The book is mine.
*Esta casa es nuestra.* — This house is ours.
*¿Son tuyas estas llaves?* — Are these keys yours?
3. **As a pronoun** with *el / la / los / las*:
*Mi coche es rojo; el tuyo es azul.* — My car is red; yours is blue.
*Tus hijos y los míos juegan juntos.* — Your kids and mine play together.
**Ambiguity of *suyo***: Like short *su*, stressed *suyo/a* can mean his, hers, yours (Ud./Uds.), or theirs. Use *de él / de ella* if ambiguous.
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "present-perfect-tense",
title: "Present Perfect",
category: "Verb Tenses",
body: """
The present perfect (*pretérito perfecto*) describes what someone **has done** — an action completed in the recent past or within an unfinished time frame that extends to now (today, this week, this year, ever).
**Formula:** *haber* (present) + past participle
| | haber |
|---|---|
| yo | he |
| tú | has |
| él/ella/Ud. | ha |
| nosotros | hemos |
| vosotros | habéis |
| ellos/Uds. | han |
**Regular participles:**
-ar verbs → -ado: *hablar → hablado*
-er/-ir verbs → -ido: *comer → comido, vivir → vivido*
**Common irregular participles:**
*abrir → abierto* (opened)
*decir → dicho* (said)
*escribir → escrito* (written)
*hacer → hecho* (done/made)
*morir → muerto* (died)
*poner → puesto* (put)
*romper → roto* (broken)
*ver → visto* (seen)
*volver → vuelto* (returned)
*cubrir → cubierto* (covered)
*resolver → resuelto* (solved)
*He comido demasiado hoy.* — I have eaten too much today.
*¿Has visto la nueva película?* — Have you seen the new movie?
*Todavía no han llegado.* — They haven't arrived yet.
*Este año hemos viajado mucho.* — This year we've traveled a lot.
**Key rule:** *Haber* and the participle must stay together. Never put a pronoun between them: *Lo he comido*, NOT *He lo comido*.
**Tip:** The participle never changes in this tense — always ends in -o. (It only agrees in gender/number when used as an adjective with *ser/estar*.)
"""
),
GrammarNote(
id: "future-perfect-tense",
title: "Future Perfect",
category: "Verb Tenses",
body: """
The future perfect (*futuro perfecto*) describes what **will have happened** by some point in the future. It's also used to speculate about the recent past ("they must have…").
**Formula:** *haber* (future) + past participle
| | haber |
|---|---|
| yo | habré |
| tú | habrás |
| él/ella/Ud. | habrá |
| nosotros | habremos |
| vosotros | habréis |
| ellos/Uds. | habrán |
**Two main uses:**
1. **Will-have-happened before a future point:**
*Para las ocho, habré terminado el trabajo.* — By eight, I will have finished the work.
*Cuando lleguen, ya habremos cenado.* — By the time they arrive, we'll have eaten.
*En un año, habrás aprendido mucho español.* — In a year, you'll have learned a lot of Spanish.
2. **Speculation / guess about recent past** (like English "must have…"):
*Habrá olvidado la cita.* — He must have forgotten the appointment.
*Se habrán ido ya.* — They must have left already.
*¿Habrás dejado las llaves en casa?* — Could you have left the keys at home?
**Pattern reminder:** Same irregular participles as present perfect (dicho, hecho, visto, escrito, puesto, abierto, etc.).
**Tip:** When preceded by a time clause with *cuando/antes de que/para cuando*, Spanish usually puts a subjunctive in the time clause and future perfect in the main clause: *Cuando vengas, ya habré salido.*
"""
),
]
/// Combined list used by the UI: 24 hand-authored notes + generated ones.
static let allNotesIncludingGenerated: [GrammarNote] = allNotes + generatedNotes
// MARK: - END generated notes
}

23
Conjuga/Conjuga/Services/DataLoader.swift
View File

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import SharedModels
import Foundation
actor DataLoader {
static let courseDataVersion = 5
static let courseDataVersion = 6
static let courseDataKey = "courseDataVersion"
/// Quick check: does the DB need seeding or course data refresh?
@@ -145,12 +145,29 @@ actor DataLoader {
print("Course data version outdated — re-seeding...")
let context = ModelContext(container)
// Delete existing course data
// Delete existing course data + tense guides so they can be re-seeded
// with updated bodies from the bundled conjuga_data.json.
try? context.delete(model: VocabCard.self)
try? context.delete(model: CourseDeck.self)
try? context.delete(model: TenseGuide.self)
try? context.save()
// Re-seed
// Re-seed tense guides from the bundled JSON
if let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "conjuga_data", withExtension: "json"),
let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url),
let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any],
let guides = json["tenseGuides"] as? [[String: Any]] {
for g in guides {
guard let tenseId = g["tenseId"] as? String,
let title = g["title"] as? String,
let body = g["body"] as? String else { continue }
context.insert(TenseGuide(tenseId: tenseId, title: title, body: body))
}
try? context.save()
print("Re-seeded \(guides.count) tense guides")
}
// Re-seed course data
seedCourseData(context: context)
shared.set(courseDataVersion, forKey: courseDataKey)

4
Conjuga/Conjuga/Views/Guide/GrammarNotesView.swift
View File

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ struct GrammarNotesListView: View {
@Binding var selectedNote: GrammarNote?
private var groupedNotes: [(String, [GrammarNote])] {
let grouped = Dictionary(grouping: GrammarNote.allNotes, by: \.category)
let grouped = Dictionary(grouping: GrammarNote.allNotesIncludingGenerated, by: \.category)
var seen: [String] = []
for note in GrammarNote.allNotes {
for note in GrammarNote.allNotesIncludingGenerated {
if !seen.contains(note.category) {
seen.append(note.category)
}

12
Conjuga/Conjuga/Views/Guide/GuideView.swift
View File

@@ -450,14 +450,17 @@ struct GuideContent {
var spanishLine: String?
func flushUsage() {
if currentUsageNumber > 0 {
// Only emit a usage if it has at least one example. This suppresses
// the implicit "Usage 1" seeded when we enter an unnumbered
// *Usages* block but the body actually has numbered headers below.
if currentUsageNumber > 0 && !currentExamples.isEmpty {
usages.append(GuideUsage(
number: currentUsageNumber,
title: currentUsageTitle,
examples: currentExamples
))
currentExamples = []
}
currentExamples = []
}
for line in lines {
@@ -491,6 +494,11 @@ struct GuideContent {
let title = String(match.1).replacingOccurrences(of: "*", with: "")
if title.lowercased().contains("usage") {
inUsages = true
// Seed an implicit Usage 1 so content that follows without a
// numbered "*1 Title*" header still gets captured. Any numbered
// header below will replace this via flushUsage().
currentUsageNumber = 1
currentUsageTitle = "Usage"
continue
}
}

2
Conjuga/Conjuga/conjuga_data.json
View File

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

21
docs/spanish-fundamentals/01-the-introduction.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
# 01. The Introduction
- **Time range:** 00:00:00 – 00:01:04 (duration 00:01:04)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=0s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:00:00]**
> Conditi Compars.. rare 6 ove Onal aratiy, es red guee® Conjugations Tense Adjective, Petives & 6 ne e ° oxe™ ~o This Video Prepositions Direct & Indirect 1 Object wees Has EVERY Spanish ,°«. vers Concept You Need rast tense Por&Para FutureTense Negatives Reflexives Imperfect Tense
**[00:00:02]** principle and fundamental that you need in order to understand how Spanish operates as a language after watching this video you will have a clear basis of Spanish and understand how to use its ideas properly in essence this video is a long collection of all of my previous videos combined that show and explain each Spanish concept individually so that way you don't have to search each concept on its own everything that you need in Spanish is in this video aside from verbs like gust and the difference
> **[on-screen 00:00:25]**
> Verbs like “Gustar” “Qué” & “Cual”
**[00:00:26]** between K and qu I've decided to not
> **[on-screen 00:00:28]**
> Verbs star” “Quée’ ual”
**[00:00:28]** describe them because these are Spanish Concepts that do not need thorough explanations aside from that everything else is in this video some moments will have weird sentences like this concept is for a future video but that is because all of my videos are edited into one long video some parts will be slower quieter and maybe even faster than others and I do apologize for these moments like I said at the beginning this is a simple collection of all my previous videos combined so therefore I cannot go back and change them in any way what's in this video is the same across all of my previous videos and I will end the video with a short conclusion explaining why I showed these ideas as they are anyhow enjoy this is

271
docs/spanish-fundamentals/02-spanish-fundamentals.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
# 02. Spanish Fundamentals
- **Time range:** 00:01:04 – 00:10:32 (duration 00:09:28)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=64s)
---
**[00:01:05]** my first official video on my channel
> **[on-screen 00:01:05]**
> The Spanish Language And Its Fundamentals
**[00:01:06]** that's going to go in depth with the aspects of a language that you would need to know to speak I chose to go with Spanish first because I'm learning it right now and I would even say that I
> **[on-screen 00:01:13]**
> Cd My Espanol: Intermediate - Advanced -> Reading & Writing Moderate -> Speaking Regular - Listening
**[00:01:14]** have an intermediate to an advanced level of Spanish in all aspects of reading and writing moderate speaking and a bit of listening though I'm not a native Spanish speaker I do have a substantial amount of knowledge when it comes down to the fundamentals of the language and by fundamentals I mean the
> **[on-screen 00:01:26]**
> Spanish Fundamentals: Words, phrases, and sentences
**[00:01:26]** first words phrases and sentences that you would need to know to start start speaking Spanish on a beginner level everybody has to start with the
> **[on-screen 00:01:32]**
> Everybody HAS TO START With The Fundamentals Alphabet, Words, Verbs, And Phrases
**[00:01:33]** fundamentals of the language understanding the basic syntax of the language the alphabet words verbs phrases and everything in between the
> **[on-screen 00:01:40]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:40]** Spanish alphabet is actually no different than the English alphabet following the same letters but there are a few differences like having an in
> **[on-screen 00:01:45]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:46]** which is an N with a squiggle over it having 27 letters instead of 26 like in
> **[on-screen 00:01:48]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk LL Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz 27 Letters
**[00:01:50]** English and also every letter is pronounced differently as someone who's
> **[on-screen 00:01:53]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:53]** learning Spanish you don't necessarily need to learn how to pronounce every letter of the alphabet what you do need to learn is how to use these letters in context however I will still pronounce them for you so that you can understand how the language is spoken a b c d e one spoken as a side note people sometimes like to include the letters CH
> **[on-screen 00:02:27]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk LL Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Pr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz ch&ll
**[00:02:27]** and Y making the alphabet have 29 letters but these are mainly sound letters that are used a lot less and something important to say about the sound yeah typically speaking if you're someone who is not of Spanish Heritage you will pronounce the sound as yeah two L's make a ye sound like yav which is
> **[on-screen 00:02:41]**
> ll —> ye llave —> key
**[00:02:42]** Spanish for key now I would like to
> **[on-screen 00:02:43]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals:
**[00:02:44]** speak about the words that you would need to know to say daily if you want to speak Spanish for now the biggest advice that I can give is to just memorize these words and keep them locked in your mind and whenever I say memorize this or memorize that it basically means that I simplified the context to its easiest form it cannot get any easier than this so it's not not going to be difficult to memorize these words and have them locked in your memory here's what I'm going to begin with accents question
> **[on-screen 00:03:04]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals: 1.Accents 2. Question words 3.Prepositional words & adverbs 4.Pronouns 5. Days of the week 6.Months 7.Seasons 8.Time words 9.Numbers
**[00:03:05]** words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers number one
> **[on-screen 00:03:12]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish:
**[00:03:12]** accents accents in Spanish essentially help to indicate which syllable of a word should be stressed out when spoken out loud the accents are placed above
> **[on-screen 00:03:18]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: a, é, i, 0, U
**[00:03:19]** vowels and whenever you say them you put the emphasis of the sound on that vowel here's an example and I'm using this example as an example you don't have to know the rules for now yo ablo in
> **[on-screen 00:03:27]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: Yo hablo ——-+! speak
**[00:03:28]** Spanish means I speak don't worry about the conjugation yo that's the pronunciation yo however ELO means he
> **[on-screen 00:03:35]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: Yo hablo ——1 speak Elhabl6 ——~>He spoke El-> He El-> The
**[00:03:37]** spoke L with an accent mark means he because without the accent it means the article the masculine and also H's in Spanish are not pronounced so whenever you see a word beginning with a followed by a vowel just say the vowel as it is it's Noto Oro it's ablo ablo ablo ablo that's Accents in Spanish number two
> **[on-screen 00:04:00]**
> e 2. Question Words ¢ Where - Donde? ¢ When - Cuando? ¢ What - ¢Qué? e Why - éPor qué? © Who - ¢Quién? ¢ Which - gCual? ¢ How - ¢Como? ¢ How much/many - éCuanto/Cuanta/Cuantos/Cuantas?
**[00:04:01]** question words the best advice for these words is again just memorize them these are the question words and in Spanish they look like this where is d when is quando what is K why is for who is Ken which is kual how is and how much or how many is Quanto quanta quantos Quantas and also whenever you write a question
> **[on-screen 00:04:26]**
> e 2. Question Words ¢ Where - <Dénde? ¢ When - ¢Cuando? e What - ¢Qué? ¢ Why - ¢Por qué? © Who - Quién? ¢ Which - ;Cual? ¢ How - ¢Cémo? ¢ How much/many - ~Cuanto/Cuanta/Cuantos/Cuantas?
**[00:04:27]** with them you have to put an upside down question mark in the beginning this is a rule in the language and this is something good to remember if you see these words with accents the words are used as literal questions sometimes K
> **[on-screen 00:04:36]**
> que -> that "| wanted to say that I'm happy" "Yo Queria decir que estoy feliz"
**[00:04:37]** without an accent mark can mean that as in the sentence I wanted to tell you that I'm happy sometimes D without an
> **[on-screen 00:04:43]**
> donde -> where "This is where | came from" "Aqui es de donde yo vengo"
**[00:04:44]** accent mark can mean where I came from I'm not using it as a question I'm using it as a location additionally p means why because you can see the word being split and the emphasis is put on the K part however if you were to combine them together pronounced por this word means
> **[on-screen 00:04:58]**
> éPor qué? -> Why? Porque -> Because
**[00:05:00]** because por is why por is because the last thing to note is that some question words have genders and plurality for
> **[on-screen 00:05:06]**
> Gender & Plurality éQuienes? —_ Who? (plural)
**[00:05:07]** example if I ask kenes I'm asking about who as in multiple people instead of one person another example is how many if I
> **[on-screen 00:05:14]**
> Gender & Plurality éQuienes? — > who? (plural) . How many? ECuantas? —D (feminine)
**[00:05:14]** say Quantas I'm saying how many for them feminine because the ending ah is most of the time feminine in Spanish if I say quantos I'm saying how many for them masculine because the ending o is most of the time masculine in Spanish number
> **[on-screen 00:05:29]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs
**[00:05:29]** three prepositional words and adverbs prepositional words can be Fanboys such
> **[on-screen 00:05:32]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
**[00:05:33]** as for and nor but or yet so and as a bonus by for is para and is e nor is NI but is per make sure that you have one R
> **[on-screen 00:05:44]**
> pero -—> but perro ——> dog
**[00:05:45]** because two RS per this would be Spanish for dog or is O yet is used as still as
> **[on-screen 00:05:49]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
> **[on-screen 00:05:51]**
> Yet -> Still | studied for my test, yet I failed | studied for my test, but still | failed
**[00:05:52]** in the sentence I studied for my test yet I failed I studied for my test but still I failed this word is is actually
> **[on-screen 00:05:59]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
**[00:05:59]** used as Oro so is and by is now we have some
> **[on-screen 00:06:06]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs Adverbs e If -Si ¢ Then - Entonces ¢ Also - También ¢ From, of - De e With - Con °To-A e In, On-En e Each - Cada
**[00:06:06]** adverbs if is C no accent because with an accent you have C which means yes
> **[on-screen 00:06:12]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs Adverbs e If -Si ¢ Then - Entonces ¢ Also - También ¢ From, of - De e With - Con °To-A e In, On-En e Each - Cada
**[00:06:12]** then is Inon also Isen of and from both mean de but the meaning changes in context with is Con to is a in and on is n and each is kada just make sure you know this information number four pronouns I'll use this 2 X3 chart to First explain their position of order in English in English you have I you he you
> **[on-screen 00:06:34]**
> 4. Pronouns l We You all You Y'all He They
**[00:06:36]** can also include she but I'll say he just to put up some space we the pronoun in the fifth position is actually you all or y'all English doesn't have this pronoun but I will still included because Spanish has it and finally they
> **[on-screen 00:06:48]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo /|Nosotros/as Tu |Vosotros/as El/Ella/Usted |Ellos/as/Ustedes
**[00:06:48]** these are the pronouns in Spanish yo to with an accent because without the
> **[on-screen 00:06:52]**
> Tu —> YOu Tu — > Your
**[00:06:52]** accent it means to which is your L you
> **[on-screen 00:06:55]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo /|Nosotros/as Tu |Vosotros/as El/Ella/Usted |Ellos/as/Ustedes
**[00:06:55]** can also say a or andad actually means you formal like when you're talking to a professional person noos is masculine and noas is feminine these pronouns have genders votos is you all masculine and votas is you all feminine and AOS is they masculine AAS is they feminine andus is you all formal try not focusing
> **[on-screen 00:07:16]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo | Nosotros Tu |V Os El fe)
**[00:07:16]** on these pronouns because you will rarely use them in conversation make sure you know the main ones like yo to El andos number five days of the week
> **[on-screen 00:07:23]**
> 5. Days of the Week ¢ Monday - Lunes e Tuesday - Martes ¢ Wednesday - Miércoles e Thursday - Jueves e Friday - Viernes e Saturday - Sabado e Sunday - Domingo
**[00:07:25]** Monday is Lunes Tuesday is mares Wednesday is m is Sab Domingo you don't have to capitalize these words in Spanish as you do in English number six months once
> **[on-screen 00:07:37]**
> 6. Months ¢ enero - January ¢ febrero - February © marzo - March ¢ abril - April ¢ mayo - May ¢ junio - June e julio - July * agosto - August * septiembre - September ¢ octubre - October ¢ noviembre - November ¢ diciembre - December
**[00:07:38]** again you don't have to capitalize these feo abil Mayo jul AO sept OCT number seven seasons
> **[on-screen 00:07:52]**
> 7. Seasons ¢ verano - summer e otono - autumn/fall e invierno - winter ¢ primavera - spring
**[00:07:55]** Verano in Prima number eight time words
> **[on-screen 00:07:58]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:07:59]** and some of these have genders such as second which ISO Ora this can also mean
> **[on-screen 00:08:05]**
> Second —? Position "’m in second place" "Estoy en segundo lugar"
**[00:08:06]** second as an a position I'm in second place but the meaning changes in context
> **[on-screen 00:08:10]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana ¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:10]** minute which is or you can say Unos or
> **[on-screen 00:08:14]**
> Unos minutos Sp Some/A Few Unas minutas Minutes
**[00:08:15]** unas which both mean some or a few minutes hour is a week is month is mes
> **[on-screen 00:08:19]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:24]** year is ano make sure you put the because without it you have ano which is anus yesterday is a today is oi and
> **[on-screen 00:08:29]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:32]** tomorrow is Manana Manana can also mean
> **[on-screen 00:08:34]**
> . ——7 tomorrow manana — > morning
**[00:08:35]** morning but the meaning changes in context and last one number nine numbers
> **[on-screen 00:08:37]**
> 9. Numbers e1-uno e 11- once e 2-dos ¢ 12-doce e 3-tres e 13 -trece e 4- cuatro ¢ 14 -catorce e 5-cinco ¢ 15 - quince ° 6-seis ¢ 16 - dieciséis e 7- siete ¢ 17 - diecisiete ° 8-ocho ¢ 18 - dieciocho e 9-nueve ¢ 19 - deicineuve ° 10 - diez ¢ 20 - veinte
**[00:08:39]** now I'm not going to write every single number down because this will be a long video but I'll give the syntax of how to say numbers and from there you can say numbers on your own past 20 because all you do is take V and
> **[on-screen 00:09:08]**
> veinte veintid6s, veintitrés, etc
**[00:09:09]** then add any number you want to it but it has to be written as one word like V or V and so on 30 is TR e and whatever
> **[on-screen 00:09:16]**
> 9. Numbers ¢ 30 - treinta (y dos) e 40 - cuarenta e 50 - cincuenta e 60 - sesenta e 70 - setenta ¢ 80 - ochenta e 90 - noventa e 100 - cien ¢ 1000 - mil ¢ 1000000 - mill6n
**[00:09:18]** number you want like tros 40 mil and 1 million the last concept is
> **[on-screen 00:09:33]**
> 9. Numbers (& Positions) ° 1st - primero/a ¢ 2nd - segundo/a e 3rd - tercero/a e 4th - cuarto/a e 5th - quinto/a ° 6th - sexto/a ¢ 7th - séptimo/a ¢ 8th - octavo/a ¢ 9th - noveno/a e 10th - décimo/a
**[00:09:34]** positions of numbers and these have genders first is primo or Prima second is SEO Ora it can also mean second as in time I already covered
> **[on-screen 00:09:49]**
> — ‘oom cuarto SD. quarter (1/4) of time
**[00:09:51]** quarter of the time but the meaning again changes in context
> **[on-screen 00:09:54]**
> 9. Numbers (& Positions) ¢ 1st - primero/a ¢ 2nd - segundo/a e 3rd - tercero/a e 4th - cuarto/a e 5th - quinto/a ° 6th - sexto/a ¢ 7th - séptimo/a ¢ 8th - octavo/a ¢ 9th - noveno/a e 10th - décimo/a
**[00:09:55]** kto SE SE septimo Septima octavo octava noen noena deimo deima there is no point of learning numbers beyond that and it's actually a concept I'll cover in a future video so for now I want to say
> **[on-screen 00:10:10]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals: 1.Accents 2.Question words 3.Prepositional words and adverbs 4.Pronouns 5. Days of the week 6.Months 7.Seasons 8.Time words 9.Numbers
**[00:10:10]** that this is it for this video what I covered in this video is the fundamentals that you would need to start speaking Spanish they all begin here and of course if you don't memorize all of them you can always use a translator to translate the word that you forgot and then it will be locked in your mind accents question words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers

133
docs/spanish-fundamentals/03-conjugating-verbs-present.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
# 03. Conjugating Verbs (Present)
- **Time range:** 00:10:32 – 00:16:23 (duration 00:05:51)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=632s)
---
**[00:10:32]** Spanish has a lot of verbs and a lot of
> **[on-screen 00:10:33]**
> Spanish Verbs And Conjugations
**[00:10:34]** conjugation for those verbs and in this video I'll go in depth and explain how this fundamental actually works I like to call this the primary fundamental of Spanish because it's the first system of the language where you'll need to think in terms of translation unlike memorization from the previous video
> **[on-screen 00:10:47]**
> Verb Conjugation Changing the form of a verb so that it fits its corresponding pronouns
**[00:10:47]** conjugation basically means that you're modifying a verb so that it fits the pronoun that you're writing the verb into and speaking of pronouns here's
> **[on-screen 00:10:53]**
> Spanish Pronouns: Yo Nosotros/as To Vosotros/as El Ellos/as
**[00:10:53]** their syntax in case you forgot from the previous video I'd also like to focus not just on important verbs that you have to know and how to conjugate but also on which pronouns to concentrate on the most because some pronouns are used way more often than others like yo to
> **[on-screen 00:11:05]**
> Spanish Pronouns: Yo Nosotros wi Tu otros/as A El Ellos/a
**[00:11:05]** and L are used way more often than noos Vos and AOS I'd first like to present what the idea of verb conjugation looks like in English to give you a base that you can relate to the reason why English
> **[on-screen 00:11:14]**
> to eat (present) leat | We eat You eat | Y'all eat Heeats | They eat
**[00:11:15]** is a very easy language is because it has a very minimal syntax and it doesn't really have a lot of variety in terms of conjugation if I want to use the verb to eat it will look like this in English and keep in mind that this is just a present form and also that the way you
> **[on-screen 00:11:25]**
> Determining Verbs Determining Verbs In English: In Spanish: Starts with the preposition "to" Has to end with -ar -er or -ir e toeat e hablar ¢ to walk ¢ comer ¢ to tell e vivir
**[00:11:26]** figure out verbs in English is by the preposition to to eat to walk to tell to do whatever but in Spanish in order to determine if a word is a verb it has to end in a r e r or I but let's focus on English for a second in English you say
> **[on-screen 00:11:39]**
> to eat (present) leat | We eat You eat | Y'all eat Heeats | They eat
**[00:11:40]** I eat you eat he eats you can also say she or it eats but we're focusing on pronouns that you would use realistically we eat you all eat there reason no you all in English but I will still include it because Spanish has it and then they eat looking at the syntax there's really n much in terms of conjugation because eat stays eat for 80% of the pronouns and you only add an s in the he pronoun because that's the syntax of the language in Spanish there
> **[on-screen 00:12:03]**
> Verbs In Spanish: e ar ending ° er ending e ir ending
**[00:12:03]** are verbs ending in a r e r and I like abl and V here are the meanings and
> **[on-screen 00:12:07]**
> Verbs In Spanish: e hablar - to speak ¢ comer - to eat e vivir - to live
**[00:12:09]** let's start with verbs ending in a r the
> **[on-screen 00:12:10]**
> -ar ending verbs: Oo amos as ais a an
**[00:12:11]** way that conjugation Works in Spanish is by dropping off the ending of the verb like abl and then you add the corresponding conjugation that fits the pronoun unlike the two conjugations that you have in English Spanish has six of them to conjugate simple verbs ending in a r you first drop the ending of the verb and then apply the ending that corresponds with the pronoun for y you put o for to you put as for l or aad you put a for noos or noas but again we're focusing on the pronouns you'll use the most when speaking so for noos you put Amos for Vos you put ice with an emphasis on the a ice and for AOS you put an let's use the verb abl which is a
> **[on-screen 00:12:49]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo | hablamos hablas hablais habla hablan
**[00:12:50]** verb you use a lot when you speak how would you conjugate the verb abl in the yo form you take a drop the ending and you add o so you get ablo the the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it for two you get AAS for l or a you get abla for noos you get aamos for votos you get abl and for AOS you get ablan try not concentrating on these
> **[on-screen 00:13:14]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo hablamos 4 hablas hab ais A habla ablan
**[00:13:14]** pronouns because the sentences that you can make with them are very minimal all we have to know for now is how to conjugate verbs ending in a r using every pronoun but you don't necessarily need to make a thousand sentences with them if you were to make phrases as examples try focusing more on these
> **[on-screen 00:13:26]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo y| hablamos V, me [me 7\ abla | -hablan
**[00:13:27]** pronouns one important thing to note is that the same system for conjugation
> **[on-screen 00:13:29]**
> The Same System Works For ALMOST Every -ar Verb
**[00:13:30]** works for almost every AR verb out there but I will not focus on all of them because there is no point plus there are verbs like gustar and pensar that are
> **[on-screen 00:13:37]**
> The Same System Works For ALMOST Every -ar Verb e Pensar e Gustar
**[00:13:38]** topics for future videos and also I don't like giving examples whenever I show the First Fundamental of Spanish because I believe that when you're learning the beginning you can generate examples on your own by simply translating new vocabulary that you encounter in your personal life plus as I said as long as you know how to conjugate verbs you're good to go because by learning how to say yo ablo
> **[on-screen 00:13:54]**
> Yo hablo: ¢ Yo hablo espanol e Yo hablo ruso e Yo hablo contigo
**[00:13:55]** you can already say many sentences like yo ablo Espanol y or you already said a few sentences with the words yo and you can probably say more based on whatever you want to say next up there are verbs ending in
> **[on-screen 00:14:07]**
> -er ending verbs \e] emos es éis e en
**[00:14:08]** eer and these verbs follow a similar syntax as verbs ending with a r for y you drop the ending of the verb and you put o for to you put s for l or a you put e for noos you put Emos foros you put Ace with an emphasis on the E Ace and for AOS you put n using the verb K
> **[on-screen 00:14:29]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos comes coméis come comen
**[00:14:29]** as an example how would you conjugate the verb K in the Y form you take K drop the ending and add o so you get KO this
> **[on-screen 00:14:37]**
> como — like "like | told him yesterday"
**[00:14:37]** word can also mean like as in the sentence like I told him yesterday but the meaning changes in context for two
> **[on-screen 00:14:43]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos comes coméis come comen
**[00:14:43]** you get k for L you get k for noos Kos foros and AOS com as I said again try not concentrating on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 00:14:55]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos [come comes eis A come omen
**[00:14:56]** because the phrases that you can make with them are mainly pointless there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single e verb because you'll never use all of them I'm just using a useful verb like in order to show you how to conjugate regular e verbs the last
> **[on-screen 00:15:08]**
> -ir ending verbs: fo) imos es is e en
**[00:15:08]** concept is verbs ending in IR for yo you drop the ending of the verb and put o for to you put s for L you put e for noos you put imos for votos you put is with an emphasis on the E is and for AOS you put n you might also notice that the
> **[on-screen 00:15:26]**
> -er -ir ending verbs: Oo es e en
**[00:15:27]** pronouns y to L and AOS all use the same syntax as verbs ending in e which makes the language more convenient using the
> **[on-screen 00:15:34]**
> vivir - to live: vivo vivimos vives vivis vive viven
**[00:15:34]** verb VI as an example for the Y pronoun you take VI drop the ending and add o so you get Vivo for two you get Viv for L you get VI for noos you get Vios Vos VI AOS VI as I said again there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single IR verb because you'll never use all of them so for now I want to say that this
> **[on-screen 00:15:57]**
> Spanish The fundamentals of -ar -er -ir verb conjugation
**[00:15:58]** is it for this video I could have made it a longer video where I gave examples and maybe quizzed you on some of the topics that I show today but I prefer not to I choose to end the concept here because I believe that this is a sufficient amount of information that one would need to know in order to understand verbs better in this video I just explained the fundamental of a r ER R and IR verb conjugation later you can start making sentences using different verbs and expressing any thought that you have in mind in Spanish this is the main fundamental of Spanish Spanish has

128
docs/spanish-fundamentals/04-articles.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
# 04. Articles
- **Time range:** 00:16:23 – 00:18:54 (duration 00:02:31)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=983s)
---
**[00:16:24]** two types of Articles definite and
> **[on-screen 00:16:25]**
> Definite: Indefinite:
**[00:16:25]** indefinite articles definite articles
> **[on-screen 00:16:27]**
> Definite: Indefinite: the "the" book
**[00:16:27]** speak of the articles the in English and it's also known as the article that specifies something such as the book
> **[on-screen 00:16:33]**
> Definite: Indefinite: the a, an, some "the" book "a" book
**[00:16:33]** indefinite articles speak of a and or some also known as articles that generalize things like a book in Spanish both types of Articles have gender and plurality the definite article the in
> **[on-screen 00:16:42]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——-> the(m &s) la ——> the(f&s)
**[00:16:43]** Spanish is L the masculine and singular and La feminine and singular a Libro
> **[on-screen 00:16:48]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———- > the book
**[00:16:48]** means the book and we know that this article is masculine because the ending
> **[on-screen 00:16:51]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———> the book
**[00:16:52]** of the noun that follows the article is masculine most nouns in Spanish that end
> **[on-screen 00:16:54]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———-> the book KRY
**[00:16:55]** in o tend to be masculine so we have to put the masculine definite article L likewise we do the same with the
> **[on-screen 00:17:00]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) ellibro ———-> the book la piscina ———> the pool RK’
**[00:17:00]** feminine article Laina means the pool we know this article is feminine because it corresponds with the noun after it which is feminine most souns in Spanish that end in a tend to be feminine so we have to put the feminine definite article La
> **[on-screen 00:17:12]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——-> los la ——> las
**[00:17:12]** if we want to pluralize the Articles L becomes Los and La becomes l so Los
> **[on-screen 00:17:17]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——> los libros —— the books la —> las piscinas —— the pools
**[00:17:17]** libros would be the books and Nas would be the pools indefinite articles look
> **[on-screen 00:17:21]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) un —-> a/an(m&s) una ——> a/an(f &s)
**[00:17:22]** like this in Spanish un is a or n masculine and singular and una is a or n feminine and singular un Libro would be
> **[on-screen 00:17:30]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) unlibro ©—~ abook una piscina —— a pool
**[00:17:30]** a book and una Pina would be a pool also
> **[on-screen 00:17:33]**
> un libro - a book uno libro - one book
**[00:17:33]** it's really important not to say uno Libro because if we say that we're saying one book instead of a book we're
> **[on-screen 00:17:39]**
> un libro - a book Und libre~si= book
**[00:17:39]** working with articles not numbers so if
> **[on-screen 00:17:41]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) un > unos libros ——; some books una——> unas piscinas ——- some pools
**[00:17:41]** we want to pluralize them we say Unos lios some books and unas some pools there are however a few strange words in Spanish and we need to cover those to such as class and car they both end with
> **[on-screen 00:17:52]**
> la(s) clase(s) ——— the class(es) la(s) carne(s) ——>, the meat(s)
**[00:17:53]** e but they actually use the feminine article La so la class is the class and La car is the meat other words may end in D such Asad and unad and those also
> **[on-screen 00:18:03]**
> la(s) ciudad(es) —> the city(ies) la(s) universidad(es) ————> the university(ies)
**[00:18:04]** use the feminine article La soad is the City and LA Universidad is the University you might also find words ending inion which is the English version of words ending in t n and these words also tend to use the feminine
> **[on-screen 00:18:15]**
> la(s) accidén(es) ——— the action(s)
**[00:18:15]** article La so la Aion is the action at last you might find a few exceptions like prma and prog and you would think that these words are feminine because they end in a but actually they end in Ma and words that end in MA in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:18:27]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——— the program
**[00:18:28]** use the masculine article L Elma is the problem and El prog is the program two
> **[on-screen 00:18:34]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——-, the program dia agua
**[00:18:34]** more common words is Dia and AUA and you want to say that those are feminine because they end in a but they actually use the masculine article l l is the day
> **[on-screen 00:18:41]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——_, the program el dia ———> the day el agua ——— > the water
**[00:18:42]** and L AUA is the water there's also this
> **[on-screen 00:18:44]**
> el problema ———> the problem el programa ——1 the program el dia ——— the day el agua ——— > the water foto
**[00:18:45]** word photo and this word actually uses the feminine article LA because photo is
> **[on-screen 00:18:48]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——-, the program el dia ——— the day el agua ———> the water la foto
**[00:18:49]** short for photographia it ends in a so
> **[on-screen 00:18:50]**
> el problema ———> the problem el programa ——., the program el dia ———> the day el agua ——— > the water la fotografia ——— the photograph
**[00:18:52]** you want to put La in the beginning the

181
docs/spanish-fundamentals/05-the-verb-ser.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
# 05. The Verb “Ser”
- **Time range:** 00:18:54 – 00:23:19 (duration 00:04:25)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1134s)
---
**[00:18:54]** verb s in Spanish means to be as in being or existing and it syntax looks
> **[on-screen 00:18:58]**
> to be/exist lam We are Youare | Y'allare He is They are
**[00:18:58]** like this in English I am you are he or she it is we are yall are English doesn't have this pronoun but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and they are part of the reason why English is an easy language is because the conjugation of these verbs stays the same for most pronouns R is the same for
> **[on-screen 00:19:13]**
> to be/exist lam We are You are Y'all are He is They are
**[00:19:14]** we they and you but they change for I and he in Spanish however you have six
> **[on-screen 00:19:18]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:19:19]** different conjugations for each pronoun and actually the verb said is an irregular verb meaning that you cannot conjugate it like regular verbs and its syntax completely changes in every pronoun it looks like this in I can give is to just memorize these conjugations because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with them but also try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 00:19:44]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy (Nosotros) Somos iNeres | ose Vosotros) sois (Tu) eres | ( m ) (El) es | (Ellos) sc
**[00:19:44]** pronouns because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation however s is not used the same as it's
> **[on-screen 00:19:48]**
> The verb ser is NOT used the same as in English
**[00:19:49]** used in English you might have heard
> **[on-screen 00:19:51]**
> How teachers teach ser: e Who are you and from where, always use the verb ser e Permanent traits about oneself
**[00:19:51]** teachers use nursery rhymes to describe this verb saying who are you and from where always use the verb said or some teachers might also say that the verb said is applied for permanent traits about oneself I however don't like these
> **[on-screen 00:20:02]**
> How teachers teach ser: e Wiie-are you and from-where, e Permanen ae, eabout oneself
**[00:20:02]** explanations whatsoever because they tend to confuse students rather than make them understand the subject matter properly so this is going to be an easier explanation of what to do with the verb s the verb s mainly applies to
> **[on-screen 00:20:11]**
> What ser applies to: 1. Name, nationality, birthplace 2. Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5. When and where are events 6. Time and date
**[00:20:12]** these uses your name nationality and place of origin occupation physical traits generalizations when and where are events taking place and time and date number one your name nationality
> **[on-screen 00:20:21]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace:
**[00:20:22]** and place of origin if you want to say your name in Spanish you will say yoy
> **[on-screen 00:20:26]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace: Yo soy Alex
**[00:20:26]** and then your name if you want to say your Spanish and you are from Spain you
> **[on-screen 00:20:30]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace: Yo soy Alex Yo soy espanol Yo soy de Espana
**[00:20:31]** say the conjugation so is used here because you're talking about yourself and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns based on whichever conjugation you want to work with number two occupation if you want to say that
> **[on-screen 00:20:40]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor
**[00:20:41]** he is a professor you would say LS
> **[on-screen 00:20:43]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es profesor
**[00:20:44]** Professor also you don't have to put an
> **[on-screen 00:20:45]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es tif profesor
**[00:20:46]** indefinite article like un before Professor because it's a rule in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:20:50]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es profesor
**[00:20:50]** so you would just say LS Professor he is a professor the same principle applies to the rest of the conjugations and whichever occupation you decide to say
> **[on-screen 00:20:57]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful
**[00:20:57]** number three physical iCal traits if you want to say you are beautiful you will say toes Bonito or Bonita depending on
> **[on-screen 00:21:01]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful Tu eres bonito/a
**[00:21:03]** the person and the reason you use said is because it's a trait that applies to the person all the time by saying you are beautiful to Edis Bonito you're saying that the person is beautiful always he was born beautiful he's beautiful now and he will die beautiful number four generalizations if you want
> **[on-screen 00:21:16]**
> 4. Generalizations It is important to work
**[00:21:17]** to say it is important to work you would
> **[on-screen 00:21:20]**
> 4. Generalizations It is important to work Es importante trabajar
**[00:21:20]** say in Spanish there is no notion of starting a sentence with the word it so you'll immediately start it with is s important number five when and where are
> **[on-screen 00:21:28]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is in the club
**[00:21:29]** events taking place if you want to say the party is in the club you would say
> **[on-screen 00:21:32]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is in the club La fiesta es en el club
**[00:21:32]** La Festa is in club similarly you can
> **[on-screen 00:21:34]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is at six La fiesta es a las seis
**[00:21:35]** say the party is at six which would be La Festa is the rule here is to always include alas if the number is plural or
> **[on-screen 00:21:41]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is at six La fiesta es a las seis
**[00:21:42]** more than one and speaking of time it's the last most important use of the verb said time and date you can say a simple sentence like it's Friday which would be
> **[on-screen 00:21:48]**
> 6. Time and dates It's Friday Es viernes
**[00:21:49]** a generalization and time and it would be svetness however when you start to speak of time as in a clock this is where the syntax gets slightly tricky if
> **[on-screen 00:21:57]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es launa de la tarde
**[00:21:57]** you want to say it's 1 p.m. the sentence would be de it begins with s but throws
> **[on-screen 00:22:01]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es la una de la tarde
**[00:22:02]** the definite article LA because it uses una as a feminine number so it's the one
> **[on-screen 00:22:06]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es la una de la tarde It’s the one in/of the afternoon
**[00:22:07]** in the afternoon or of the afternoon make sure that you include the article LA but primarily focus on the S because when you include numbers that are more
> **[on-screen 00:22:13]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM Son las dos de la tarde
**[00:22:14]** than one the amount of time becomes plural if you want to say it's 2 p.m. you would say because now we have plurality now
> **[on-screen 00:22:20]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM 2 or more are ay non-singular numbers Son las dos de la tarde
**[00:22:21]** the sentence is in plural because we have a non- singular digit so instead of saying s for one you would say son for for two and pluralize La for last and then you'd
> **[on-screen 00:22:31]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM 2 or more are J non-singular numbers Son las dos de la tarde It's the two in the afternoon
**[00:22:31]** say it's the two in the afternoon the same principle applies to other numbers of time such as or de so these are the
> **[on-screen 00:22:36]**
> 6. Time and dates It's three/four PM Son las tres/cuatro de la tarde
> **[on-screen 00:22:39]**
> What ser applies to: 1. Name, nationality, birthplace 2. Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5. When and where are events 6. Time and date
**[00:22:39]** uses of the verb in Spanish and as a matter of fact the easiest way to remember them is to always remember that the verb said applies to factual
> **[on-screen 00:22:46]**
> ser is applied to FACTUAL STATEMENTS
**[00:22:47]** statements about oneself in case you weren't paying close attention everything that I've listed in this video were examples that apply factually about yourself by saying so Alex I'm
> **[on-screen 00:22:54]**
> Soy Alex - Factual Soy bonito - (some would say) Factual Es lunes - Factual Son las dos de la tarde - Factual
**[00:22:56]** factually stating that my name is Alex and I can not change that fact if I say soy Bonito I'm factually stating that I'm a beautiful person in general by saying es Lunes I'm factually stating that it's manday today by saying I'm factually stating that it's 2 in the afternoon right now everything that I've listed in this video were factual statements and now you
> **[on-screen 00:23:13]**
> Soy Alex - Factual Soy bonito - (some would say) Factual Es lunes - Factual Son las dos de la tarde - Factual ser is applied to permanent traits
**[00:23:13]** understand why some teachers in schools say that the verb said applies to permanent traits because these are all factual statements the present

146
docs/spanish-fundamentals/06-the-present-progressive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
# 06. The Present Progressive
- **Time range:** 00:23:19 – 00:26:08 (duration 00:02:49)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1399s)
---
**[00:23:19]** progressive in Spanish is the English
> **[on-screen 00:23:20]**
> English Present Progressive: ¢ Verbs/Infinitives ending in -ing
**[00:23:21]** version of verbs ending in ing or as they're formally called infinitives infinitives are verbs that are placed
> **[on-screen 00:23:25]**
> Infinitive Verbs placed after conjugated verbs that don't change form or slightly get modified
**[00:23:26]** after already conjugated verbs and so they don't change or slightly get modified with the present progressive if
> **[on-screen 00:23:31]**
> to talk | am talking
**[00:23:31]** you want to use the verb to talk you would say I am talking by adding an ing to the infinitive I is the subject m is
> **[on-screen 00:23:37]**
> to talk _ | am talking — Sub; + attive bjecy conjugated infin verb "to be" for wit the | pronoun
**[00:23:38]** the conjugated verb to be for the I pronoun and talking is the infinitive that gets the ing added to it both in
> **[on-screen 00:23:43]**
> English & Spanish Present Progressive A continuous action being done in real time
**[00:23:43]** English and Spanish the present progressive indicates that an action is being done right now which means that there's progress happening in the present however the ing version of English looks different in Spanish at
> **[on-screen 00:23:53]**
> Spanish Present Progressive:
**[00:23:53]** first if you want to start a sentence in the present progressive in Spanish you would begin by saying your esto which
> **[on-screen 00:23:58]**
> Spanish Present Progressive: Yo estoy L lam
**[00:23:58]** means I am esto is actually an irregular
> **[on-screen 00:23:59]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be estoy
**[00:24:01]** conjugation of the yo pronoun said from the verb estar which means to be there
> **[on-screen 00:24:05]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:24:05]** are different conjugations for this verb with different pronouns but the topic of this verb is for a future video in Spanish you have verbs ending in a r e r
> **[on-screen 00:24:10]**
> Spanish Verb Endings e ar ending e er ending e ir ending
**[00:24:12]** and I but their infinitive version of the present progressive is actually quite easy to remember for verbs ending
> **[on-screen 00:24:17]**
> Spanish Present Progressive ar ending Remove the ending and add -ando
**[00:24:17]** in AR you would want to remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending Ando using the verb abl in the
> **[on-screen 00:24:22]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak
**[00:24:23]** present progressive you would say youro
> **[on-screen 00:24:24]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak Yo estoy hablar
**[00:24:25]** remove the ending and then add Ando as
> **[on-screen 00:24:26]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak Yo estoy habl
> **[on-screen 00:24:27]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak Yo estoy hablando
**[00:24:27]** the ending of the infinitive so this way
> **[on-screen 00:24:29]**
> Spanish Present Progressive Yo estoy hablando | am speaking
**[00:24:29]** you get EST which means I am speaking the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in any infinitive that you want to use but keep in mind that
> **[on-screen 00:24:37]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:24:37]** there are six different conjugations for the verb estar which apply to their corresponding pronouns and as I said again the verb estar is for a future video for verbs ending in e r and I
> **[on-screen 00:24:44]**
> Spanish Present Progressive er and ir ending Remove the ending and add -iendo
**[00:24:46]** remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending e Endo using and in the
> **[on-screen 00:24:49]**
> Spanish Present Progressive comer - to eat vivir - to live
**[00:24:50]** present progressive you would say esto
> **[on-screen 00:24:52]**
> Spanish Present Progressive comer - to eat vivir - to live Yo estoy comiendo Yo estoy viviendo
**[00:24:53]** and Y EST viendo which is I am eating
> **[on-screen 00:24:55]**
> Spanish Present Progressive Yo estoy comiendo Yo estoy viviendo lam eating lam living
**[00:24:56]** and I am living the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and any infinitive that you want to use but once again remember to use the right conjugation of each pronoun at last you might encounter a few exceptions in Spanish where modifying some infinitives might require a bit more modification to make the verb sound better when spoken for instance you might see the verb which means to read and you would want
> **[on-screen 00:25:15]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leiendo
**[00:25:15]** say but this would be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that
> **[on-screen 00:25:19]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leiendo
**[00:25:19]** says you cannot have three vowels next to each other so you have to modify one of them with a consonant to eliminate the repetitive pronunciation when the word is said so instead of saying Le Endo you would
> **[on-screen 00:25:28]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leyendo lam reading
**[00:25:28]** say which means I am reading and the same concept applies to any pronoun you want to use you might also find this verb D which means to sleep and you would want to say y esto but because
> **[on-screen 00:25:37]**
> dormir - to sleep: Yo estoy dormiendo
**[00:25:38]** dormir is a stem changing verb you have to change the stem of the verb to make its pronunciation sound better so instead of saying yo you would
> **[on-screen 00:25:46]**
> dormir - to sleep: Yo estoy durmiendo lam sleeping
**[00:25:46]** Sayo which means I am sleeping and the same idea applies to the rest of the pronouns there is however another stem
> **[on-screen 00:25:51]**
> decir - to say: Yo estoy deciendo
**[00:25:52]** changing verb in Spanish like which means to say you would want to Sayo but Spanish says that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better so instead of saying Endo you would Sayo which would mean I am saying and
> **[on-screen 00:26:04]**
> decir - to say: Yo estoy diciendo lam saying
**[00:26:05]** once again the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns the verb estar

221
docs/spanish-fundamentals/07-the-verb-estar.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
# 07. The Verb “Estar”
- **Time range:** 00:26:08 – 00:32:28 (duration 00:06:20)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1568s)
---
**[00:26:09]** in Spanish means to be as in being or existing unlike the weird conjugations
> **[on-screen 00:26:12]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:26:13]** with the verb the verb EST actually
> **[on-screen 00:26:14]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:15]** follows the normal syntax of conjugating regular ar verbs and it looks like this in Spanish to EST or EST EST EST and estan before I explain the primary uses of the verb EST I first need to note a few important things about this verb just visually looking at its syntax you can probably tell that the conjugation for the yo pronoun is irregular because
> **[on-screen 00:26:37]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:38]** it ends with a Y and this is done specifically to not get it confused with the demonstrative adjective esto esto
> **[on-screen 00:26:43]**
> estoy - (I) am esto - this (n)
**[00:26:44]** means this in the neutral form whenever you're referring to something and you don't know what it is you will always
> **[on-screen 00:26:48]**
> estoy - (I) am esto - this (n) éQué es esto? What is this?
**[00:26:48]** say kesto indicating what is this without knowing if the object you're referring to is masculine or feminine
> **[on-screen 00:26:54]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:54]** another important thing to note with estar is that the pronouns to L and AOS all have accents on the A and this is also done on purpose because if you were
> **[on-screen 00:27:02]**
> estas - These (f) esta - This (f)
**[00:27:02]** to remove the accents you would have different words these words pronounced estas and esta mean these and this feminine but with the accent they mean
> **[on-screen 00:27:09]**
> estas - These (f) esta - This (f) estas - (You) are esta - (He/She) is
**[00:27:10]** you are and he or she is so it's really
> **[on-screen 00:27:13]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:27:13]** important to put accents on them and put the emphasis on the a as always try not
> **[on-screen 00:27:17]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas Wosotros estais (El) esta (Ellos) esta
**[00:27:17]** focusing on these conjugations because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation now the most
> **[on-screen 00:27:21]**
> What estar applies to:
**[00:27:22]** important thing to note about the verb estar is that even though it means to be as in being its uses are completely different from the verb s which I explained in one of my previous videos the verb estar mainly applies to these uses the present progressive location
> **[on-screen 00:27:33]**
> What estar applies to: 1. Present progressive 2. Location (spatial relationship) 3. Health, conditions, and emotions
**[00:27:34]** and health conditions and emotions number one the present progressive the
> **[on-screen 00:27:37]**
> 1. Present Progressive
**[00:27:38]** present progressive is something that I explained in the video before this one so you should be familiar with the syntax but now this is where we can start using the conjugations that apply to other pronouns for instance if you
> **[on-screen 00:27:47]**
> 1. Present Progressive He is running —— El esta corriendo You are thinking ——> Tu estas pensando
**[00:27:47]** want to say that he is running you would use the conjugated verb estar for the he pronoun which would be if you want to say you are thinking you would say to EST both of these verbs are actions that are happening right now which explains why the verb EST is used here and the same principle applies to any pronoun and verb that you want to use in the present progressive number
> **[on-screen 00:28:06]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is)
**[00:28:06]** two location and whenever I speak of location I speak of spatial relationships relative to where something or someone is as of this moment you might have heard the saying
> **[on-screen 00:28:15]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? ——-4 Where are you?
**[00:28:15]** don't EST which means where are you the reason why the verb EST is used here is because the question is asking where one is right now and if you're answering this question you will likewise use the
> **[on-screen 00:28:23]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? Yo estoy en lacasa (in the house)
**[00:28:24]** verb estar by saying yo esto in whichever location you want to say using location with a can also indicate where something or someone is relative to a different object when asking don't EST you can also reply
> **[on-screen 00:28:35]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? Yo estoy al lado de la casa (to the next of the house)
**[00:28:36]** with which would mean I am next to the house or to the next of the house and the reason why St is used here is because it uses a location in relation to something else the same principle applies to any pronoun verb and location you want to use and the last usage to
> **[on-screen 00:28:49]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions
**[00:28:49]** know what the verb estar is health conditions and emotions and this is by far the trickiest use of the verb estar because it's the number one concept that most students struggle with with whenever I refer to conditions and emotions I'm talking about adjectives
> **[on-screen 00:29:00]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Conditions and emotions refer to something that is being felt in the current moment and NOT a physical trait
**[00:29:01]** that people use to refer to something that they feel right now and not a physical trait you might remember me
> **[on-screen 00:29:06]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful Tu eres bonito/a
**[00:29:06]** saying that the verb said is used for physical traits and while that's true the conditions and emotions of people
> **[on-screen 00:29:10]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Conditions and emotions refer to something that is being felt in the current moment and NOTa physical trait
**[00:29:11]** and sometimes objects primarily refer to something that somebody feels rather than being a factual statement looking at this example both the words Alto and
> **[on-screen 00:29:17]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall lam happy
**[00:29:19]** Feliz are adjectives but one is a
> **[on-screen 00:29:21]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall lam happy tall is a factual happy is an emotion and physical trait that changes over time
**[00:29:21]** factual and physical trait while the other is an emotion that changes over time while the verb said refers to factual statements part of which includes physical traits which are factual about oneself the adjective is using the conjugation s because the verb said refers to factual statements LS Alto he is tall is a factual statement because you cannot change that fact however once you start including emotions this is where you need to have a different sense of being because by saying yiz I am happy I'm indicating
> **[on-screen 00:29:46]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall lam happy tall is a factual happy is an emotion and physical trait that changes over time happy indicates having a feeling of happiness that will change, rather than a fact
**[00:29:46]** that I'm feeling happy and that my feeling will change in time rather than this being a factual statement about me
> **[on-screen 00:29:51]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz
**[00:29:51]** if you were to switch them and say and this is where the meaning in both sentences completely Chang changes by saying Alto you're basically saying
> **[on-screen 00:30:00]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz He is feeling tall
**[00:30:00]** that he is feeling tall rather than him factually being tall which would be an
> **[on-screen 00:30:03]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz s feelin l
**[00:30:03]** incorrect use of the verb EST because the verb estar refers to conditions and
> **[on-screen 00:30:06]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Elesta alto Yo soy feliz estar refers to conditions and emotions that actively change over time
**[00:30:07]** emotions that actively change over time Alto means tall and masculine which is an adjective that refers to a physical and factual trait about oneself rather than a Feeling by saying y fiz I'm
> **[on-screen 00:30:16]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz
**[00:30:17]** saying that I am happy as in I am a
> **[on-screen 00:30:19]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz lama happy person in general
**[00:30:19]** happy person in general I was born happy I'm happy now and I will die happy all of this being a false statement because
> **[on-screen 00:30:24]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo.soy feliz lama py person in general
> **[on-screen 00:30:25]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yosoy feliz lama py pers6n in general happiness is a feeling that changes which doesn’t allow the verb ser to be used
**[00:30:25]** happiness is a feeling that changes over time it doesn't allow the verb said to be used here so instead you would want
> **[on-screen 00:30:30]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions ser estar El es alto Yo estoy feliz N\ / physical and factual conditions and traits about oneself emotions that change over time
**[00:30:30]** to look carefully at the difference between physical and factual traits about oneself and conditions and emotions that change over time and with conditions and emotions you might find
> **[on-screen 00:30:38]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions lam good - Yo estoy bien You are busy - Tu estas ocupado The doors are open - Las puertas estan abiertas
**[00:30:38]** these phrases and adjectives to be the most practical and 99% of the time they all use the verb estar because all of these conditions are emotions that change over time and don't remain factual I am good esto BN indicates that I'm feeling good rather than me being a good person in general you are busy estas okup indicates that you are busy as of this moment and you will not be busy in the future which doesn't allow the statement to be factual about you hence EST is used the doors are open this means that the doors are open now but the recondition will probably change in the future and also you might have noticed that the ending of some of these adjectives end in o or as and that is because adjectives in Spanish have gender and plurality and as a matter of fact I will describe the concept of adjectives in the video after this one hopefully I'm making myself as clear as possible with what to do with the verb estar and in case you still don't understand the concept the verb estar
> **[on-screen 00:31:26]**
> Estar mainly applies to uses that are happening right now, and so they will change in the future
**[00:31:26]** mainly applies to uses that are happening right now at this moment and they're most likely to change in the future just like I listed examples in my set video the uses of the verb estar likewise have a connective pattern across all examples that are used in this video there are other uses of the verb estar like weather expressions but
> **[on-screen 00:31:40]**
> 4. Weather expressions esta nublado - it is cloudy
**[00:31:41]** they're not as important as the primary
> **[on-screen 00:31:42]**
> 4. ther expressions esta n do - itis
**[00:31:43]** uses in this video the present
> **[on-screen 00:31:44]**
> Estar mainly applies to uses that are happening right now, and so they will change in the future 1. Present progressive 2. Location 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:44]** progressive location and conditions and emotions are the primary uses of the verb estop and all of these uses have a connection and that is they're happening right now by saying eloro I'm saying
> **[on-screen 00:31:52]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:54]** that he is running right now but he will not be running in the future by saying y
> **[on-screen 00:31:57]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location e yo estoy en la casa - | am in the house right now 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:58]** esta I'm saying that I'm in the house right now but I will not be in the future by saying to EST ok I'm saying
> **[on-screen 00:32:02]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location ¢ yo estoy en la casa - | am in the house right now 3. Conditions and emotions e tu estas ocupado - you are busy right now
**[00:32:04]** that you are busy right now but you will not be in the future when you really think about it it makes sense why Spanish has two verbs for being or to be because half the time you utilize verbs that describe you factually and these can never change but on the other half of the time you're describing yourself
> **[on-screen 00:32:16]**
> Ser Estar sermlanen vemborar
**[00:32:17]** using traits that apply for the moment and now you might also understand why some teachers say that the verb said applies to permanent traits while estar refers to Temporary traits because some conditions last forever while other happen right now Spanish has many

180
docs/spanish-fundamentals/08-descriptive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
# 08. Descriptive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:32:28 – 00:35:52 (duration 00:03:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1948s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:32:28]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives:
**[00:32:28]** different types of adjectives and in this video I would like to explain how descriptive adjectives work in context and by descriptive adjectives I mean adjectives that physically or
> **[on-screen 00:32:35]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: adjectives that physically or conditionally describe something or someone
**[00:32:36]** conditionally describe something or someone in Spanish all adjectives have
> **[on-screen 00:32:38]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: e alto/a(s) - tall ¢ bajo/a(s) - short ¢ bonito/a(s) - beautiful e feo/a(s) - ugly
**[00:32:39]** gender and plurality with the exceptions
> **[on-screen 00:32:41]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: facil/faciles - easy ¢ dificil/dificiles - difficult ¢ importante(s) - important e inteligente(s) - intelligent/smart
**[00:32:41]** of a few words that have a neutral ending but still follow plurality
> **[on-screen 00:32:44]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: e alto/a(s) - tall ¢ bajo/a(s) - short ¢ bonito/a(s) - beautiful e feo/a(s) - ugly
**[00:32:44]** adjectives ending in O are masculine adjectives ending in a are feminine and
> **[on-screen 00:32:48]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: facil/faciles - easy ¢ dificil/dificiles - difficult e importante(s) - important e inteligente(s) - intelligent/smart
**[00:32:48]** neutral adjectives vary based on whoever the subject is of the sentence if you want to say that you are tall and
> **[on-screen 00:32:52]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful
**[00:32:53]** beautiful you would say y Alto I Bonito
> **[on-screen 00:32:54]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful Yo soy alto y bonito (m)
**[00:32:56]** if you're referring to someone that's masculine and ala ionita would refer to
> **[on-screen 00:32:58]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful Yo soy alto y bonito (m) Yo soy alta y bonita (f)
**[00:32:59]** someone who is feminine if you were to
> **[on-screen 00:33:00]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: They are ugly (m)
**[00:33:00]** say that they are ugly and masculine you would say AOS fos because now there are
> **[on-screen 00:33:04]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: They are ugly (m) Ellos son feos (m)
**[00:33:05]** multiple people which generates plurality if you were to work with
> **[on-screen 00:33:07]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: These classes are easy
**[00:33:08]** adjectives that have a neutral ending and say a sentence like these classes are easy you would say estas classes fil
> **[on-screen 00:33:12]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: These classes are easy Estas clases son faciles
**[00:33:14]** by adding an Es at the end of the adjective to fit the plurality of the sentence if you were to say we are
> **[on-screen 00:33:17]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are intelligent Nosotros somos inteligentes
**[00:33:18]** intelligent you would say no intentes because the ending of the adjective matches the plurality of the sentence the same exact principle applies to any pronoun and adjective you would like to use however taking simple sentences like
> **[on-screen 00:33:28]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives:
> **[on-screen 00:33:30]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The boy is smart El chico es inteligente
**[00:33:30]** the boy is smar in might make learning too impractical because you're generating sentences that are too easy to say or sentences that are not said as often as others if you were to instead say the smart boy this is where the
> **[on-screen 00:33:40]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy
**[00:33:41]** syntax would start changing positions in the sentence you would want to say El intell Cho the smart boy but this would
> **[on-screen 00:33:45]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El inteligente chico
> **[on-screen 00:33:47]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El inteligente chico
**[00:33:47]** be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that says you have to put
> **[on-screen 00:33:50]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El inteligente chico
**[00:33:50]** nouns before adjectives in order to determine the subject from something else so instead of saying El int Cho you would say El Cho int which technically
> **[on-screen 00:33:56]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente
**[00:33:58]** would translate as the boy smart but
> **[on-screen 00:33:59]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente The boy smart
**[00:34:00]** logically speaking it means the boy that is smart but this is not included in
> **[on-screen 00:34:02]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente The boy that is smart
> **[on-screen 00:34:03]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente The boy thatis smart
**[00:34:03]** Spanish because it doesn't need to in English whenever you're describing
> **[on-screen 00:34:05]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: This important video - Este video importante The difficult lesson - La lecci6n dificil
**[00:34:06]** subjects you put adjectives before nouns but in Spanish you have to put adjectives after nouns because it's a rule in the language and once again the same principle applies to any noun and adjective you want to use there is
> **[on-screen 00:34:15]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives:
**[00:34:15]** however an important rule to consider whenever you're referring to adjectives that are used factually and physically about oneself and an adjective that is a condition that changes over time in English you may have sentences like I am
> **[on-screen 00:34:25]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: | am short lam tired
**[00:34:25]** short and I am tired and both of these
> **[on-screen 00:34:27]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: | am short | am tired
**[00:34:27]** sentences use the same conjugated form of the verb to be in this case I am because in English we don't care about the continuation of the sentence as long as we use the properly conjugated form of to be to match the corresponding pronoun in Spanish however you have to
> **[on-screen 00:34:37]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am short lam tired Yo soy bajo Yo estoy cansado
**[00:34:38]** watch out for these things because these sentences contain two senses of being
> **[on-screen 00:34:41]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am short | am tired Yo soy bajo Yo estoy cansado ser (physical and estar (emotion factual trait) that changes)
**[00:34:41]** one using a physical and factual trait about yourself while the other expresses an emotion that you feel which will change in the future and with descriptive adjectives the same rule
> **[on-screen 00:34:47]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: La chica hermosa - The beautiful girl La chica es hermosa - The girl is beautiful El hombre relajado - The relaxed man El hombre esta relajado - The man is relaxed
**[00:34:48]** applies for both adjectives that apply factually and conditionally the only challenge is figuring out whether to use S or estar with physical traits and conditions and emotions la Osa the beautiful girl can also be said asosa the girl is beautiful which uses said to factually describe the subject the relaxed man can also be as the man is relaxed which uses the verb to express the emotional condition of the subject and with these being
> **[on-screen 00:35:15]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: ser: estar: ° alto/a(s) ¢ aburrido/a(s) © bajo/a(s) ® cansando/a(s) ¢ bonito/a(s) ¢ enfermo/a(s) ° feo/a(s) listo/a(s) facil/faciles ° seguro/a(s) ¢ dificil/dificiles © preparado/a(s) ¢ importante(s) e relajado/a(s) e inteligentes(s) ° triste(s)
**[00:35:15]** physical traits that are used with s and these being conditions that are used with estar these are all commonly used descriptive adjectives that you can use to construct sentences on a daily basis all you simply do is choose any pronoun you want to use select any AD and then remember which verb to use when describing something or somebody for
> **[on-screen 00:35:30]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: He is smart
**[00:35:30]** example if you want to say that he is smart you would say LS intell because
> **[on-screen 00:35:33]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: He is smart El es inteligente
**[00:35:34]** the word s is the correctly conjugated form of said of the he pronoun being used to express a factual statement
> **[on-screen 00:35:39]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are sad
**[00:35:39]** likewise if you want to say we are sad you would say noos estamos tristes and
> **[on-screen 00:35:42]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are sad Nosotros estamos tristes
**[00:35:44]** you would use EST as the conjugated form of the wi pronoun because EST is used for emotions that change over time and you would also pluralize trist because you have plurality in the sentence

141
docs/spanish-fundamentals/09-possessive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
# 09. Possessive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:35:52 – 00:38:32 (duration 00:02:40)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2152s)
---
**[00:35:52]** possessive adjectives in Spanish indicate that something is being possessed by somebody or is in the own hands of somebody the English version of
> **[on-screen 00:35:57]**
> English Possessive Adjectives: my our your y'all's his/her/its | their
**[00:35:58]** this would be my your his her or it our Ys English doesn't have this adjective but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and finally there in
> **[on-screen 00:36:07]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:07]** Spanish these possessive adjectives look like this me with no accent because with
> **[on-screen 00:36:11]**
> mi - my (adjective) mi - me (pronoun)
**[00:36:11]** the accent you'll have a direct object pronoun me to with no accent because
> **[on-screen 00:36:14]**
> tu - your (adjective) tu - you (pronoun)
**[00:36:15]** with the accent you have the pronoun you
> **[on-screen 00:36:17]**
> su - his, her, their
**[00:36:17]** Su and this adjective can simultaneously mean his her or there and you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally noest vestro VRA
> **[on-screen 00:36:24]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:26]** when the interesting things about possessive adjectives in Spanish is that the adjectives nestro and vestro are the
> **[on-screen 00:36:31]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:31]** only adjectives that have gender if you're referring to something masculine in Spanish and you want to use the hour adjective you would say nestro and then
> **[on-screen 00:36:36]**
> our cat nuestro gato
**[00:36:37]** whatever the follow-up is you can do the
> **[on-screen 00:36:38]**
> our cat nuestro gato our rose nuestra rosa
**[00:36:38]** same with nestra using feminine words and you can replicate this concept using
> **[on-screen 00:36:41]**
> y‘all's cat vuestro gato y‘all's rose vuestra rosa
**[00:36:42]** the vestro adjective however I recommend
> **[on-screen 00:36:43]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu V o/a su su
**[00:36:44]** not focusing on these adjectives because they're not used as often as the other ones in Spanish and also all of these possessive adjectives have plurality and the way that you pluralize them is by simply adding an S at the end of every
> **[on-screen 00:36:53]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mis nuestro/as tus vuestro/as sus SUS
**[00:36:53]** adjective and with plurality you can only use it when you're referring to noun that are not singular for example if you want to say my car you would say m cooche but saying my cars would be M cooches if you want to say your dog you would say two perro and saying your dogs would be twoos however using the Sue
> **[on-screen 00:37:08]**
> your dogs tus perros
> **[on-screen 00:37:09]**
> su - his, her, their
**[00:37:09]** adjective is where the syntax gets a bit tricky and like I said again this adjective can mean his her and there it can be pluralized and you can only tell the difference between them in context
> **[on-screen 00:37:18]**
> | talk with his friend
**[00:37:18]** you can have a sentence in English like I talk with his friend and in Spanish the sentence would be Yu Amigo in
> **[on-screen 00:37:22]**
> | talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:24]** English understanding the adjective is very easy because who have an adjective
> **[on-screen 00:37:26]**
> I talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:27]** that specifies who it is in this case it's masculine in Spanish however it
> **[on-screen 00:37:30]**
> | talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:30]** would be difficult to tell if Su refers to his her or their a tip that I can give to not get these confused is to always specify who is the subject within the sentence that you're saying you can
> **[on-screen 00:37:39]**
> | talk with John and with his father
**[00:37:39]** say a sentence like I talk with Jon and with his father and in Spanish the sentence would
> **[on-screen 00:37:44]**
> | talk with John and with his father Yo hablo con John y con su padre
**[00:37:44]** be and in this context you would know that the adjective Su is masculine and indicates his because JN is a masculine name likewise you can have a sentence
> **[on-screen 00:37:51]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother
**[00:37:52]** like I talk with Emma and with her mother and in Spanish the sentence would be you Emma
> **[on-screen 00:37:56]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother Yo hablo con Emma y con su madre
**[00:37:57]** and in this context we know that Su is
> **[on-screen 00:37:59]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother Yo hablo con Emma y con su madre
**[00:37:59]** feminine and indicates her because Emma is feminine at last you can have a
> **[on-screen 00:38:02]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends
**[00:38:02]** sentence that utilizes two adjectives and you can pluralize them both like I talk with my parents and with their friends and in Spanish it would
> **[on-screen 00:38:09]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends Yo hablo con mis padres y con sus amigos
**[00:38:11]** be is pluralized because padis is a plural noun and sus is also pluralized
> **[on-screen 00:38:15]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends Yo hablo con mis padres y con sus amigos
**[00:38:16]** because of Amigos but it mainly refers to the adjective there because of my parents's friends which is they friends
> **[on-screen 00:38:21]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi(s) nuestro/a(s) tu(s) | vuestro/a(s) su(s) su(s)
**[00:38:21]** using the system is actually quite useful to keep these possessive adjectives in the back of your mind because the sentences that you can make with them are practical and Limitless and once again the same principle applies to any sentence you want to say using these adjectives demonstra of

98
docs/spanish-fundamentals/10-demonstrative-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
# 10. Demonstrative Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:38:32 – 00:40:50 (duration 00:02:18)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2312s)
---
**[00:38:32]** adjectives in Spanish are adjectives that are used to indicate a specific word or precisely determine what something is in English it's very easy
> **[on-screen 00:38:37]**
> English Demonstrative Adjectives: This That
**[00:38:38]** to decide on these adjectives because you have only two primary words that determine something and these words are this and that and if you want to pluralize them this becomes these and
> **[on-screen 00:38:45]**
> English Demonstrative Adjectives: This —— These That—— Those
**[00:38:46]** that becomes those in Spanish you have
> **[on-screen 00:38:48]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives:
**[00:38:48]** the same concept along with a bit more variety gender and plurality in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:38:52]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) este ese esta esa
**[00:38:52]** this would be Estee masculine and esta feminine and that would be ESS masculine and Essa feminine it's really tempting
> **[on-screen 00:39:00]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) esto eso esta esa
**[00:39:00]** to say esto or ESO because the feminine version ends in a so you want to put an
> **[on-screen 00:39:04]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) esto eso esta esa
**[00:39:05]** O for the masculine adjectives however Spanish does have these words esto and ESO but these are adjectives that have the neuter gender meaning that you don't know if these adjectives refer to something masculine or feminine roughly 80% of the time you would use these
> **[on-screen 00:39:17]**
> éQue es esto? éQue es eso?
**[00:39:17]** words in sentences like kesto or keso meaning what is this or what is that these are simple sentences to remember whenever you decide to speak Spanish Additionally you could also use these
> **[on-screen 00:39:26]**
> This is for everybody Esto es para todos
**[00:39:27]** words for making sentences that have generalizations such as this is for everybody EST esos and the same concept
> **[on-screen 00:39:32]**
> That is for everybody Eso es para todos
**[00:39:32]** applies to ESO in any continuation that you want to say overall you just have to
> **[on-screen 00:39:35]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) este ese esta esa
**[00:39:36]** remember that Estee and are masculine and esta Anda are feminine if you want to pluralize them both EST and esta become estos and estas and and Esa
> **[on-screen 00:39:44]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) estos ese estas esa
**[00:39:47]** become esos and esas Visually looking at the syntax the plurality for esta and Esa is very simple because all you do is put an S at the end of the adjectives but for Estee and the ending changes to estos and esos and that's the only tough part to remember and also remember to not put accents on
> **[on-screen 00:40:01]**
> NO ACCENTS FOR ESTA & ESTAS
**[00:40:02]** esta and estas because if you do you
> **[on-screen 00:40:04]**
> NO ACCENTS FOR ESTA & ESTAS esta - this (f) esta - (he/she) is estas - these (f) } estas - (you) are
**[00:40:04]** will have different words additionally Spanish also has these words AEL and AA both of which mean that as in something that's over there if you want to pluralize them AEL becomes AOS and AA becomes AAS even though this demonstrative adjective is used less than the others it's actually helpful to say in some cases but moreover it's important to just know these words and understand when to use them regarding
> **[on-screen 00:40:25]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: este/os ese/os esta/s esa/s
**[00:40:25]** examples you you can use Estee and ESS with masculine nouns like Estee Libro
> **[on-screen 00:40:29]**
> este libro - this book (m & s) esta casa - this house (f & s)
**[00:40:29]** and esta you can use ESS and Essa with feminine nouns likeo and esaa and if you
> **[on-screen 00:40:33]**
> este libro - this book (m & s) esta casa - this house (f & s) ese curso - that course (m &s) esa mesa - that table (f & s)
**[00:40:35]** want to pluralize any of them you would have estos libros estas kasas esos csos
> **[on-screen 00:40:38]**
> estos libros - these books (m & p) estas casas - these houses (f & p) esos cursos - those courses (m & p) esas mesas - those tables (f & p)
**[00:40:40]** and esas mesas using these demonstrative
> **[on-screen 00:40:42]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: este/os ese/os esta/s esa/s
**[00:40:42]** adjectives you can actually make many sentences with them especially when you're trying to determine something and once you have enough practice you'll find these words to be very useful and practical you've probably heard many

245
docs/spanish-fundamentals/11-useful-greetings-farewells.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
# 11. Useful Greetings & Farewells
- **Time range:** 00:40:50 – 00:43:53 (duration 00:03:03)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2450s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:40:50]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells:
**[00:40:51]** phrases in Spanish used for greetings and farewells some of which are useful and some of which are kind of pointless and in this video I'd like to present to you what phrases are the best to use when saying greetings and farewells in Spanish bi Veno is probably the most
> **[on-screen 00:41:02]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido
**[00:41:03]** popular greeting there is which literally translates as welcome if you
> **[on-screen 00:41:06]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido welcome
**[00:41:06]** break the word apart you'll get bienn in
> **[on-screen 00:41:08]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bien / venido
**[00:41:08]** venido bienn means well and venido means
> **[on-screen 00:41:09]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bien / venido well
> **[on-screen 00:41:10]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bien / venido well come
**[00:41:11]** come which is a form of speech taken
> **[on-screen 00:41:12]**
> Spanish Present Perfect: haber venido to have come
**[00:41:13]** from the present perfect Abed Veno to have come and if you take that word Veno
> **[on-screen 00:41:17]**
> Spanish Present Perfect: haber venido to have come
**[00:41:17]** and combine it with B you get bi Veno
> **[on-screen 00:41:18]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido
> **[on-screen 00:41:20]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido it's well to have come
**[00:41:20]** it's well to have come or wellcome and
> **[on-screen 00:41:21]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido welcome
**[00:41:22]** if you're referring to more than one person you can also say bi venos buenos
> **[on-screen 00:41:25]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenidos welcome
**[00:41:26]** Das literally translat as good days and the ending of Buenos perfectly corresponds to the ending of Das because it's pluralized in masculine but mainly speaking buenos dias is used more as
> **[on-screen 00:41:36]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: buenos dias good morning
**[00:41:36]** good morning rather than good days you
> **[on-screen 00:41:38]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: buenas noches goodnight
**[00:41:38]** also have this phrase bu noes which is literally good nights or good night when
> **[on-screen 00:41:42]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells:
**[00:41:42]** beginning a conversation in Spanish a person might begin the conversation by immediately saying kapasa which
> **[on-screen 00:41:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa?
**[00:41:47]** translates as what's going on because
> **[on-screen 00:41:49]**
> pasar - to go on/ to happen
**[00:41:49]** the verb Pasar can actually mean to go or to happen whenever somebody says
> **[on-screen 00:41:53]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa? What's going on?
**[00:41:53]** kasasa they're literally saying what's going on or what's happening what's
> **[on-screen 00:41:56]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa? What's going on? What's happening?
> **[on-screen 00:41:57]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening?
**[00:41:57]** happening can also be rephrased asando
> **[on-screen 00:41:59]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:00]** using the present progressive and we know that it's the present progressive
> **[on-screen 00:42:03]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:03]** because it's using a conjugation of EST
> **[on-screen 00:42:05]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQue esta pasando?
**[00:42:05]** and adds Ando at the end of the infinitive and as a matter of fact it's
> **[on-screen 00:42:08]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What is happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:08]** the same way the sentence Works in English you can say or maybe if you want to get fancy you can sayal ketal literally translates
> **[on-screen 00:42:15]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal?
**[00:42:16]** as what's such or what's the matter but
> **[on-screen 00:42:17]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal? What's such? What's the matter?
**[00:42:18]** the meaning is mainly how are you and
> **[on-screen 00:42:20]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal? How are you?
**[00:42:20]** the number one phrase that probably everybody heard when learning Spanish is K estas or KO estas which Lally translat
> **[on-screen 00:42:24]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: How are you? éCoOmo estas (tu)?
**[00:42:26]** as how are you and with this phrase we know to use the verb estar to ask
> **[on-screen 00:42:29]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: How are you? ~Como estas (tu)?
**[00:42:30]** someone about their well-being because the verb estar mainly applies to actions and emotions that are happening right now and so they're most likely to change in the future by answering this question
> **[on-screen 00:42:38]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: ~Como estas (tu)?
**[00:42:38]** you would say something like esto
> **[on-screen 00:42:40]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: ~Como estas (tu)? (Yo) estoy bien
**[00:42:40]** because you're indicating that you're feeling good or feeling well which explains why your answer will also use a conjugation of estar at last there's
> **[on-screen 00:42:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: (Muchas) Gracias Thank you (very much)
**[00:42:47]** gracias or muchas gracias which means thanks or thank you very much and if you want to sound polite you'll reply with
> **[on-screen 00:42:53]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: (Muchas) Gracias Thank you (very much) De nada
**[00:42:53]** Danada which means of nothing indicating
> **[on-screen 00:42:54]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada Of nothing
**[00:42:55]** thank you very much and there is no need
> **[on-screen 00:42:57]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada Of nothing No need to thank me
**[00:42:57]** to thank me but overall denada is mainly
> **[on-screen 00:42:59]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada You are welcome
**[00:42:59]** used as you're welcome if you're leaving
> **[on-screen 00:43:01]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Adios / Chau
**[00:43:01]** the conversation you might say something like adios or chiao both of which mean
> **[on-screen 00:43:06]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Adios / Chau Goodbye
**[00:43:06]** by or goodbye but the word adios can actually be broken down into two words a
> **[on-screen 00:43:11]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Dids
**[00:43:11]** and dios which literally translates as
> **[on-screen 00:43:13]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Dios To God
**[00:43:13]** to God when Spanish was first originating as a language the expression to God meant to have a good farewell as in to God you go but the meaning changed
> **[on-screen 00:43:19]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Didés To God you go
**[00:43:20]** over time which resulted simply in goodbye there's also this phrase aista
> **[on-screen 00:43:23]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista
**[00:43:25]** which is constructed using a preposition
> **[on-screen 00:43:26]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista
**[00:43:27]** article and a noun and it literally translates as until the view or until
> **[on-screen 00:43:30]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista Until the view/next time
**[00:43:31]** the next time I see you or more of a sophisticated and modern meaning would be see you later see you later can also
> **[on-screen 00:43:35]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista See you later
**[00:43:36]** be said as aao which actually translates
> **[on-screen 00:43:37]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: See you later Hasta luego
**[00:43:39]** as until later you might have also seen
> **[on-screen 00:43:40]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta pronto
**[00:43:40]** this phrase ASA Pronto which translates
> **[on-screen 00:43:43]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta pronto Until soon
**[00:43:43]** as until soon but its Advanced definition means see you soon and finally hola means hello or hi po means
> **[on-screen 00:43:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hola - Hello/Hi Por Favor - Please Perdon - I'm sorry
**[00:43:49]** please and pdon is a polite way of saying I'm sorry the verb p in Spanish

170
docs/spanish-fundamentals/12-the-verb-poder.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
# 12. The Verb “Poder”
- **Time range:** 00:43:53 – 00:47:03 (duration 00:03:10)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2633s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:43:53]**
> Poder - to can/be able to:
**[00:43:54]** means to can or to be able to but it's mainly used as to can in English the
> **[on-screen 00:43:58]**
> To can: Ican | Wecan You can | Y'all can He/She/It can | They can
**[00:43:58]** syntax of this verb is very easy to remember because can literally stays can
> **[on-screen 00:44:01]**
> To can: Ican | Wecan You can | Y'all can He/She/It can | They can
**[00:44:02]** for the following six pronouns in
> **[on-screen 00:44:04]**
> Poder - to can/be able to:
**[00:44:04]** Spanish however you have six different conjugations for this verb and it also falls into the category of stem changing verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish is actually a topic for a future video but as far as the verb ped goes stem changing basically means that you have to take the stem of the verb and modify it in a way so that it sounds better when the word is said out loud the verb
> **[on-screen 00:44:20]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (0 -> ue)
**[00:44:20]** P falls into the o to U category which means that you'll take the stem of p po
> **[on-screen 00:44:26]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (0 -> ue) po
**[00:44:26]** and then change it to pu however this
> **[on-screen 00:44:27]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (o -> ue) pue
**[00:44:28]** principle only applies to the yo to L
> **[on-screen 00:44:30]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo (Tu) puedes (El puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:31]** and AOS pronouns and the ending of all
> **[on-screen 00:44:32]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo (Tu) puedes (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:32]** of them correctly follows the regular syntax of verbs ending in erer for the
> **[on-screen 00:44:36]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:36]** noos and votos pronouns the stem changing rule does not apply because Spanish says that these pronouns sound good enough when they're normally conjugated overall you just have to know that the stem changing rule applies to the Y to L and AOS pronouns another way
> **[on-screen 00:44:49]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Tu) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:49]** to remember this is by looking at the shape of the 2x3 chart and seeing that
> **[on-screen 00:44:52]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El).puede | (Ellos)spueden
**[00:44:52]** it's shaped like a boot and so only pronouns within the boot will apply to the stem ch changing rule anything else
> **[on-screen 00:44:57]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos < (Tu) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis x (El).puede | (Ellos)spueden
**[00:44:57]** outside of the boot will not use the stem changing Rule and every stem changing verb that you will encounter when learning Spanish will almost never use the stem changing rule for the noos and Vos pronouns the pronunciation goes
> **[on-screen 00:45:06]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:45:07]** as follows y PUO I can to pues you we can and AOS they can as always try
> **[on-screen 00:45:23]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Tu) puedes ) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:45:23]** not focusing on these pronouns because the phrases that you can make with them are not that useful the only thing you should know about them is that they don't apply the stem changing rule fundamentally the verb p in Spanish is actually one of the most useful and practical verbs that there are because it's a universal verb that we subconsciously use in many sentences typically the way the verb to can is used in English is by starting a sentence with a pronoun and can such as
> **[on-screen 00:45:44]**
> To can in English: I can
**[00:45:44]** I can and then we immediately follow it up with an infinitive in case you don't
> **[on-screen 00:45:46]**
> To can in English: I can (infinitive)
**[00:45:47]** remember an infinitive is a verb that's
> **[on-screen 00:45:48]**
> Infinitive Verb placed after an already conjugated verb that doesn't change or slightly gets modified
**[00:45:49]** placed after an already conjugated verb that doesn't change or slightly gets modified in this case we can say a
> **[on-screen 00:45:53]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:45:54]** sentence like I can't speak span Spanish which will use I can and then speak will
> **[on-screen 00:45:58]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:45:58]** be the infinitive that's left untouched and then you can plug in any language
> **[on-screen 00:46:01]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:46:02]** you want in the end and in this sentence alone I've used can three times we can say a sentence like I can speak Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:46:06]**
> To can in English: We can say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:46:07]**
> To can in English: We can say a sentence like | can speak Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:46:08]**
> To can in English: We can say a sentence like | can speak Spanish You can plug in any language
**[00:46:08]** and you can plug in any language in
> **[on-screen 00:46:09]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish
**[00:46:09]** Spanish I can speak Spanish would be y
> **[on-screen 00:46:12]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:13]** ESP PUO is the correctly conjugated form
> **[on-screen 00:46:14]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:15]** of of the yo pronoun a is the infinitive
> **[on-screen 00:46:17]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:18]** that doesn't change form in espol is the
> **[on-screen 00:46:20]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:20]** language at the end of course saying y ESP doesn't actually mean that you can speak because saying one phrase from memorization does not indicate that you've mastered the language in order for you to get better you can actually use the verb P to make many sentences that don't necessarily have to relate to languages if you want to say a sentence like you can learn English you will
> **[on-screen 00:46:37]**
> Uses of poder: You can learn English
> **[on-screen 00:46:38]**
> Uses of poder: You can learn English Tu puedes aprender inglés
**[00:46:39]** say if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:46:41]**
> Uses of poder: They can call by phone
**[00:46:42]** they can call by phone you will
> **[on-screen 00:46:44]**
> Uses of poder: They can call by phone Ellos pueden llamar por telefono
**[00:46:45]** say overall is probably one of the most
> **[on-screen 00:46:46]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:46:48]** convenient and helpful verbs there is not only in Spanish and English but in other languages in general by understanding how to conjugate pod and knowing what phrases to use it with you'll be able to generate any phrase that you want almost instantly but this of course requires a bit more practice and examples that you can generate on your way the verb ear in Spanish means

289
docs/spanish-fundamentals/13-the-verb-ir.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
# 13. The Verb “Ir”
- **Time range:** 00:47:03 – 00:52:38 (duration 00:05:35)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2823s)
---
**[00:47:04]** to go which is actually one of the trickiest and hardest verbs to work with but in this video I'll simplify its principle to its most understandable way at first there are a few rules you should know about the verb to go in English so that you can utilize its principle and apply it to Spanish the very first thing you should know about the verb to go is that it can use the
> **[on-screen 00:47:17]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive
**[00:47:18]** present simple and the present progressive which actually generates two different meanings in context for instance saying I go indicates that I'm
> **[on-screen 00:47:24]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general)
**[00:47:24]** a person who likes to go in general whereas saying I'm going means that I'm
> **[on-screen 00:47:27]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now)
**[00:47:28]** going right now and so my action will change in the future the reason why I'm mentioning this is because in English these two phrases generate completely different meanings however because the verb IR is irregular in Spanish it does
> **[on-screen 00:47:37]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now) to go -ir/ iris irregular and doesn't use the present progressive in Spanish
**[00:47:38]** not have a notion of the present progressive and therefore its principle uses both the present simple and the present progressive in unison and it's something I'll cover in a few minutes from now the second thing you should know about the verb to go is that there's a big difference between using to go as to go and to go to for instance
> **[on-screen 00:47:50]**
> To go in English: to go to goto
**[00:47:52]** I can say a sentence like I go there or
> **[on-screen 00:47:53]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I'm going with my friends
**[00:47:54]** I'm going with my friends and these phrases don't have the preposition to because these are generic phrases that Express ambiguity on the other hand I can say phrases like I'm going to the
> **[on-screen 00:48:02]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class
**[00:48:02]** store or I'm going to the class which uses the preposition two to indicate a
> **[on-screen 00:48:06]**
> To go in English: to go to goto I go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class
**[00:48:06]** specific destination Additionally you can include infinitives with the preposition two and these sentences are actually used way more often than the other ones you can say phrases like I'm
> **[on-screen 00:48:14]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class I’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:48:14]** going to do my homework or I'm going to read this book which utilize the preposition two with an infinitive which indicates an action that will be done in the close future overall the syntax of
> **[on-screen 00:48:22]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'allgo he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:23]** to go is easy to remember in English
> **[on-screen 00:48:25]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'all go he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:25]** because go says go for five pronouns and
> **[on-screen 00:48:27]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'all go he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:27]** only adds an es s for the he she it pronoun however learning this verb in Spanish requires a bit more thinking and Analysis I first the verb to go in
> **[on-screen 00:48:34]**
> ir- to go (irregular verb)
**[00:48:35]** Spanish means ir and it's actually a very strange an irregular verb because it's a mono cabric verb mono cabric
> **[on-screen 00:48:39]**
> ir - to go (irregular verb) MONOSYLLABIC VERB
**[00:48:40]** verbs in Spanish basically means that the word has only one syllable and so the language does not allow a normal conjugation pattern to be used with these words if you want to conjugate a
> **[on-screen 00:48:47]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: hablar comer vivir
**[00:48:48]** verb in Spanish it has to end in a r e r or I you have to drop the ending and
> **[on-screen 00:48:52]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: habl com viv
**[00:48:52]** then add the ending that corresponds to
> **[on-screen 00:48:53]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: hablo - | speak comes - you eat vivimos - we live
**[00:48:54]** every pronoun similarly the same can be
> **[on-screen 00:48:56]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: Infinitives in the present progressive: hablar - hablando (speaking) comer - comiendo (eating) vivir - viviendo (living)
**[00:48:56]** done with infinitives that slightly get modified in the present progressive such as adding Ando if a verb ends in a r or eendo if the verb ends in e or I because
> **[on-screen 00:49:05]**
> ir- to go iris an irregular verb because it's monosyllabic
**[00:49:05]** IR is a monosyllabic verb Spanish does not allow this verb to use any of the following principles that I just covered so instead it decides to use a different
> **[on-screen 00:49:11]**
> ir- to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (Vosotros) vais (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:49:12]** modification pattern that completely doesn't correspond with the verb e itself and speaking of monosyllabic verbs that follow irregular patterns I've actually covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is
> **[on-screen 00:49:21]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy (Nosotros) somos (Td) eres | (Vosotros) sois (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:49:21]** the verb s the verb s is a monic verb so it's irregular following a conjugation
> **[on-screen 00:49:25]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (Tu) eres | (Vosotros) sois (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:49:26]** pattern that doesn't relate to the word s itself whereas with the verb estar you
> **[on-screen 00:49:28]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas | (Vosotros) estais (El) esta | (Ellos) estan
**[00:49:29]** do have conjugations that follow the normal syntax of verbs ending in a r that drop the ending and then add the corresponding ending to every pronoun nonetheless the verb has the same
> **[on-screen 00:49:36]**
> ir- to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (Vosotros) vais (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:49:37]** Principle as the verb s where its conjugations don't relate to the verb technically speaking it does not even have an ending and therefore you cannot drop its ending or add endings that correspond to every pronoun both in the present simple and the present progressive which might explain why Spanish creates a completely different syntax for this verb the pronunciation goes as follows yo I go to vas you go l or a said he goes noos v We Go Vos v y go and AOS van there you go with the verb ear I recommend that you actually focus on every pronoun besides Vos
> **[on-screen 00:50:08]**
> ir - to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (ypaarresivalg (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:50:08]** because the phrases that you can make with them will be very useful and practical the first rule that I've
> **[on-screen 00:50:12]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive Igo lam going
**[00:50:12]** mentioned with to go in the beginning of the video was that it can be used as I go and I am going which creates
> **[on-screen 00:50:17]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now)
**[00:50:17]** different meanings in context however as I said with the verb ear Spanish doesn't
> **[on-screen 00:50:21]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now) ir can't be used with the present progressive which changes its meaning in context
**[00:50:21]** allow this verb to be used in the present progressive which changes the meaning of its context by making it use
> **[on-screen 00:50:25]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now) ir uses both the present simple and the present progressive at the same time
**[00:50:25]** the present simple and the present progressive at the same time in other words whenever you decide to use IR in a sentence like saying y this phrase
> **[on-screen 00:50:32]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now) Yo voy
**[00:50:32]** simultaneously means I go and I am going
> **[on-screen 00:50:34]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive | go (in general) Lam going (right now) iN Yo voy S)
**[00:50:35]** and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in English both phrases have different meanings but in Spanish it means the same thing which is also part of the reason why Spanish students struggle with this verb whenever they learn English more than
> **[on-screen 00:50:46]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) lam going (right now) iN Yo voy SI
**[00:50:46]** less I am going is more of a sophisticated way of speaking in context so basically y voy is used more as I'm
> **[on-screen 00:50:51]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) Lam going (right now), iN Yo voy
**[00:50:52]** going rather than I go and you can make
> **[on-screen 00:50:53]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in genéral) lam going (right now) Yo voy
**[00:50:54]** sentences like I go go there or I'm
> **[on-screen 00:50:55]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends
**[00:50:56]** going with my friends which in Spanish would be Y and yig which shows that vo
> **[on-screen 00:50:58]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:01]** stays vo in both sentences in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:51:02]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
> **[on-screen 00:51:04]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive | go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:04]** but in English you have I go and I am going and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and here we get
> **[on-screen 00:51:09]**
> ir - to go: to go to goto
**[00:51:09]** to the last rule of ir which is something I've mentioned at the beginning of the video and that is the difference between to go and to go to in English you can have phrases like I'm
> **[on-screen 00:51:16]**
> ir - to go: to go to goto | go there - Yo voy alli I’m going to the store | go with my friends - I'm going to the class Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:16]** going to the store or I'm going to the class both of which use the preposition two to indicate a specific destination likewise you can use the preposition two with infinitives like I'm going to do my
> **[on-screen 00:51:25]**
> ir - to go: to go to go to I go there - Yo voy alli I’m going to the store | go with my friends - I'm going to the class Yo voy con mis amigos '’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:51:25]** homework or I'm going to read this book which indicates an action that you will do eventually the way that this principle Works in Spanish is by using a conjugation of ir like yoy and then
> **[on-screen 00:51:33]**
> ir - to go: to go to Yo voy
**[00:51:34]** adding the preposition a at the end which literally means to if you want to say I'm going to the store or I'm going
> **[on-screen 00:51:39]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store I'm going to the class
**[00:51:40]** to the class you will say y Al
> **[on-screen 00:51:42]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy ala tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase
**[00:51:44]** or and with these sentences you're using
> **[on-screen 00:51:46]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase
**[00:51:46]** the preposition to to specify destination on the other hand you can do the same with infinitives like saying I'm going to do my homework or I'm going
> **[on-screen 00:51:52]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase I’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:51:53]** to read this book which will be your
> **[on-screen 00:51:55]**
> Ir - to go: to go to I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase I’m going to do my homework - Yo voy a hacer mi tarea I’m going to read this book - Yo voy a leer este libro
**[00:52:00]** preposition to by applying it to the verb itself and the same principle applies to any pronouns you want to use but keep in mind the difference between to go and to go to if you want to say a
> **[on-screen 00:52:08]**
> Examples with ir - to go: You're going to work
**[00:52:08]** phrase like you're going to work you will say to which will use the
> **[on-screen 00:52:10]**
> Examples with ir - to go: You're going to work Tu vas a trabajar
> **[on-screen 00:52:12]**
> Examples with ir - to go: You're going to work Tu vas a trabajar
**[00:52:12]** preposition too if you want to say he
> **[on-screen 00:52:13]**
> Examples with ir - to go: He goes to my house
**[00:52:13]** goes to my house you will
> **[on-screen 00:52:15]**
> Examples with ir - to go: He goes to my house El vaamicasa
**[00:52:15]** say if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:52:17]**
> Examples with ir - to go: We go there with everybody
**[00:52:18]** we go there with everybody you'll
> **[on-screen 00:52:20]**
> Examples with ir - to go: We go there with everybody Nosotros vamos alli con todos
**[00:52:21]** say which does not use the preposition too if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:52:24]**
> Examples with ir - to go: They're going to the university
**[00:52:25]** the going to the university you will
> **[on-screen 00:52:27]**
> Examples with ir - to go: They're going to the university Ellos van a la universidad
**[00:52:27]** say overall I would say that the verb is
> **[on-screen 00:52:29]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (Yo) voy (a) | (Nosotros) vamos (a) (Tu) vas (a) | (Vosotros) vais (a) (EU) va (a) | (Ellos) van (a)
**[00:52:30]** an extremely useful verb in Spanish even more so than and AER especially when you're trying to communicate with people who speak Spanish and tell them what you're trying to do or where you go the

302
docs/spanish-fundamentals/14-the-verb-tener.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
# 14. The Verb “Tener”
- **Time range:** 00:52:38 – 00:59:03 (duration 00:06:25)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3158s)
---
**[00:52:38]** verb T in Spanish means to have and it's
> **[on-screen 00:52:39]**
> tener - to have )) (Nosotros) (Td) (Vosotros) (i) (Ellos)
**[00:52:41]** actually a handy verb to use both in English and Spanish but its concept is a bit tricky to use in Spanish and in this video I'll explain this verb as efficiently as possible in English the
> **[on-screen 00:52:49]**
> To have in English I have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:49]** syntax of the have is easy to remember
> **[on-screen 00:52:51]**
> To have in English | have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:51]** because have stays have for five pronouns and only changes to has in the
> **[on-screen 00:52:53]**
> To have in English | have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:54]** he she it pronoun so that it sounds better for these pronouns like I said in my IR video the verb T likewise has tricky uses that are not that complicated with ir there's a big
> **[on-screen 00:53:03]**
> Ir- to go to go to go to
**[00:53:03]** difference between saying to go and to go to to go means to go somewhere in
> **[on-screen 00:53:06]**
> Ir- to go to go to go to (in general) (do something)
**[00:53:07]** general whereas to go to indicates that one will do something in the near future
> **[on-screen 00:53:11]**
> To have in English to have to have to
**[00:53:11]** the verb to have both in English and Spanish has the same concept of to have and to have to to have indicates that
> **[on-screen 00:53:16]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something)
**[00:53:16]** one owns or possesses something whereas to have two demonstrates that one has to do something in the close future for instance I can say a sentence like I
> **[on-screen 00:53:24]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) | have a dog
**[00:53:24]** have a dog which doesn't use the preposition two because I literally own something but on the other hand I can say I have to leave which uses the
> **[on-screen 00:53:30]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J I have a dog I have to leave
**[00:53:31]** preposition two because it indicates an
> **[on-screen 00:53:32]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:53:32]** action that will be done by me in the close future with the addition of using
> **[on-screen 00:53:35]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog I have to leave
**[00:53:36]** an infinitive leave after two and in Spanish the verb T works the same exact way with a bit more variety at first the
> **[on-screen 00:53:42]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing)
**[00:53:42]** verb T is actually a stem changing verb meaning that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better when the word is said just like with the verb po the St changing rule will only apply
> **[on-screen 00:53:49]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos
**[00:53:51]** in the two L and AOS pronouns in this case the verb T falls into to the E to e
> **[on-screen 00:53:54]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos e->ie
**[00:53:56]** category meaning that you take T and
> **[on-screen 00:53:57]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos e->ie te -> tie
**[00:53:58]** change it to T and this St will only
> **[on-screen 00:54:01]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:01]** apply in the two L and AOS pronouns noos and votos will not use the stem changing rule because Spanish says that these words sound good enough when they're normally said the ending of all
> **[on-screen 00:54:09]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:09]** conjugations perfectly follows the syntax of verbs ending in e r but the trickiest thing to remember with the conjugations of T is that the yo pronoun is also irregular by technicality you would want to say yo but Spanish says
> **[on-screen 00:54:20]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tieno (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
> **[on-screen 00:54:21]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tieno (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:21]** that this word sounds bad when said so instead you would Sayo y Tango means I
> **[on-screen 00:54:24]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:26]** have and that's the syntax of the yo
> **[on-screen 00:54:27]**
> Tener - to have ia irregular (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:27]** pronoun being irregular to TS you have L he has noos we have Vos y'all have and AOS they have with the verb ten I recommend that you focus on all pronouns except votos because the
> **[on-screen 00:54:42]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes (Wostros}taneis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:43]** sentences that you can make with them are very useful just like I said in the
> **[on-screen 00:54:46]**
> Tener - to have to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:54:46]** beginning of the video there's a big difference between using to have as to have and to have to to have indicates that one possesses something like I have a dog and to have two means that said
> **[on-screen 00:54:54]**
> Tener - to have to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:54:55]** one has to do something such as I have to leave following an infinitive after the preposition two both of these sentences work the same exact way in Spanish but there's one slight difference that many people especially students fail to acknowledge and that is the preposition too you might remember
> **[on-screen 00:55:07]**
> Ir (a) - to go (to) Yo voy a la escuela I'm going to the school
**[00:55:07]** me saying that with the verb you'll need to put the preposition a after a conjugation of like I'm going to the school which uses as to with the verb you might think the
> **[on-screen 00:55:18]**
> Tener - to have (to) Yo tengo a salir I have to leave
**[00:55:19]** similarly use the preposition a such as I have to leave but this would be
> **[on-screen 00:55:24]**
> Tener -toh (to) Yote salir ave to leave
**[00:55:24]** wrong in Spanish what you instead have to do is instead of using the preposition a you have to use as to
> **[on-screen 00:55:28]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo a salir
**[00:55:30]** instead of saying yo you would
> **[on-screen 00:55:33]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir
**[00:55:33]** say which would mean I have to leave I
> **[on-screen 00:55:35]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir | have to leave
**[00:55:36]** literally don't know why Spanish does that but I do know that yo I have to indicates a modern meaning like I must
> **[on-screen 00:55:41]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir | have to leave
> **[on-screen 00:55:42]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir Y J I must | have to leave J
**[00:55:43]** rather than I have to so whenever you say you're basically saying I have to leave or I must leave and the same principle applies to any pronoun you want to use with the verb you have to
> **[on-screen 00:55:51]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to)
**[00:55:52]** use as two in order to indicate something something that you have to do with the verb e you have to use the preposition a as to in order to indicate something that you're going to do in English you can say I have to do my
> **[on-screen 00:56:02]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my homework
**[00:56:02]** homework or I'm going to do my homework
> **[on-screen 00:56:04]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework
**[00:56:04]** and in both phrases the preposition two
> **[on-screen 00:56:06]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework
**[00:56:06]** stays to however if you want to say these phrases in Spanish you will say
> **[on-screen 00:56:11]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework Yo tengo que Yo voy a hacer mi hacer mi tarea tarea
**[00:56:13]** or and as you can see Spanish uses as
> **[on-screen 00:56:15]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework Yo tengo que Yo voy a hacer mi hacer mi tarea tarea
**[00:56:16]** the preposition to with the verb and as the preposition to with the verb ear in English it stays the same but in Spanish it changes and the amazing and useful part of about phrases like this is that if you forget how to conjugate one of these verbs you can always refer to the other one to express the same sentence and that's actually a very skillful hack to remember whenever you speak Spanish just know that if you see K after a conjugation of it means to have to and if you see an a after a conjugation of it means to go to if you want to say a
> **[on-screen 00:56:41]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": You have to pay
**[00:56:41]** sentence like you have to pay you will say using the KE preposition if you want
> **[on-screen 00:56:44]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": You have to pay Tu tienes que pagar
> **[on-screen 00:56:46]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": He has a cat
**[00:56:46]** to say he has a cat you will
> **[on-screen 00:56:48]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": He has a cat El tiene un gato
**[00:56:48]** say without adding the preposition if
> **[on-screen 00:56:51]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": We have aclass tomorrow
**[00:56:51]** you want to say we have a class tomorrow
> **[on-screen 00:56:54]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": We have aclass tomorrow Nosotros tenemos una clase manana
**[00:56:55]** if you want to say they have to read the
> **[on-screen 00:56:56]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": They have to read the books
**[00:56:57]** books you'll
> **[on-screen 00:56:58]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": They have to read the books Ellos tienen que leer los libros
**[00:56:59]** say in case you want to practice with
> **[on-screen 00:57:01]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:57:01]** more examples I recommend that you also say these sentences using the verb so that you know to use the preposition a with and with the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it especially when you start generating examples on your own so overall the verb tet is a very useful verb in Spanish both in terms of possession and future actions before I end the video I would actually like to cover one last concept with the verb T and that's something that's sound very practical to use but it's something very very important to know and that is that the verb T can sometimes Express sentences with beings as in to be you might remember my videos
> **[on-screen 00:57:30]**
> Ser Estar T T Permanent Temporary
**[00:57:31]** where I talked about the verbs s and estar both of which express permanent and temporary states of being and while I did those videos there was something very specific I did not mention in both of those videos such as expressions with
> **[on-screen 00:57:42]**
> Ser Estar Permanent Temporary age, temperature, hunger +more
**[00:57:42]** age temperature hunger and maybe a few
> **[on-screen 00:57:44]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old e lamcold e 1am hungry
**[00:57:44]** more as a reference consider these phrases in English I am 19 years old I am cold and I'm hungry if I were to tell you to say these phrases in Spanish you would probably say something like y d an
> **[on-screen 00:57:53]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e |!am cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:57:55]** y EST and EST and that's if you used and
> **[on-screen 00:57:57]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e lam cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:57:59]** EST correctly some of you might make arguments that using and EST is the right way to go because by saying I'm factually stating this about myself which is why is used and for phrases like EST or esto amre I'm using AAR because I'm indicating that I'm feeling cold or hungry right now and my feeling will change in the future as crazy as it sounds Spanish says that you cannot use the verbs s and estar because
> **[on-screen 00:58:21]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo 36y 19 afhos * lam cold - Yo astey frio ¢ lam hungry - Yo estoy hambre These expressions indicate HAVING a fact about oneself, NOT being oneself
**[00:58:21]** these are expressions that indicate having a fact about oneself rather than actually being that one self instead of
> **[on-screen 00:58:26]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e lam cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:58:26]** using soy or esto with these Expressions you will need to use and in this case yo
> **[on-screen 00:58:31]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e lam cold - Yo tengo frio ¢ |am hungry - Yo tengo hambre
**[00:58:31]** instead of saying EST anos you'll say Tango DS anos because actually I'm
> **[on-screen 00:58:36]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e lamcold - Yo tengo frio e 1am hungry - Yo tengo hambre | have the age of 19, I'm NOT being 19
**[00:58:37]** indicating that I have the age of 19 rather than me being 19 by saying tangoo or Tango amre I'm indicating that I have
> **[on-screen 00:58:44]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e |lamcold - Yo tengo frio e 1am hungry - Yo tengo hambre | have the age of 19, I'm NOT being 19 | have a feeling of cold/hunger, I'm NOT being cold or hungry
**[00:58:44]** a feeling of cold and I have a feeling of hunger these Expressions technically are not permanent nor temporary which doesn't allow you to use the verb said or EST so instead you have these
> **[on-screen 00:58:53]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e lam cold - Yo tengo frio e |!am hungry - Yo tengo hambre You have these expressions/feelings, you're NOT being in these expressions/feelings
**[00:58:53]** feelings rather than being being in these feelings of course tet uses other feelings like these ones but they're not
> **[on-screen 00:58:58]**
> e lam hot - Yo tengo calor e |am careful - Yo tengo cuidado e lam afraid - Yo tengo miedo ¢ | am thirsty - Yo tengo sed e | am lucky - Yo tengo suerte These expressions all indicate to have these feelings
**[00:58:58]** as important as the other ones in conversation and the same concept applies to any pronouns you want to use Spanish has two types of prepositional

88
docs/spanish-fundamentals/15-al-del.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
# 15. “al” & “del”
- **Time range:** 00:59:03 – 01:00:34 (duration 00:01:31)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3543s)
---
**[00:59:04]** phrases that when combined eliminate repetition of sound and that is Al and Del Al is a combination of the words A
> **[on-screen 00:59:09]**
> al del ael to the (m)
**[00:59:10]** and L meaning to the masculine and Del
> **[on-screen 00:59:13]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:13]** is comprised from the and L meaning from the or of the masculine Spanish combines these words to eliminate the Redundant sound of the same vowel when they're said saying a sounds a bit weird so
> **[on-screen 00:59:21]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:23]** Spanish combines the words and forms the word Al and that's the same thing with
> **[on-screen 00:59:25]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:26]** Del because saying is redundant Al and
> **[on-screen 00:59:29]**
> al => ael del — deel
**[00:59:29]** can be used both in context when you're only using the masculine definite article in case you want to use the feminine definite article La you don't have to combine the words together so you'll simply say Allah or de as an example you can say a sentence like I
> **[on-screen 00:59:41]**
> | want to go to the bathroom
**[00:59:42]** want to go to the bathroom and in Spanish it would
> **[on-screen 00:59:45]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir ael bano
**[00:59:45]** be but because Bo is a masculine word
> **[on-screen 00:59:47]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir a el bano
**[00:59:48]** Spanish has to combine the preposition two with the masculine article so you
> **[on-screen 00:59:52]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir al bano
**[00:59:53]** Al I want to go to the bathroom if you were to instead use a feminine word like
> **[on-screen 00:59:58]**
> | want to go to the class Yo quiero ir a la clase
**[00:59:58]** you would simply say without needing to combine the preposition with the article likewise the same method can be used with Del if you want to say from thee or of thee for instance you can say he is from the
> **[on-screen 01:00:08]**
> He is from the market
**[01:00:10]** market which would be LS and he is from
> **[on-screen 01:00:11]**
> He is from the market El es del mercado
**[01:00:13]** the class would simply be LS de if you
> **[on-screen 01:00:15]**
> He is from the class El es de laclase
**[01:00:16]** want to use as of the it would be useful to use it in a question like what do you
> **[on-screen 01:00:20]**
> What do you suppose of the market?
**[01:00:20]** suppose of the market and in Spanish it
> **[on-screen 01:00:23]**
> What do you suppose of the market? éQué supones del mercado?
**[01:00:23]** be and of course the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say in Spanish but keep in mind that
> **[on-screen 01:00:28]**
> to the — al (a + el) of/from the del (de + el)
**[01:00:28]** whenever you say to the or of thee you simply have to combine the words so that they sound better when they're said Al and now there are pronouns after

155
docs/spanish-fundamentals/16-prepositional-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
# 16. Prepositional Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:00:34 – 01:03:26 (duration 00:02:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3634s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:00:34]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions:
**[01:00:35]** prepositions which are also known as prepositional pronouns and they're put after prepositional words such as of on
> **[on-screen 01:00:41]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: ° of eon e from e to e for e with
**[01:00:41]** from to for with and more and in English
> **[on-screen 01:00:44]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In English: me us you | allof you him/her/it | them
**[01:00:44]** they look like this me you him her it us all of you and them in English there is no pattern to follow with any of these pronouns because some of them completely change while some stay the same such as
> **[on-screen 01:00:55]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In English: me | us you all of you him/her/it | them
**[01:00:55]** you keeping the same form as the regular pronoun you contextually you can use these prepositional pronouns and put them after prepositions like what about
> **[on-screen 01:01:02]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: e What about me? e This is on you e This is from him ¢ Take it to her e This is for us e We go with them
**[01:01:02]** me this is on you this is from him take it to her this is for us we go with them and of course you don't necessarily have to use these phrases in Spanish however the same idea also works for prepositional pronouns and actually their syntax is a lot easier to understand in Spanish in Spanish you
> **[on-screen 01:01:17]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: mi nosotros/as ti vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:18]** have me with an accent t l or a noos Vos and AOS or just by looking at the syntax you probably find it very strange that the he we y'all and they pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:01:28]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: mi nosotros/as ti vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:29]** haven't changed because when compared to
> **[on-screen 01:01:31]**
> Prepositional Pronouns: Pronouns: mi nosotros/as yO | nosotros/as ti vosotros/as tu | vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas éV/ella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:31]** their normal pronoun form they stayed the same because Spanish decided to not change their form and keep their form as their regular pronoun form aside from me and you and telling the difference between pronouns and prepositional pronouns in Spanish can be done by simply looking if the word is after a preposition you can have a simple
> **[on-screen 01:01:45]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us
**[01:01:45]** sentence like this is for us and in Spanish the phrase would be EST es noos
> **[on-screen 01:01:49]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us Esto es para nosotros
**[01:01:50]** and as you can see noos is placed after
> **[on-screen 01:01:52]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us Esto es para nosotros
**[01:01:53]** the preposition para keeping its form and not changing unlike English which uses us and completely changes the form whereas in Spanish it stays the same and simpler to understand nonetheless you can sometimes have sentences when you'll have the same pronoun and prepositional pronoun like they go with them which
> **[on-screen 01:02:06]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: They go with them
**[01:02:07]** would be AOS Vanos and at first looking
> **[on-screen 01:02:08]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: They go with them Ellos van con ellos
**[01:02:10]** at this phrase is very weird because we have the word AOS not changing form but actually AOS in the beginning is they and AOS in the end is them because it's place after the preposition with but once again these are just the rules of Spanish and you can make many more examples like life is easy for
> **[on-screen 01:02:24]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: Life is easy for her
> **[on-screen 01:02:25]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: Life is easy for her La vida es facil para ella
**[01:02:26]** her or you can go with
> **[on-screen 01:02:28]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: You can go with us
> **[on-screen 01:02:29]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: You can go with us Tu puedes ir con nosotros
**[01:02:29]** us or you can have a tricky example like this gift is from him EST is with the
> **[on-screen 01:02:33]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him
> **[on-screen 01:02:34]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él
**[01:02:35]** ending being not to be confused with
> **[on-screen 01:02:37]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él del
**[01:02:38]** like I said in the beginning of the video Del is of the or from the
> **[on-screen 01:02:40]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él of/fromthe €< del
**[01:02:42]** masculine which uses the definite article L but the L means from him because L doesn't change in Spanish when it's used as a prepositional pronoun even though it's a rare instance you can still encounter these things when you learn Spanish at last there's one rule
> **[on-screen 01:02:53]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions:
**[01:02:54]** that you have to remember with the prepositional pronouns in Spanish specifically relating to the preposition
> **[on-screen 01:02:57]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with
**[01:02:58]** con which is with it's the only preposition in Spanish where if you
> **[on-screen 01:03:01]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: con nosotros/as con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:01]** place these prepositional pronouns after K they will keep their form but with me
> **[on-screen 01:03:04]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: con mi con nosotros/as conti con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:05]** and T you have to combine K with the pronouns which would be kigo and kigo so
> **[on-screen 01:03:08]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: conmigo | con nosotros/as contigo | con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:10]** whenever you use prepositional pronouns with K like do you want to go with me
> **[on-screen 01:03:13]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Do you want to go with me?
**[01:03:13]** you will
> **[on-screen 01:03:14]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Do you want to go with me? éQuieres ir conmigo?
**[01:03:14]** sayig and you can reply with yes I do
> **[on-screen 01:03:17]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Yes, | do want to go with you
**[01:03:17]** want to go with you
> **[on-screen 01:03:18]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Yes, | do want to go with you Si, quiero ir contigo
**[01:03:18]** see and in case you use the other prepositions with K you don't have to
> **[on-screen 01:03:22]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: conmigo | con nosotros/as contigo | con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:22]** modify them as you do with me and T and that's as far as pronouns after prepositions go direct object pronouns

281
docs/spanish-fundamentals/17-direct-object-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
# 17. Direct Object Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:03:26 – 01:09:18 (duration 00:05:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3806s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:03:26]**
> Direct Object Pronouns:
**[01:03:27]** in Spanish are pronouns that take the form of a direct object within a sentence in order to avoid repeating a noun in the sentence as an example take a look at this sentence in English I buy
> **[on-screen 01:03:34]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: | buy acar
**[01:03:35]** a car I is the subject buy is the verb
> **[on-screen 01:03:36]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: a verb ye ee | Yecy ~ > | buy acar
**[01:03:38]** and car is the object that's directly stated in the sentence however most of the time we change the object from a noun to a pronoun whenever we speak instead of saying I buy a car we can say
> **[on-screen 01:03:47]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: -— I sins a car “ I buy it “nanan
**[01:03:47]** I buy it and now it becomes a direct object pronoun rather than a direct object noun and you have to remember that a direct object pronoun is one of a
> **[on-screen 01:03:54]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: & ere icon —_ I oy a car “ I buy it “anal When a sentence has only one direct object
**[01:03:54]** sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugative verb in English the phrase I
> **[on-screen 01:03:59]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: verb bec * a, > | buy acar ee Ge, -“ I buy it — * [ ~
**[01:03:59]** buy a car has a subject a verb and only one direct object that's a noun the phrase I by it likewise has a subject a verb and one object that's a pronoun and this is where you get the name direct object pronoun and that's basically how direct object pronouns work in English but the most important rule to remember is that a sentence has to have only one
> **[on-screen 01:04:15]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: verb bec a | é eg | buy acar we Seo, > Sy | b . ee C uy it eu an A sentence has to have only one direct object following a verb in English, regardless if it’s singular or plural
**[01:04:16]** direct object typically following a verb in English regardless if it's singular or plural and these direct object pronouns look like this in English me
> **[on-screen 01:04:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In English: me | us you | all of you him/her/it | them
**[01:04:23]** you him her it us all of you and them in Spanish direct object pronouns work the same exact way with a bit more variety and they all share one rule that has to be applied most of the time and that is direct object pronouns in Spanish have
> **[on-screen 01:04:34]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish:
**[01:04:35]** to come before a verb rather than after a verb in Spanish direct object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:04:38]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish: me | nos te os lo/la | los/las
**[01:04:39]** look like this or La no and or the first thing you should know about these pronouns is that the lo la Los and L pronouns are the
> **[on-screen 01:04:49]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish: me | nos te | os lo/la | los/las
**[01:04:51]** only pronouns that have gender and plurality while the other pronoun nouns May refer to me you us and all of you lo la Los and L can also mean it or them as an object or a person Lo can mean him or
> **[on-screen 01:05:02]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: ¢ lo - him/it (m) e la - her/it (f) ¢ los - them (m) (object or person) ¢ las - them (f) (object or person)
**[01:05:03]** it masculine La can mean her or it feminine Los can mean them masculine as in an object or a person and last can mean them feminine object or person once again you have to remember that these pronouns come before a conjugative verb
> **[on-screen 01:05:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy a car
**[01:05:16]** consider this phrase in Spanish y i buy a car in English if you want to replace the object noun with an object pronoun you would say I buy it putting the it
> **[on-screen 01:05:24]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy it
> **[on-screen 01:05:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - I buy it ,
**[01:05:26]** after by in Spanish however you cannot
> **[on-screen 01:05:27]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy it
**[01:05:27]** do that so instead you put the object pronoun before the conjugative verb in this case considering that cooch is a masculine word we need to use lo as the pronoun you would want to say y but
> **[on-screen 01:05:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro lo - | buy it
**[01:05:38]** Spanish says that you have to put this pronoun before the verb so instead you will say yo I buy it I don't know why
> **[on-screen 01:05:42]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo lo compro - | buy it
**[01:05:44]** Spanish does that but it's something that has to be known and of course you can generate many more examples in Spanish and I even recommend that you do so because direct object pronouns in Spanish is a topic that I've personally seen many students struggle with you can have phrases like I want the books yier
> **[on-screen 01:05:55]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | want the books - Quiero los libros
**[01:05:57]** Los libros with los libros being them masculine and you can instead say I want
> **[on-screen 01:06:02]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | want them - Quiero los libros
**[01:06:02]** them which in Spanish would be y you can also say something like they have a
> **[on-screen 01:06:06]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They have a house - Ellos tienen una casa
**[01:06:07]** house but you can instead say they have it which would be AOS you can have
> **[on-screen 01:06:11]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They have it - Ellos la tienen
**[01:06:12]** simpler sentences like I love you which
> **[on-screen 01:06:14]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | love you
**[01:06:14]** uses a pronoun immediately without needing to modify a noun for a pronoun so the sentence would simply be I love
> **[on-screen 01:06:20]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | love you - Yo te amo
**[01:06:21]** you you can repeat this concept with another pronoun that doesn't to get modified like NOS you can say you watch
> **[on-screen 01:06:26]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You watch us - Td nos miras
**[01:06:26]** us which would be to no me us and the same concept can basically be applied to any sentence you want to say however
> **[on-screen 01:06:32]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases:
**[01:06:32]** there are more things you should know about direct object pronouns specifically relating to people and using pronouns like him and her you can have a sentence like she watches John
> **[on-screen 01:06:39]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches John - Ella mira John
**[01:06:40]** and you would want to say a but Spanish says that whenever you have a connection with a person you have to put a personal preposition a before the person's name
> **[on-screen 01:06:46]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches John - Ella mira a John
**[01:06:48]** so you would simply say a a she watches John there is no English equivalent for this construction but you can instead
> **[on-screen 01:06:54]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches him
**[01:06:54]** say she watches him which would be a and
> **[on-screen 01:06:56]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches him - Ella lo mira
**[01:06:57]** the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say but keep in mind the personal preposition a before you say a person's name the last concept you
> **[on-screen 01:07:03]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases:
**[01:07:03]** should know with direct object pronouns in Spanish is that all of these pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:07:05]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: These pronouns can also be attached to infinitives
**[01:07:06]** can also be placed after infinitives which actually makes your thinking process think a bit better and more similar to English than to anything else take this phrase for instance I can see
> **[on-screen 01:07:13]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you
**[01:07:14]** you in Spanish you would want to
> **[on-screen 01:07:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: I can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver
**[01:07:16]** say and this sentence actually has no mistakes however there's a different way to say this phrase and that is by
> **[on-screen 01:07:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver
**[01:07:22]** attaching the direct object pronoun to the INF you can say but you can also
> **[on-screen 01:07:27]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver | can see you - (Yo) puedo verte
**[01:07:27]** say I can see you it doesn't matter which phrase you say because in case you forget how to say one phrase you can always say the other you can have examples like they want to buy the
> **[on-screen 01:07:34]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy the books Ellos quieren comprar los libros
**[01:07:36]** books lios with los libros being the
> **[on-screen 01:07:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy the books Ellos quieren comprar los libros
**[01:07:39]** masculine pronoun which would
> **[on-screen 01:07:41]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy them Ellos los quieren comprar
> **[on-screen 01:07:43]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy them Ellos los quieren comprar Ellos quieren comprarlos
**[01:07:43]** or you can also use direct object pronouns when speaking in the near future such as I'm going to read it or I
> **[on-screen 01:07:48]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it
**[01:07:49]** have to read it which can be said as Yol
> **[on-screen 01:07:51]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it (Yo) lo voy a leer (Yo) lo tengo que leer
**[01:07:52]** and Yol or or if you want to simplify the order of the words you can
> **[on-screen 01:07:56]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it (Yo) lo voy a leer (Yo) lo tengo que leer (Yo) voy a leerlo (Yo) tengo que leerlo
**[01:07:56]** say or however whenever you decide to attach a direct object pronoun to an infinitive you have to remember that there are infinitives that don't change form like in these phrases but you can
> **[on-screen 01:08:06]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Some infinitives don't change form and some do, and those that do are in the present progressive
**[01:08:06]** sometimes have infinitives that do get modified in the present progressive you can say a sentence like you're watching
> **[on-screen 01:08:10]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me
**[01:08:10]** me which can be said
> **[on-screen 01:08:12]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me Tu me estas mirando
> **[on-screen 01:08:14]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me Tu me estas mirando Tu estas mirandome
**[01:08:14]** or and both phrases have the same meaning but with the second phrase you
> **[on-screen 01:08:18]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me Tu me estas mirando Tu estas mirandome
**[01:08:18]** have to put an accent on the infinitive to maintain the emphasis on that syllable to EST and you can say other phrases like they are reading
> **[on-screen 01:08:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it
> **[on-screen 01:08:27]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it Ellos lo estan leyendo
> **[on-screen 01:08:28]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it Ellos lo estan leyendo Ellos estan leyéndolo
**[01:08:28]** or with an accent on the infinitive overall you have to remember that you
> **[on-screen 01:08:32]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it Ellos lo estan leyendo Ellos estan leyéndolo Remember - You CANNOT attach direct object pronouns to conjugated verbs, ONLY to infinitives
**[01:08:32]** cannot attach direct object pronouns to conjugated verbs only to infinitives you cannot say something like y i buy it
> **[on-screen 01:08:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CANNOT say: Yo compro lo - | buy it
**[01:08:39]** because you have only one verb in the sentence and the direct object pronoun is placed after the verb but you can
> **[on-screen 01:08:45]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CAN say: Yo voy acomprarlo - I'm going to buy it
**[01:08:45]** say I'm going to buy it
> **[on-screen 01:08:48]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CAN say: Yo voy acomprarlo - I'm going to buy it Yo estoy comprandolo - I'm buying it
**[01:08:48]** or I'm buying it because in these cases you're using one conjugative verb and one infinitive and the the direct object pronoun is attached to the infinitive not the conjugated verb and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say and actually I recommend many beginners to use direct object pronouns by attaching them to the end of infinitives because it makes your brain think in the same order of the words as you would use in English you don't say
> **[on-screen 01:09:08]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You DON'T SAY in English: I, it, am buying - Yo lo estoy comprando
**[01:09:08]** in English I it am buying but you instead say I am buying
> **[on-screen 01:09:13]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You |NSTEAD SAY in English: | am buying it - Yo estoy comprandolo
**[01:09:14]** it and the same concept basically applies to any sentence you want to say indirect object pronouns in Spanish are

301
docs/spanish-fundamentals/18-indirect-object-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
# 18. Indirect Object Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:09:18 – 01:16:10 (duration 00:06:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=4158s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:09:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns:
**[01:09:19]** pronouns that take the form of an object noun in order to avoid repeating the same noun in my previous video I explained direct object pronouns in Spanish and I explained that a direct object pronoun is when a sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugated verb in English an indirect object pronoun is actually quite different and that is when a
> **[on-screen 01:09:35]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: When a sentence has two objects, with the first object being a direct object and the second object being an indirect object
**[01:09:35]** sentence has two objects with the first object being a direct object and the second object being an indirect object take a look at this sentence in English
> **[on-screen 01:09:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy a car for you
**[01:09:43]** I buy a car for you I is the subject buy
> **[on-screen 01:09:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject — ” a a you 8 verb direct object
**[01:09:46]** is the verb car is a direct object noun because it comes first in the sentence and U is the indirect object pronoun because it comes second in in the sentence in this video I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form because I already explained direct object pronouns in my previous video direct
> **[on-screen 01:10:01]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject — | buy a car for you — one Lo \ indi verb direct object Direct objects are objects that are first stated in a sentence, and indirect objects are objects that come second in a sentence
**[01:10:01]** objects are objects that are first stated in a sentence and indirect objects are objects that come second in a sentence and in this video all direct objects will be in the form of a noun not a pronoun and therefore I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form
> **[on-screen 01:10:15]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les
**[01:10:15]** in Spanish they look like this me which is me te which is you Le and this pronoun can simultaneously mean to him
> **[on-screen 01:10:22]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:10:22]** or to her or a person's name and I'll get to that in a bit NOS which is US o which is all of you and Les which is them as you can probably tell from looking at the chart the me you us and
> **[on-screen 01:10:32]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:10:33]** all of you pronouns have the same syntax as direct object pronouns which makes the language more convenient however this is where we have less for them as in people and Le which can mean to him or to her in a person's name and it's a tricky concept to understand but I'll explain it as easily as possible looking
> **[on-screen 01:10:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. —— | buy acar for you — . sie Lo \ ine noes verb direct object NOUN
**[01:10:48]** back at this phrase I buy a car for you car is the direct object noun and you is the indirect object that's already in pronoun form saying the sentence in Spanish can be done using multiple ways but the essential point of the video is indirect object pronouns we can hack the system by simply
> **[on-screen 01:11:03]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. —? | buy a car for you , set Lo \ ind onov’ verb direct object NOUN Yo compro un coche para ti
**[01:11:03]** saying using a prepositional pronoun and while that saves us time we need to understand how indirect object pronouns work just like with direct object pronouns indirect object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:11:12]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: akien | buy acar for you set L \ ine onus verb direct object NOUN Indirect object pronouns likewise come before conjugated verbs
**[01:11:13]** likewise come before conjugated verbs and not after them so saying the sentence in Spanish would simply
> **[on-screen 01:11:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. ——? | buy acar for you ayer L. \ ine onow™ verb direct object NOUN Yo te compro un coche
**[01:11:19]** be I buy you a car or I buy a car for you with the indirect object pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:11:23]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. ——? | buy acarforyou «__ weet Wa ‘\ ido verb direct object NOUN Yo te compro un coche pr
**[01:11:25]** acting as for you and the same idea basically applies to the rest of the pronouns but there are more things you should know about indirect object pronouns in Spanish such as the pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:11:32]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her /aperson's name
**[01:11:33]** le le can simultaneously mean to or for him or to or for her or a person's name and in order to specify who you're talking about you'll need to put the
> **[on-screen 01:11:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her / a person's name a+ pronoun
**[01:11:42]** prepositional structure a plus a pronoun like a or a which mean to or for him or
> **[on-screen 01:11:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her / aperson's name aél -to/forhim a ella - to/for her
**[01:11:48]** her consider the sentence in English she
> **[on-screen 01:11:49]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:11:50]** buys a car for him car is a direct
> **[on-screen 01:11:52]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him \ x ovie® direct object «o88en0" ; NOUN .
**[01:11:52]** object noun while him is the indirect object pronoun and as you can see we
> **[on-screen 01:11:56]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le She buys a car for him | 7 xe? .e) direct on wee
**[01:11:56]** have to use the pronoun Le for him and in Spanish the phrase would
> **[on-screen 01:12:00]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le She buys a car for him \ ‘ OK Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:01]** be and because we have a visual translation of him in English we know that LE means him however what if we don't have the phrase in English saying
> **[on-screen 01:12:07]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:08]** this phrase in Spanish we would know that the phrase means she buys a car for but we don't
> **[on-screen 01:12:12]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for Ella le compra un coche
> **[on-screen 01:12:14]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:14]** know who the person is because Le can
> **[on-screen 01:12:15]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? Ella le compra un coche le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her
**[01:12:16]** mean him her or person's name but Le doesn't specify it and this is where Spanish comes in and says to use the
> **[on-screen 01:12:21]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buysacarfor___? Ella le compra un coche le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her aél
**[01:12:21]** construction a and then a pronoun in this case L this construction can actually be applied to any pronoun but more than less it's mainly used for the pronoun Le because it's the only pronoun that isn't specific enough while we know
> **[on-screen 01:12:31]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me |; nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:12:32]** that me is me te is you and so on Le can mean him or her and we have to specify who it is with the construction a this
> **[on-screen 01:12:40]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? A Ella le compra un coche Tz c le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her ) aél
**[01:12:40]** construction has to be placed either in the beginning of a sentence or in the end looking at this phrase she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:12:44]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:12:45]** car for him in Spanish the phrase would
> **[on-screen 01:12:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him A él ella le compra un coche
> **[on-screen 01:12:51]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him A él ella le compra un coche Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:51]** or it doesn't matter which phrase you say but I recommend making sentences
> **[on-screen 01:12:55]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him A él ella le compra un coche Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:55]** using the second phrase because it's similar to the order of the words in
> **[on-screen 01:12:59]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:59]** English might visually be translated as
> **[on-screen 01:13:02]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él She him buys a car for him
**[01:13:02]** she him buys a car for him and in English it doesn't make sense to say this phrase because the language is specific enough with the pronouns but in Spanish it makes sense because the pronoun isn't specific enough so the sentence would simply be she buys a car
> **[on-screen 01:13:14]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él She buys a car for him
**[01:13:15]** for him or she buys him a car while the
> **[on-screen 01:13:17]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:13:17]** easy pronouns may be me you us and all of you I would like to focus on Le for a bit because like I said this pronoun can mean him her or a person's name and here's what I mean the phrase she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:13:27]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:13:28]** car for him can also be said as she buys a car for John with Jon being an indirect object noun which still works putting this phrase in Spanish is no different than simply saying she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:13:37]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for John Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:13:38]** car for him but the only difference is that instead of saying we need to
> **[on-screen 01:13:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for John Ella le compra un coche a John
**[01:13:43]** say just to specify who the person is if we say she buys a car for her we can
> **[on-screen 01:13:46]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for her
> **[on-screen 01:13:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for her Ella le compra un coche a ella
**[01:13:49]** say if we say she buys a car for Emma
> **[on-screen 01:13:50]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for Emma Ella le compra un coche a Emma
**[01:13:52]** then we can say just to specify who the person is and that's basically the toughest part to know with indirect object pronouns in Spanish because I've seen many students failing to understand what Le means and why every sentence has the construction a with a pronoun and the last thing to note with indirect object pronouns in Spanish is that these pronouns can
> **[on-screen 01:14:08]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: These pronouns likewise apply to infinitives using the same way that direct object pronouns work
**[01:14:09]** likewise be applied to infinitives the same exact way that direct object pronouns work and I'll actually provide more examples in this video because indirect object pronouns are a tricky category in Spanish how would you say
> **[on-screen 01:14:19]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: He wants to buy you a book
**[01:14:19]** this phrase in Spanish he wants to buy you a book you can say l
> **[on-screen 01:14:23]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: He wants to buy you a book El te quiere comprar un libro
> **[on-screen 01:14:26]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: He wants to buy you a book El te quiere comprar un libro El quiere comprarte un libro
**[01:14:29]** you did a good job how would you say she
> **[on-screen 01:14:31]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She can give the papers to us
**[01:14:31]** can give the papers to us you can
> **[on-screen 01:14:34]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She can give the papers to us Ella nos puede dar los papeles
> **[on-screen 01:14:37]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She can give the papers to us Ella nos puede dar los papeles Ella puede darnos los papeles
**[01:14:38]** or how would you say I teach the concept
> **[on-screen 01:14:39]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: I teach the concepts to them
> **[on-screen 01:14:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: | teach the concepts to them Yo les enseno los conceptos
> **[on-screen 01:14:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: You write a letter to her
**[01:14:46]** letter to her you can
> **[on-screen 01:14:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: You write a letter to her Tu le escribes una carta a ella
> **[on-screen 01:14:51]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: You write a letter to her Tu le escribes una carta a ella A ella tu le escribes una carta
> **[on-screen 01:14:54]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive)
**[01:14:54]** using the present progressive now and remembering that you have to put accents on infinitives how would you say I am
> **[on-screen 01:14:58]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) | am reading the book for them
**[01:14:59]** reading the book for them
> **[on-screen 01:15:01]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) | am reading the book for them Yo les estoy leyendo el libro
> **[on-screen 01:15:04]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) | am reading the book for them Yo les estoy leyendo el libro Yo estoy leyéndoles el libro
**[01:15:04]** or with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:15:07]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) We are telling the truth to you
**[01:15:07]** would you say we are telling the truth to you you can
> **[on-screen 01:15:11]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) We are telling the truth to you Nosotros te estamos diciendo la verdad
> **[on-screen 01:15:14]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) We are telling the truth to you Nosotros te estamos diciendo la verdad Nosotros estamos diciéndote la verdad
> **[on-screen 01:15:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him
**[01:15:18]** the last one which can be said in multiple ways how would you say she is giving the money to him here are all the constructions for this
> **[on-screen 01:15:25]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him A élella le esta dando el dinero
> **[on-screen 01:15:28]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him A élella le esta dando el dinero A él ella esta dandole el dinero
> **[on-screen 01:15:32]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him A él ella le esta dando el dinero A él ella esta dandole el dinero Ella le esta dando el dinero a él
> **[on-screen 01:15:35]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him A él ella le esta dando el dinero A élella esta dandole el dinero Ella le esta dando el dinero a él Ella esta dandole el dinero a él
**[01:15:36]** or with an accent on the infinitive even though it's a long example this is how indirect object pronouns work in Spanish and it doesn't matter which phrase you say because all of them express the same meaning and in case you get confused you can always go back to the basics and say any phrase you want because people will still understand you my goal is to not confuse you but to show show you that there are multiple answers to any question and that there are multiple ways to answer any question it doesn't always have to be one answer and one answer only with the examples that I gave in the video I tried my best at showing you all the possibilities that you can use with any sentence you want to say and in case you got all of them right then you did a really good job at finding other ways to find different

345
docs/spanish-fundamentals/19-combining-dops-iops.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
# 19. Combining DOPs & IOPs
- **Time range:** 01:16:10 – 01:23:54 (duration 00:07:44)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=4570s)
---
**[01:16:10]** answers in my two previous videos I explained the concept behind direct and indirect object pronouns and how they apply separately direct object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:16:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: When a sentence has only one direct object that can be replaced with a pronoun not to repeat its form of anoun
**[01:16:17]** is when a sentence has only one direct object that can be replaced with a pronoun not to repeat its form of a noun
> **[on-screen 01:16:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: | buy a car
**[01:16:22]** instead of saying I buy a car I can say I buy it with it being a direct object
> **[on-screen 01:16:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: I buy it
> **[on-screen 01:16:27]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: When a sentence has two objects, with the first being a direct object and the second being an indirect object
**[01:16:27]** pronoun indirect object pronouns is when a sentence has two objects with the first being a direct object and the second being an indirect object an indirect object pronoun is when an indirect object noun is put into pronoun form to not repeat itself instead of
> **[on-screen 01:16:39]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy a car for John
**[01:16:39]** saying I buy a car for John I can say I buy a car for him with him being the
> **[on-screen 01:16:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy acar for him
**[01:16:43]** indirect object pronoun while I talked about both Concepts separately in this video I will show how to combine both types of pronouns in one sentence and this concept is actually easier than people think in case you don't remember
> **[on-screen 01:16:53]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la | los/las
**[01:16:53]** remember here's what the Spanish pronouns look like they both share the same Syntax for me you us and all of you but change in the he and they pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:16:58]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la | los/las
**[01:16:59]** lo la Los and L mean it or them as
> **[on-screen 01:17:00]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la_ | los/las he/she/them - (person) it/them (m/f)
**[01:17:03]** something masculine or feminine while Le and Les mean he or she and them as a person combining both pronouns in one sentence is actually not that hard but there are a few rules to note with both pronouns whenever you decide to use them
> **[on-screen 01:17:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 1). The indirect object pronoun has to come first in the sentence, and also, both pronouns come before a conjugated verb in a sentence
**[01:17:15]** the first rule is that if you're using a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in one sentence the indirect object pronoun has to come first in the sentence and as always both pronouns come before a conjugated verb in a sentence take a look at this phrase
> **[on-screen 01:17:27]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you
**[01:17:27]** in English I buy a car for you car is a
> **[on-screen 01:17:29]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you
**[01:17:29]** direct object noun you is an indirect object already in pronoun form and so the phrase in Spanish would
> **[on-screen 01:17:35]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you Yo te compro un coche
**[01:17:35]** be this sentence both in English and Spanish can be said using both types of pronouns and instead of saying I buy a car for you we can say I buy you it
> **[on-screen 01:17:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy you it
**[01:17:44]** saying this phrase in Spanish is actually not that hard because you have to remember to put both pronouns before a conjugative verb with the indirect object pronoun coming first in Spanish the phrase would simply
> **[on-screen 01:17:53]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy you it Yo te lo compro
**[01:17:54]** be with being the indirect object pronoun you and lo being a direct object pronoun that's a masculine it the sentence can also be rephrased using the present progressive such as I am buying
> **[on-screen 01:18:04]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | am buying you it
**[01:18:04]** you it and this is where the second rule comes in allowing both pronouns in
> **[on-screen 01:18:07]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives | am buying you it
**[01:18:08]** Spanish to be attached to infinitives we
> **[on-screen 01:18:10]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives | am buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando
> **[on-screen 01:18:13]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives | am buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:13]** or with the indirect object pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:18:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives lam buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:16]** coming first after the infinitive and with an accent on the infinitive however considering that com
> **[on-screen 01:18:23]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives lam buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:23]** is an infinitive that changes form it has to have an accent regardless if you're using a direct or indirect object pronoun or both sometimes you can have
> **[on-screen 01:18:30]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs:
**[01:18:30]** infinitives that don't change like in
> **[on-screen 01:18:32]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:33]** phrase I can buy it which puts L with
> **[on-screen 01:18:36]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:36]** and as you can see no accent is needed here because you're using an infinitive that doesn't change and the emphasis on the syllable doesn't go away however the third rule is that when you use both
> **[on-screen 01:18:44]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:45]** types of pronouns you must put an accent on both types of infinitives such as saying I am buying you it or I can buy
> **[on-screen 01:18:50]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified | am buying you it I can buy you it
**[01:18:51]** you it which in Spanish would
> **[on-screen 01:18:53]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified lam buying you it - Yo estoy comprandotelo Ican buy youit -Yo puedo comprartelo
**[01:18:55]** and if you decide to attach both pronouns to infinitives then you have to remember to put accents on them to keep their sound if you decide to put the pronouns before a conjugative verb then no accent is needed here are some
> **[on-screen 01:19:05]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She gives me it
**[01:19:05]** examples how would you say the phrase she gives me it in Spanish with it being
> **[on-screen 01:19:10]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She gives me it Ella me lo da
**[01:19:11]** masculine with me being the indirect object and lo being a direct object now
> **[on-screen 01:19:16]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it
**[01:19:16]** how would you say she is giving me it you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:19]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it Ella me lo esta dando
**[01:19:20]** say or if you want to attach the pronouns to infinitive you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:24]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it Ella me lo esta dando Ella esta dandomelo
**[01:19:24]** say with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:19:27]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: You are showing us it
**[01:19:27]** would you say the phrase you are showing us it with it being feminine you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:31]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: You are showing us it Tu nos la estas mostrando
> **[on-screen 01:19:34]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: You are showing us it Tu nos la estas mostrando Tu estas mostrandonosla
**[01:19:35]** or with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:19:38]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: They want to present them to you
**[01:19:38]** would you say the phrase they want to present them to you with them being masculine you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: They want to present them to you Ellos te los quieren presentar
> **[on-screen 01:19:46]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: They want to present them to you Ellos te los quieren presentar Ellos quieren presentartelos
**[01:19:46]** oros with an accent on the infinitive the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it and hopefully I'm doing a good job for presenting these explanations because now there's one last rule you need to know with both types of pronouns also known as double object pronouns and that is whenever you decide to use two specific types of them you'll need to modify one of them to avoid repetition here's what I mean take a look at this sentence she makes it for
> **[on-screen 01:20:05]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him
**[01:20:06]** him with it being masculine how would you say this phrase in Spanish considering that you know the rules for indirect object pronouns instinctively you would probably say something
> **[on-screen 01:20:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella le lo hace a él
**[01:20:16]** like or if you want to you can put a at the beginning of the sentence by technicality this sentence would be right if it wasn't for spanish's rule for double object pronouns and that is
> **[on-screen 01:20:25]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella le lo hace a él 4). If you’re using two pronouns with the letter L, you have to change the indirect object pronoun to se to avoid repeating the same letter.
**[01:20:25]** if you're using two pronouns with the letter L you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter instead of saying you need to
> **[on-screen 01:20:35]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella se lo hace a él
**[01:20:36]** say and you need to keep the part in the sentence because we wouldn't know who the pronoun refers to without it this concept can also be replicated using an infinitive such as she wants to make it
> **[on-screen 01:20:45]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She wants to make it for him
**[01:20:46]** for him which can be said
> **[on-screen 01:20:48]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She wants to make it for him Ella se lo quiere hacer a él
> **[on-screen 01:20:50]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She wants to make it for him Ella se lo quiere hacer a él Ella quiere hacérselo a él
**[01:20:51]** or with an Accent on the infinitive and with a l in the sentence the trickiest thing to remember with this rule is that you cannot use two pronouns with the letter L and therefore this limits our observation when it comes down to both types of pronouns if the rule says we
> **[on-screen 01:21:04]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te Os le les lo/la_ | los/las
**[01:21:05]** cannot use two pronouns with the letter L this means that the rule can only be applied whenever we use Le Les with lo
> **[on-screen 01:21:10]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os pi le les lo/la_ | los/las
**[01:21:11]** la Los or L being him her them combined with it or them the only combination we can have with two pronouns beginning with the letter L is whenever we use Le
> **[on-screen 01:21:19]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: e le - lo/la/los/las e les - lo/la/los/las
**[01:21:20]** or Les with lo la Los or and only in these cases does le and Les change into
> **[on-screen 01:21:26]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las
**[01:21:26]** say so overall you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter which limitedly means that whenever you're using Le or Les plus lo la Los or L Le and Les inevitably both turn into SE so at the end you wouldn't know who SE refers to without using the construction
> **[on-screen 01:21:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las a+ pronoun
**[01:21:43]** a plus a pronoun with indirect object
> **[on-screen 01:21:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la_ | los/las le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her aél/aella
**[01:21:45]** pronouns Le can mean to him or to her so we need to use the construction a or a to be more specific the pronoun Les is actually already specific enough so we don't need to use this construction however with double object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:21:57]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las a+ pronoun
**[01:21:58]** because Le and Les both begin with the letter L both of them turn into the word say and therefore using the pronoun say with double object pronouns can simultaneously mean to him or to her or
> **[on-screen 01:22:08]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se <— « le - lo/la/los/las —- « les - lo/la/los/las a él - to/for him a ella - to/for her a ellos - to/for them (m) a ellas - to/for them (f)
**[01:22:09]** to them so we need to specify it with a a AOS or AAS and that's really the difficult part to remember whenever used to pronouns with the letter L hopefully this will make sense to you here are
> **[on-screen 01:22:20]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him
**[01:22:20]** some examples of double object pronouns using two pronouns with the letter L how would you say the phrase she writes it to him you would
> **[on-screen 01:22:27]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him Ella se lo escribe a él
**[01:22:28]** say and you would include to specify who
> **[on-screen 01:22:29]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him Ella se lo escribe a él
**[01:22:31]** it is because say can mean to him her or them here's another example with the
> **[on-screen 01:22:34]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to her
**[01:22:35]** same sentence how would you say she writes it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:39]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to her Ella se lo escribe aella
**[01:22:40]** her hopefully that wasn't too difficult how would you say she writes it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:43]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to them
> **[on-screen 01:22:45]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to them Ella se lo escribe a ellos
**[01:22:46]** themos with AOS being them masculine if you want to you can change AOS to AOS for them feminine here's another example
> **[on-screen 01:22:52]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read it to them
**[01:22:52]** example how would you say you read it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:56]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read it to them Tu se lo lees a ellos
**[01:22:59]** you say you read them to them to
> **[on-screen 01:23:00]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read them to them
> **[on-screen 01:23:02]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read them to them Tu se los lees a ellos
**[01:23:03]** sayos with AOS being to them and los being them as the object you read here are some final examples with infinitives
> **[on-screen 01:23:09]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" 1am buying it for them
**[01:23:10]** how would you say I am buying it to them you can
> **[on-screen 01:23:14]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" lam buying it for them Yo se lo estoy comprando a ellos
> **[on-screen 01:23:17]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" | am buying it for them Yo se lo estoy comprando a ellos Yo estoy comprandoselo a ellos
**[01:23:18]** or with an accent on the infinitive if you wanted to you could have put the AOS part at the beginning of the sentence how would you say the phrase I can do it
> **[on-screen 01:23:24]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him
**[01:23:25]** to him you can
> **[on-screen 01:23:27]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him Yo se lo puedo hacer a él
> **[on-screen 01:23:30]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him Yo se lo puedo hacer a él Yo puedo hacérselo a él
**[01:23:30]** or with an accent on the infinitive and
> **[on-screen 01:23:33]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him Yo se lo puedo hacer a él Yo puedo hacérselo a él
**[01:23:33]** notice how in both phrases refers to him because it's an indirect object pronoun that only changes to say because we cannot have two pronouns with a letter L I really hope that this video showed you some good examples and explain how to combine both types of pronouns together and in case you're still confused you can always go back and try to understand the concept your way with more practice double object pronouns would eventually become an easy topic for you you've

219
docs/spanish-fundamentals/20-the-verb-gustar.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
# 20. The Verb “Gustar”
- **Time range:** 01:23:54 – 01:29:48 (duration 00:05:54)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5034s)
---
**[01:23:54]** probably seen many people explain the verb gustar in Spanish by saying that this verb means to like as in mea and
> **[on-screen 01:23:59]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar Me gusta cantar
**[01:24:00]** mea can which means I like to dance and
> **[on-screen 01:24:03]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar - | like to dance Me gusta cantar - | like to sing
**[01:24:03]** I like to sing I however do not like
> **[on-screen 01:24:05]**
> star - to like Me gusta bailar ike to dance Me gusta cantar - | lik sing
**[01:24:05]** these explanations because they tend to confuse people rather than make them understand the subject matter properly in sentences like I like to dance and I
> **[on-screen 01:24:10]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar - | like to dance Me gusta cantar - | like to sing
**[01:24:11]** like to sing what I recommend doing is instead of using the construction megusta which visually doesn't make sense you can use the verb Amar which means to love instead of thinking of how to use gustar in English and instead of saying I like to dance or to sing you can simply say y Amo and Y Amo which
> **[on-screen 01:24:25]**
> Amar - to love Yo amo bailar - | love to dance Yo amo cantar - | love to sing
**[01:24:27]** would be I love to dance or to sing and this method is actually quite effective because most of the time that's how we use these verbs and it also makes your brain think in terms of the order of the words in English unlike many people who explain gustar as to like I want to give gustar a different definition as in it
> **[on-screen 01:24:41]**
> Gustar it pleases / they please
**[01:24:41]** pleases or they please the verb gustar is actually a very strange verb in Spanish because it has a very unusual conjugation pattern that doesn't follow the normal pattern with normal ar verbs gustar has only two two types of conjugations which are gusta and gustan
> **[on-screen 01:24:54]**
> Gustar it pleases / they please Gusta / Gustan
**[01:24:55]** and they mainly come from the English verb to please in English the syntax of
> **[on-screen 01:24:58]**
> To please: Iplease | We please You please | Y'all please He/She/It Pleases | They please
**[01:24:59]** to please stays the same for five pronouns and only changes in the he she
> **[on-screen 01:25:01]**
> To please: I please | We please You please | Y'all please He/She/It Pleases | They please
**[01:25:02]** it pronoun to connect gustar more with English concentrate on the bottom pronouns for a bit specifically on the
> **[on-screen 01:25:07]**
> To please: I please | We please You please | Y'all please Itpleases | They please
**[01:25:08]** pronouns it pleases and they please the reason why I've mentioned this is because this is how systematically gustar Works in Spanish and that's the closest connection I can give it in English you might have heard some
> **[on-screen 01:25:17]**
> Gustar Somebody being pleased by something
**[01:25:17]** teachers say that gustar also refers to somebody being pleased by something and this is actually a definition that's more more accurate and I'll get to that in a bit is considered to be an irregular verb not only because it has two conjugations but also because it doesn't use normal pronouns like Y noos
> **[on-screen 01:25:31]**
> Gustar Somebody being pleased by something Yo, tu, élyella, nos os, vosotros} ellos
**[01:25:32]** and so on but rather it uses indirect
> **[on-screen 01:25:33]**
> Gustar With Indirect Object Pronouns: Me gusta(n) | Nos gusta(n) Te gusta(n) | Os gusta(n) Aél ella Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
**[01:25:34]** object pronouns to specify who is being pleased by what putting the pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:25:37]**
> Gustar With Indirect Object Pronouns: Me gusta(n) | Nos gusta(n) Te gusta(n) | Os gusta(n) Aél Aella Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
**[01:25:37]** before a conjugated verb and therefore the only sentences that you can have with gust are mea and we have to remember to use the construction or to specify who Le refers to and basically the list goes on the reason why Spanish uses this Construction with gust is because it specifies who is being pleased by what by putting the indirect object pronoun before a conjugated verb looking at this phrase mea one might say expressively that it means I like but visually looking at this phrase it doesn't make sense for this phrase to be that because me means me and it's not a normal pronoun in English whenever we say I like we use the normal pronoun I and like is the syntax that applies to the
> **[on-screen 01:26:13]**
> Me * Me gusta | like ee
**[01:26:14]** noun and not the continuation after it with the verb gustar the conjugation gusta applies to the thing being pleased and not the pronoun as in it pleas
> **[on-screen 01:26:21]**
> Me gusta(n) It pleases me They please me
**[01:26:22]** pleases me mea or they please me mean
> **[on-screen 01:26:26]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something
**[01:26:26]** overall gustar doesn't necessarily mean to like something but it means to be pleased by something with gusta
> **[on-screen 01:26:31]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Gusta - It pleases Gustan - They please
**[01:26:31]** referring to it pleases and gustan referring to they please and from there
> **[on-screen 01:26:36]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something ___ Gusta -Itpleases __ ___ Gustan - They please ___
**[01:26:36]** we simply have to choose any indirect object pronoun that we want to use in Spanish it makes sense but in English it's a tricky topic to explain because English doesn't have a notion of this I'm just using this comparison to visually show gustar as closely as I can in English nonetheless whenever we say
> **[on-screen 01:26:49]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta - It pleases me Me gustan - They please me
**[01:26:50]** megusta or mean we're not necessarily saying I like but rather we're saying it pleases me or they please me and we know
> **[on-screen 01:26:57]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta - It pleases me Me gustan - They please me
**[01:26:57]** to use pleases with it and please with they because it's the syntax in English gusta refers to it pleases plus any pronoun you want and gustan refers to they please plus any pronoun you want the phrase mea B doesn't necessarily
> **[on-screen 01:27:09]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance
**[01:27:11]** mean I like to dance but rather it pleases me to dance which is a translation that's far more logical in English then I like to dance if I say
> **[on-screen 01:27:19]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance Te gusta cantar - It pleases you to sing
**[01:27:19]** I'm saying it pleases you to sing which doesn't automat ially mean you like the sing gusta in both cases refers to the
> **[on-screen 01:27:24]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance Te gusta cantar - It pleases you to sing Gusta in both cases refers to the infinitive because the indirect object pronoun is being pleased by the infinitive, so gusta will always refer to it
**[01:27:25]** infinitive because the indirect object pronoun is being pleased by the infinitive and therefore gusta will always refer to it just like in English pleases refers to it and please refers to they we don't say in English it please or they pleases we quite literally say the opposite and that's exactly how gustar Works in Spanish if we say a sentence like mean Gatos then
> **[on-screen 01:27:42]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gustan gatos
> **[on-screen 01:27:44]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gustan gatos Ns
**[01:27:44]** we're using gustan because the continuation is a noun that's plural and if we put this phrase in English we would have they please me but because we
> **[on-screen 01:27:49]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gustan gatos They please me
**[01:27:50]** have cats as the noun we would say cats please me and so the phrase doesn't really mean I like cats but rather cats please me however what if we have a
> **[on-screen 01:27:58]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar y cantar
**[01:27:58]** sentence like mea B in this case some people might think to use gustan because the continuation is plural but actually this sentence can be broken down into two separate phrases like megusta B and
> **[on-screen 01:28:09]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar y cantar Me gusta bailar Me gusta cantar
**[01:28:10]** mea which shows that we don't need to use gustan because nothing is plural it's the same thing as saying it pleases
> **[on-screen 01:28:14]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something It pleases me to dance and to sing It pleases me to dance It pleases me to sing
**[01:28:15]** me to dance and to sing which can be said as one phrase in English or be broken down separately which still doesn't change the it pleases part overall the same concept basically applies to any pronoun you want to say along with any continuation that you want to use and here are some examples
> **[on-screen 01:28:28]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gusta hablar contigo
**[01:28:29]** Meo would literally mean it pleases me
> **[on-screen 01:28:31]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gusta hablar contigo It pleases me to speak with you
**[01:28:32]** to speak with you but if we want to use gustan we can say something like
> **[on-screen 01:28:36]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gustan tus palabras
**[01:28:36]** meas and in this case we would use gustan because the sentence would be
> **[on-screen 01:28:40]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gustan tus palabras Your words please me
**[01:28:40]** your words please me with the word please in the sentence saying a sentence likea would literally mean the house
> **[on-screen 01:28:45]**
> Examples With Gustar: Te gusta la casa
> **[on-screen 01:28:47]**
> Examples With Gustar: Te gusta la casa The house pleases you
**[01:28:47]** pleases you with the house being it which pleases you saying a sentence like
> **[on-screen 01:28:51]**
> Examples With Gustar: A él le gusta jugar futbol
**[01:28:52]** who got football would literally mean it
> **[on-screen 01:28:54]**
> Examples With Gustar: A él le gusta jugar futbol It pleases him to play football
**[01:28:54]** pleases him to play football with him being the construction a because we have to remember that we don't know who Le refers to without this construction we can also say something like no gusta
> **[on-screen 01:29:03]**
> Examples With Gustar: Nos gusta hablar espanol
**[01:29:04]** which would be it pleases us to speak
> **[on-screen 01:29:05]**
> Examples With Gustar: Nos gusta hablar espanol It pleases us to speak Spanish
**[01:29:06]** Spanish and we can also say is which
> **[on-screen 01:29:08]**
> Examples With Gustar: Les gusta escuchar a musica
**[01:29:10]** would be it pleases them to listen to
> **[on-screen 01:29:11]**
> Examples With Gustar: Les gusta escuchar a musica It pleases them to listen to music
**[01:29:12]** music you can say any sentence you want using the verb gust but as I said at the beginning of the video instead of saying phrases like mea B we can say yo Amo B
> **[on-screen 01:29:19]**
> Me gustabailar Yo amo bailar
**[01:29:20]** which would mean I love to dance rather than I like to dance or it pleases me to dance and the same idea applies to any pronoun you want to use in this video I wanted to show you how the verb gustar Works in Spanish so that you can understand how the verb Works in English rather than explain gustar as to like I decided to give a different perspective on this verb to show how it's closely related to English so this video was more of a logical presentation of how gustar looks like in English sometimes there are Concepts that are more practical to Know Than to use and I would say that gustar falls into this

152
docs/spanish-fundamentals/21-irregular-yo-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
# 21. Irregular “Yo” Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:29:48 – 01:32:59 (duration 00:03:11)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5388s)
---
**[01:29:48]** category Spanish has many verbs some of which are normal across all pronouns and some some of which are not so normal
> **[on-screen 01:29:53]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs
**[01:29:53]** called irregular yo verbs while you may
> **[on-screen 01:29:55]**
> Comer como | comemos comes coméis come | comen
**[01:29:55]** encounter regular verbs like K the
> **[on-screen 01:29:57]**
> Comer como | comemos comes coméis come | comen
**[01:29:57]** syntax of K across all pronouns follows the standard conjugation pattern of verbs ending in e r such as o s a and so on however sometimes in Spanish you'll encounter verbs that follow this pattern across all pronouns except in the yo pronoun and while these verbs follow the normal syntax of every other pronoun they do not follow the pattern for the yo pronoun because Spanish says that these conjugations don't sound good enough when the word is said there are
> **[on-screen 01:30:19]**
> Salir - to leave salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:19]** useful verbs like Sal which means to leave and while the verb follows the normal syntax of verbs ending in IR it doesn't do so with the yo pronoun you would want to say yo but Spanish says
> **[on-screen 01:30:27]**
> Salir - to leave salo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:28]** that this word sounds bad so instead you would say yo salgo ending the pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:30:31]**
> Salir - to leave salgo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:32]** with go which is actually a common
> **[on-screen 01:30:33]**
> Salir - to leave salgo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:34]** ending for irregular verbs in the yo pronoun some of which I covered in my previous videos like a and ten a follows
> **[on-screen 01:30:38]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have
> **[on-screen 01:30:40]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hacemos haces | hacéis hace | hacen
**[01:30:40]** the normal pattern across all pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:30:42]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos haces | hacéis hace | hacen
**[01:30:42]** but changes to AO in the yo pronoun so that it sounds better when said t does
> **[on-screen 01:30:46]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos tengo | tenemos haces | hacéis tienes | tenéis hace | hacen tiene | tienen
**[01:30:46]** the same thing with yo but it's also a
> **[on-screen 01:30:48]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos tengo | tenemos haces | hacéis tienes | tenéis hace | hacen tiene | tienen
**[01:30:48]** stem changing verb across some pronouns but the topic of stem changing verbs is for the video after this one you might also encounter irregular verbs in the O
> **[on-screen 01:30:54]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conducimos traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:30:55]** pronoun like conduc and truc in both cases the verbs follow the normal pattern of conjugating verbs ending in IR but for the yo pronoun you would want to say Yoo or yo but Spanish says that
> **[on-screen 01:31:04]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduco | conducimos traduco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:07]** these words sound bad one said so it adds an extra letter to avoid the bad
> **[on-screen 01:31:09]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduzco | conducimos traduzco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:10]** sound and so the conjugations would end in SK pronounce Yus and yuso which would
> **[on-screen 01:31:13]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduzco | conducimos traduzco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:16]** mean I drive and I translate you might
> **[on-screen 01:31:18]**
> Dar - to give damos das dais da dan
**[01:31:18]** also encounter this verb Dar which means to give and while it follows the noral pattern of conjugating verbs ending in a r the conjugation for the yo pronoun is not yo but yo which is sort of similar
> **[on-screen 01:31:26]**
> Dar - to give do damos das dais da dan
**[01:31:28]** to y soy with the verb said and Y EST
> **[on-screen 01:31:29]**
> Ser - to be soy somos eres sois es son
> **[on-screen 01:31:30]**
> Estar - to be estoy estamos estas estais esta estan
**[01:31:30]** with the verb at last there's also the
> **[on-screen 01:31:32]**
> Ver - to see vemos ves veis ve ven
**[01:31:32]** verb ver which means to see and while its conjugations perfectly correspond to all pronouns the Y pronoun is not y but
> **[on-screen 01:31:39]**
> Ver - to see vo vemos ves veis ve ven
**[01:31:39]** rather Y which means I see when using
> **[on-screen 01:31:40]**
> Ver - to see veo vemos ves veis ve ven
> **[on-screen 01:31:41]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Salir (Salgo) e Hacer (Hago) e Tener (Tengo) ¢ Conducir (Conduzco) e Traducir (Traduzco) e Dar (Doy) e Ver (Veo)
**[01:31:47]** these verbs follow the normal syntax across all of their pronouns except in the yo pronoun which which therefore makes the verbs irregular yo verbs and actually these verbs would be practical to use whenever you decide to speak Spanish but just remember to utilize the yo pronoun properly with them there are more types of irregular yo verbs like
> **[on-screen 01:32:01]**
> More Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Poner - to put e Suponer - to suppose e Proteger - to protect e Traer - to bring
**[01:32:04]** P and and while these verbs follow different patterns for the Y pronoun I recommend knowing these verbs rather than using them because generally speaking they're not that useful in conversation for instance p and suon
> **[on-screen 01:32:14]**
> Poner - to put Suponer - to suppose pongo ponemos supongo | suponemos pones ponéis supones | suponéis pone ponen supone | suponen
**[01:32:15]** follow the common go ending in the yo pronoun while maintaining the normal syntax across the rest of the pronouns protet is an inter in verb because it's
> **[on-screen 01:32:21]**
> Proteger - to protect protejo | protegemos proteges | protegéis protege | protegen
**[01:32:22]** actually the only verb in Spanish that follows an irregular ho ending for the yo pronoun while still maintaining the normal conjugation pattern at last you
> **[on-screen 01:32:29]**
> Traer - to bring traigo | traemos traes | traéis trae | traen
**[01:32:29]** can have a verb like trer which follows the normal pattern of verbs ending in eer but in the yo pronoun it has the ending Trio and actually this ending is done on purpose not to confuse it with
> **[on-screen 01:32:39]**
> Tragar - to swallow/suck down/eat crap trago
**[01:32:39]** tago which in Spanish comes from the word tragar which means to swallow suck down or eat crap and actually it's one of the most offensive verbs that there is so it's best to not mention it
> **[on-screen 01:32:48]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Hacer (Hago) ¢ Tener (Tengo) ¢ Conducir (Conduzco) ¢ Traducir (Traduzco) ¢ Dar (Doy) e Ver (Veo) ¢ Poner (Pongo) ¢ Suponer (Supongo) ¢ Proteger (Protejo) ¢ Traer (Traigo)
**[01:32:48]** overall you just have to know that with verbs like these you have to slightly modify the your pronoun across all verbs so that the word sounds uniform when said and at that point you can basically say any sentence you want using these verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish are

144
docs/spanish-fundamentals/22-stem-changing-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
# 22. Stem-Changing Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:32:59 – 01:36:52 (duration 00:03:53)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5579s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:32:59]**
> Stem-Changing Verbs Verbs that change their beginning prefix/stem to generate a better sound when the words are said
**[01:33:00]** verbs that change their beginning prefix or stem to generate a better sound when the words are said in Spanish there are four types of stem changing verbs and in the video I will not explain all stem changing verbs that exist in Spanish but rather present a useful verb in each category so that you can understand how stem changing Works in Spanish and then apply to any other verb that you want in that category the four main types of
> **[on-screen 01:33:18]**
> 4 Types of Stem-Changing Verbs In Spanish: 1.e ie 2.e>1 3.07>ue 4.u>ue
**[01:33:18]** same- changing verbs in Spanish are e to E e to e o to u e and U to u e considering e to e e as the first category of stem changing verbs in Spanish I actually already covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is the verb ten however
> **[on-screen 01:33:34]**
> tener (e > ie) - to have tengo tenemos tienes tenéis tiene tienen
**[01:33:35]** for the sake of learning let's use a different useful verb like empar which
> **[on-screen 01:33:38]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start
**[01:33:38]** means to start or to begin at first the stem changing rule will only apply in the yo to L and AOS pronouns and will not apply in the noos and votos pronouns you would want to say something like yo
> **[on-screen 01:33:49]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empezo
**[01:33:49]** and peso but Spanish say that this word sounds bad one said so instead you have to slightly modify the stem of the verb from empo to Yo which means I start and
> **[on-screen 01:33:57]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo
**[01:33:58]** the stem changing concept applies to the
> **[on-screen 01:33:59]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo | empezamos empiezas | empezais empieza | empiezan
**[01:34:00]** rest of the pronouns aside from noos and Vos to msas you start LSA he starts no we start start and they start as always try
> **[on-screen 01:34:15]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo | empezamOs VA empiezas emp zais A empieza | empiez
**[01:34:15]** not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation and like I said at the beginning of the video it's important to know how stem changing work in Spanish but it's not important to know every single stem changing verb like Nar which changes from E to e if you see a modified verb that goes from E to e chances are that it's stem changing next up there are verbs that change their stem from E to e
> **[on-screen 01:34:35]**
> decir (e > i) - to say
**[01:34:35]** like the which is a useful verb meaning to say the SE is actually considered to be irregular in the yo pronoun with the construction Yodo but as far as the rest
> **[on-screen 01:34:41]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo
**[01:34:42]** of the pronouns go the SE still applies it stem changing rule for two L and AOS you would want to say two Des but
> **[on-screen 01:34:48]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo deces
**[01:34:49]** Spanish says that this verb sounds bad when said so instead you have to say to
> **[on-screen 01:34:53]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo dices
**[01:34:53]** D which means you say El he says
> **[on-screen 01:34:55]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo | decimos dices | decis dice | dicen
**[01:34:57]** noos we sayos deis y say and AOS desent they say try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:35:03]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo | decimos dices Cc dice | dicen
**[01:35:04]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but in case you see any other verb that changes from E to e chances are it's time changing next up there are verbs that change from o to U and I actually covered a useful verb like that in one of my previous videos which is p but for the sake of learning
> **[on-screen 01:35:17]**
> poder (0 > ue) - to can/be able to puedo | podemos puedes | podéis puede | pueden
**[01:35:18]** let's use a different useful verb like record which which means to remember
> **[on-screen 01:35:21]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember
**[01:35:22]** instead of saying yo you need to Sayo
> **[on-screen 01:35:23]**
> recordar (0 > ue) - to remember recordo
> **[on-screen 01:35:25]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo
**[01:35:25]** which sounds better when said and the same concept applies to the rest of the
> **[on-screen 01:35:27]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo | recordamos recuerdas| recordais recuerda | recuerdan
**[01:35:28]** pronouns toas you remember El he remembers we remember y'all remember and AOS they remember try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:35:41]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo | recordam6s VA recuerdas| reco} ais A recuerda | recuerdan
**[01:35:41]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but if you see a verb with u in it chances are it's stem changing and finally there's one last type of a stem changing verb in Spanish and as far as I know it's the only verb in Spanish that changes from U to U and that is the verb hug which means to play
> **[on-screen 01:35:55]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play
**[01:35:56]** instead of saying Yugo you need to say
> **[on-screen 01:35:57]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play jugo
**[01:35:58]** yo and one thing to note about both of
> **[on-screen 01:35:59]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego
**[01:36:00]** these words is that the word Hugo on its own actually means juice and so it makes sense why it needs to be modified so that it's not confused with this word however the word huego on its own can
> **[on-screen 01:36:09]**
> jugo > juice juego > game
**[01:36:11]** also mean game as in video huego which
> **[on-screen 01:36:13]**
> jugo > juice videojuego > videogame
**[01:36:13]** means video game but the wordo itself changes its meaning in context and with
> **[on-screen 01:36:18]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego
**[01:36:18]** the verb hugar the stem changing rule
> **[on-screen 01:36:19]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego | jugamos juegas | jugais juega | juegan
**[01:36:19]** will only apply for the yo to El and AOS pronouns toas you play El he plays we play Vos H y'all play and AOS huan they play try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:36:33]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego | jugam juegas juega ega
**[01:36:34]** pronouns because like I say all the time they're not useful in conversation what you should have known from this video is how to systematically modify stem changing verbs in Spanish so that you can understand how words sound better when they're said out loud of course learning all stem changing verbs in Spanish is completely redundant but it's very useful to understand how every type of stem changing verb works in Spanish

108
docs/spanish-fundamentals/23-the-verb-saber.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
# 23. The Verb “Saber”
- **Time range:** 01:36:52 – 01:39:51 (duration 00:02:59)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5812s)
---
**[01:36:52]** the verb sa in Spanish means to know but it's not used the same way as it's used in English in English we use the verb to
> **[on-screen 01:36:57]**
> To know in English: ¢ Knowing factual information ¢ Knowing how to do something ¢ Knowing people/places/things
**[01:36:57]** know in many different ways including knowing factual information how to do something and knowing people places and things in general Spanish however encompasses only some of the things I've listed and so the language creates two
> **[on-screen 01:37:07]**
> To know in Spanish: (saber & conocer) ¢ Knowing factual information ¢ Knowing how to do something ¢ Knowing people/places/things
**[01:37:07]** verbs for the verb to know and in this video I will only cover the verb sa rather than explain the verb how most teachers explain it I would like to give
> **[on-screen 01:37:14]**
> Saber to know factually how to do something or know factual information
**[01:37:14]** it a different definition by saying that the verb means to know how to do something or knowing factual information and it actually has the same concept as the verb said which means to be the
> **[on-screen 01:37:22]**
> Saber - to factually know sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:22]** syntax of sa follows the normal conjugation pattern for verbs ending in e r but is actually irregular in the yo
> **[on-screen 01:37:27]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:28]** pronoun yo say means I know and make sure to put an accent on say because
> **[on-screen 01:37:32]**
> se - | know se - lOP oneself
**[01:37:32]** without the accent you will have an indirect object pronoun that will have multiple definitions that have to do with oneself toes means you know how to
> **[on-screen 01:37:38]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:40]** do something which is factual El he knows how to do something noos we know Vos Sab yall know and AOS sain they know try not concentrate on
> **[on-screen 01:37:50]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos Vv sabes “sab Ss A sabe abe
**[01:37:51]** these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but like I said at the beginning the verb sa refers to factually knowing something part of which includes actions which are factually known the best way that I can explain sabed without any confusion is through the verb said said means to be
> **[on-screen 01:38:03]**
> ser & saber factually being & knowing
**[01:38:04]** as in having factual traits about oneself and so the same idea works for the verb because it refers to factually knowing information for instance if I
> **[on-screen 01:38:11]**
> Examples with saber: Yo sé como hablar espanol
**[01:38:11]** say a sentence like I'm factually saying that I know
> **[on-screen 01:38:15]**
> Examples with saber: Yo sé como hablar espanol | know how to speak Spanish (which is a fact)
**[01:38:16]** how to speak Spanish because it's a language that I've mastered over time and now I know how to speak it just just like with the verb said you cannot change any factual traits about oneself the same way you cannot forget the factual information you know or know how to do if I say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 01:38:29]**
> Examples with saber: Tu sabes el tiempo
**[01:38:30]** to I'm saying that you factually know
> **[on-screen 01:38:31]**
> Examples with saber: Tu sabes el tiempo You know the time (time is something factual to know, so you cannot change that fact)
**[01:38:32]** the time because time is something factual to know and you cannot change that fact if I say a sentence
> **[on-screen 01:38:36]**
> Examples with saber: El sabe como nadar
**[01:38:38]** like I'm saying that he factually knows
> **[on-screen 01:38:39]**
> Examples with saber: El sabe como nadar He knows how to swim (impossible to change this fact)
**[01:38:40]** how to swim meaning that he cannot change that fact about swimming he knows how to swim and will not forget anything
> **[on-screen 01:38:45]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1. Yo sé como hablar inglés 2.TU sabes como tocar el piano 3.El sabe como cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2.You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:38:45]** and with examples that involve factually knowing how to do something like to too and Spanish actually has a convenient way of putting phrases together so that they don't repeat unnecessary words by eliminating the word Koo from the
> **[on-screen 01:39:00]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1.Yo sé cémo hablar inglés 2.TU sabes cémo tocar el piano 3.El sabe como cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2. You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:39:01]** sentence visually looking at the phrases in English and putting them in Spanish I know how to speak Spanish you know how to play the piano and he knows how to cook well you don't need to add the adverb KO within the sentences the
> **[on-screen 01:39:10]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1.Yo sé hablar inglés 2.TU sabes tocar el piano 3.El sabe cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2. You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:39:11]** reason why Spanish does that is to eliminate repetition of words because when you think about it saying a phrase like I know to speak Spanish sounds sort of understandable on its own without the need of the word that specif the action so just simply remember that you won't need the adverb KO in Spanish because the act of knowing how to do something is already clear enough in Spanish
> **[on-screen 01:39:28]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:39:28]** overall the verb sa applies to knowing factual information and factually knowing how to do something and it's actually a very essential verb in Spanish allowing you to understand how to navigate your way around forms of speech once you have understood how to work with this verb understanding the
> **[on-screen 01:39:40]**
> saber conocer to know FACTUAL to be FAMILIAR information/how to WITH/personally know do something people/places/things
**[01:39:41]** verb after Saar will be a lot easier because normally educators will teach both verbs at once which generally causes confusion between students and so the verb koser is for the video after this one the verb koser in Spanish means

137
docs/spanish-fundamentals/24-the-verb-conocer.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
# 24. The Verb “Conocer”
- **Time range:** 01:39:51 – 01:43:05 (duration 00:03:14)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5991s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:39:51]**
> Conocer To be familar/acquainted with people, places, and/or things
**[01:39:52]** to be familiar with or be acquainted with people places and things in general unlike the verb sa which means to know something factually or do something the verb konos tends to lean more towards acquaintances of ideas rather than knowing ideas and if you think about it there's a big difference between knowing something from top to bottom and knowing something that isn't fully clear which is the reason why Spanish creates two
> **[on-screen 01:40:10]**
> Saber Conocer To know something To be fully, completely, familar/acquainted and factually from with people, places, top to bottom and/or things
**[01:40:11]** verbs for to know because one verb means to know something factually and completely whereas the other indicates being acquainted with something rather than fully knowing what it is the syntax
> **[on-screen 01:40:18]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:40:18]** of Kos follows the normal conjugation path or verbs ending in e r aside from the yo pronoun which is irregular
> **[on-screen 01:40:23]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:40:24]** following the ending like I said at the beginning konos means more being familiar with people places and things in general rather than knowing something factually therefore yosco means unfamiliar with a person place or thing rather than me knowing something factually because being familiar with a person place or thing doesn't necessarily mean that I know it from top to bottom two koses means you're familiar with El means he's familiar noos we're familiar with Kos y'all are familiar with and AOS Kosen they're familiar with as always try not focusing
> **[on-screen 01:40:56]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces éis consi conoce | conoc
**[01:40:56]** on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation overall the
> **[on-screen 01:41:00]**
> Conocer Conocer can help to differentiate the qualities of knowing something factually and being familiar with a person, place, or thing, especially in questions
**[01:41:00]** verb konos is actually considered to be a very useful verb in Spanish because it helps to differentiate the qualities of knowing something factually and being familiar with a person place or thing which is sort of the same way the verbs s and estar work konos as a matter of fact is very useful when it comes down to asking questions and it actually uses direct object pronouns to replace people places and things which could all be nouns for instance if I ask you Kos Las
> **[on-screen 01:41:20]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas?
**[01:41:23]** Vegas I'm not necessarily asking you if you know the city of Las Vegas but rather if you're familiar with the city
> **[on-screen 01:41:27]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas? Are you familiar with city of Las Vegas?
**[01:41:27]** of Las Vegas and you can reply with
> **[on-screen 01:41:30]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas? Si, yo conozco la ciudad
**[01:41:31]** like or if you want to use a direct object pronoun you can simply sayos the reason why the verb sa cannot
> **[on-screen 01:41:37]**
> Why saber CAN'T be used: éSabes la ciudad de Las Vegas?
**[01:41:38]** be used here is because by saying lasas the verb sa would have to imply that you
> **[on-screen 01:41:42]**
> Why saber CAN'T be used: éSabes la ciudad de Las Vegas? Do you know the city of Las Vegas from top to bottom, including the people, streets, food?
**[01:41:43]** know the city of Las Vegas from top to bottom including the people streets food and everything in general which would be impossible to know ultimately resulting
> **[on-screen 01:41:49]**
> Why saber CAN’ used: éSabes la ciuda Las Vegas? Do you know city o' Vegas from top to bottom, in ing the p , streets, food?
**[01:41:50]** in an incorrect use of sa which is why
> **[on-screen 01:41:52]**
> Conocer To be familiar with people, places, and things
**[01:41:52]** Spanish calls the term koser being familiar with rather than fully knowing the person place or thing there are more examples that you can make with Kos like asking about people koses meaning are
> **[on-screen 01:42:01]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John?
> **[on-screen 01:42:02]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:02]** you familiar with JN and as you can see Spanish decides to use the personal
> **[on-screen 01:42:05]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:05]** preposition a when it comes down to being familiar with people but in this case you can just consider the preposition to be the equivalent of the preposition with in English so whenever
> **[on-screen 01:42:13]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:13]** you refer to people in general you always have to include the personal a and with the sentence koses Aon you can reply with c y Kos a or if you want to
> **[on-screen 01:42:20]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Si, yo conozco a John
**[01:42:22]** use a direct object pronoun you can say
> **[on-screen 01:42:24]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Si, yo lo conozco
**[01:42:24]** C Yos there are of course more examples that you can make with Kos
> **[on-screen 01:42:29]**
> Examples with conocer: El conoce a mi abuelo
**[01:42:30]** like he is familiar with my granddad or
> **[on-screen 01:42:31]**
> Examples with conocer: El conoce a mi abuelo He is familiar with my grandad
> **[on-screen 01:42:33]**
> Examples with conocer: Yo conozco los libros
**[01:42:34]** maybe I'm familiar with the books or
> **[on-screen 01:42:35]**
> Examples with conocer: Yo conozco los libros | am familiar with the books
**[01:42:36]** maybe if you want to include an infinitive inside you can
> **[on-screen 01:42:39]**
> Examples with conocer: Tu quieres conocer el pais
**[01:42:40]** say which would mean you want to be
> **[on-screen 01:42:42]**
> Examples with conocer: Tu quieres conocer el pais You want to be familiar with the country
**[01:42:42]** familiar with the country as country refers to a physical Place overall konos
> **[on-screen 01:42:46]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:42:46]** is an eminent verb in Spanish because it helps you understand how to think of people places and things in general by being familiar with these ideas rather than fully and factually knowing everything about people places and things I actually don't understand why
> **[on-screen 01:42:56]**
> Conocer Saber To be familiar To fully and with people, factually know places, and information/how things in general to do something
**[01:42:57]** teachers teach both of these verbs at once as I see the two verbs having completely different definitions and so mainly each verb needs its own explanation of how to work with it the

141
docs/spanish-fundamentals/25-past-tense-for-regular-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
# 25. Past Tense For Regular Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:43:05 – 01:48:08 (duration 00:05:03)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6185s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:43:05]**
> The Present Tense In Spanish: (ar, er, ir verbs) oO amos/emos/imos as/es_ | ais/éis/is a/e an/en
**[01:43:05]** past tense for regular verbs in Spanish follows the same idea for the present tense which I covered in one of my previous videos but in this video I will only explain the past tense for regular
> **[on-screen 01:43:12]**
> The Past/Preterite Tense In Spanish: (ar, er, ir verbs)
**[01:43:13]** a r e r and I are verbs in Spanish also known as the predate or past simple tense just like with the present tense in Spanish the past tense follows the same idea of dropping off the ending of the a r e r or I verb and then adding the ending that corresponds with the pronoun let's start with regular ar
> **[on-screen 01:43:28]**
> -ar ending verbs: é amos aste asteis fe) aron
**[01:43:29]** verbs for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and then add the ending a with an accent meaning that You' always have an emphasis on that vowel when you say the conjugative verb for two you drop the ending and then add the ending AE for l or AO said you drop the ending and at the ending o with an accent meaning that you likewise put an emphasis on that vow for noos you you put Amos and it's actually the same ending for the pronoun that you have in the present tense and so you can only tell the difference between them in context foros you put a and for AOS you put Aron let's use the verb a as an
> **[on-screen 01:44:02]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hable | hablamos hablaste | hablasteis hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:03]** example how would you conjugate a for the yo pronoun you take a drop the ending and add the ending e with an accent and so it's pronounced y I spoke it's not y it's y for two you drop the ending and add the ending AE so you get aast meaning you spoke for l or a said you get ablo with an emphasis on the Last Vow it's not ablo it's ablo he or she spoke for noos you get abl and it's pronounced the same way as in the
> **[on-screen 01:44:33]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste | hablasteis hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:34]** present form and so you can only tell the difference between them in context for votos you get ablast which is you all spoke and for AOS you get ablon they spoke as far as ar verbs go I recommend that you memorize all of these endings
> **[on-screen 01:44:47]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste habiasteis. hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:47]** except votos because there is no pattern to follow with any of them but but the trickiest pronoun to use is noos because
> **[on-screen 01:44:53]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste hablasteis. hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:53]** the word abl can mean both we speak and we spoke however there is a way to tell the difference between them in context and that is by looking for keywords that Express time for instance if I say AO a
> **[on-screen 01:45:02]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora
**[01:45:05]** I'm saying that we speak with you now
> **[on-screen 01:45:06]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora We speak with you now
**[01:45:06]** because the word a indicates that
> **[on-screen 01:45:07]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora We speak with you now
**[01:45:08]** however if I have a sentence
> **[on-screen 01:45:10]**
> Hablamos con ellos ayer
**[01:45:10]** like the sentence would logically be we
> **[on-screen 01:45:13]**
> Hablamos con ellos ayer We spoke with them yesterday
**[01:45:13]** spoke with them yesterday because AER indicates yesterday which is an action done in the past and that's really as difficult as it gets now there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:45:20]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs:
**[01:45:20]** ending in e r and I and conveniently unlike the present tense which has a
> **[on-screen 01:45:24]**
> -ar ending verbs: é amos aste asteis fe) aron
**[01:45:25]** different conjugation pattern for each type of verb Spanish decides to use the
> **[on-screen 01:45:27]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs: i imos iste isteis id ieron
**[01:45:28]** same Syntax for the past tense of verbs ending in e and IR both verbs that end in e and IR share the same ending which might develop an easier conjugation pattern to memorize for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb ending in e r or I and you add the ending e with an emphasis on that vow for two you drop the ending and add the ending e for l or a you drop drop the ending and add the ending EO with an emphasis on the o for noos you drop the ending and add the ending OS which is actually the same ending as the ending of verbs ending in IR in the present tense and once again you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally for votos you get and for AOS you get let's use
> **[on-screen 01:46:10]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): comi comimos comiste | comisteis comio | comieron
**[01:46:10]** the verbs and VI as useful verbs how would you conjugate the verb in the past tense for the yo pronoun you take K drop the ending and put e and so you get yo I at for two you get kist which is U at for L you Geto which is he at foros you getos which is we ateos yall ate and AOS they ate and now
> **[on-screen 01:46:35]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivio vivieron
**[01:46:35]** you simply replicate the same idea with regular verbs ending in IR like VI however don't forget about the noos
> **[on-screen 01:46:41]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:46:41]** pronoun of ir verbs ending in OS because they do share the same ending if I say
> **[on-screen 01:46:45]**
> Vivimos en Las Vegas ahora
**[01:46:46]** Vios in Las Vegas a I'm saying that we
> **[on-screen 01:46:48]**
> Vivimos en Las Vegas ahora We live in Las Vegas now
**[01:46:48]** live in Las Vegas now because a indicates that however if I say Vios and
> **[on-screen 01:46:53]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un ano
**[01:46:54]** Angeles I'm saying that we lived in Los
> **[on-screen 01:46:56]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un anho We lived in Los Angeles a year ago
**[01:46:56]** Angeles a year ago because is the
> **[on-screen 01:46:58]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un ano We lived in Los Angeles a year ago
**[01:46:59]** construction that indicates that so overall you have to watch out for these things because that's as difficult as it gets and with regular verbs ending in ER
> **[on-screen 01:47:05]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste | vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:47:06]** and IR I recommend just memorizing the pattern for all pronouns except votos
> **[on-screen 01:47:10]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:47:11]** because it's the same in both types of verbs and also because it's a pattern that you would see all the time whenever you study the past tense in Spanish as I
> **[on-screen 01:47:17]**
> Spanish Conjugating -ar -er -ir verbs
**[01:47:17]** said in my video on how to conjugate verbs in Spanish in the present tense there is no point in knowing every a r e r and IR verb out there because you'll never use all of them I decided to utilize useful verbs like abl com and VI to demonstrate how regular verbs in Spanish work in the past tense I could have extended the video by giving examples but I chose not to because I believe that you can do so on your own because knowing how the past or predate tense Works in Spanish is sufficient enough to understand how it can be used as far as the past tense goes in Spanish
> **[on-screen 01:47:44]**
> The Past/Preterite Tense In Spanish: (hablar, comer, vivir) é/i amos/imos aste/iste | asteis/isteis 6/id aron/ieron
**[01:47:45]** there are actually multiple variations of it like the imperfect past perfect condition and conditional perfect and all of these tenses are topics for future videos so I decided to not over complicate the past tenses in Spanish by simply showing the regular past simple tense for regular a r e r and ir verbs and if you see any verb that's conjugated in the ways that I've shown in the video that means that this verb is in the past simple tense Spanish has

229
docs/spanish-fundamentals/26-past-tense-of-ser-and-ir.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
# 26. Past Tense of “Ser” and “Ir”
- **Time range:** 01:48:08 – 01:54:32 (duration 00:06:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6488s)
---
**[01:48:08]** the verbs said and E which mean to be and to go and even though these verbs have different definitions the convenient thing about them is that they
> **[on-screen 01:48:15]**
> ser-tobe ir-togo \ Same form in the / past simple tense
**[01:48:15]** both share the same syntax when they're put into past simple or predate tense in Spanish the ver said means to be as in
> **[on-screen 01:48:20]**
> Ser - to be factually
**[01:48:21]** being and having traits about oneself and the synx of this verb in the present
> **[on-screen 01:48:24]**
> Ser - to be factually soy | somos eres sois es son
**[01:48:25]** tense has six different conjugations for the six pronouns the verb ear however means to go and sometimes can be referred to as to go to but its syntax
> **[on-screen 01:48:33]**
> Ir (a) - to go (to) voy (a) | vamos (a) va (a) | van (a)
**[01:48:33]** is completely different in the present tense from the verb set the two verbs in
> **[on-screen 01:48:36]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:48:37]** the past simple tense share the same syntax which makes Spanish more convenient having an irregular conjugation pattern and so you can only tell the difference between them in context fui can simultaneously mean I went somewhere or to do something or I was as in actions that were completed in the past and I'll get to that in a bit fuiste can mean you went somewhere or to do something and also you were in a position somewhere Fu can mean he or she went and it also has a ubiquitous use of it was in Spanish making it one of the most useful words in the past simple tense fuos means we went or we were Fu means y'all went or y'all were and fuon can mean they went or they were I recommend that you actually focus on all pronouns except votos and AOS because
> **[on-screen 01:49:18]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste is fue eron
**[01:49:19]** all of these conjugations are very useful in Spanish as I said before you can only tell the difference between said and ear in the past simple in context and there's actually an easy way to distinguish their meaning and that is
> **[on-screen 01:49:29]**
> ser-tobe _ ir(a)-to go (to) The preposition "a" / with ir, meaning "to"
**[01:49:29]** through the preposition a which is used as the preposition to in English just
> **[on-screen 01:49:33]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present)
**[01:49:33]** like when we say actions in the present such as yo ala I go to the store it's
> **[on-screen 01:49:36]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) Yo voy ala tienda I go to the store
**[01:49:38]** the same way you would say the phrase in the past y ala I went to the store which
> **[on-screen 01:49:41]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Yo fui alatienda | went to the store
**[01:49:43]** ultimately changes only one word making
> **[on-screen 01:49:44]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Yo fui alatienda | went to the store
**[01:49:45]** the language easier to understand and easier to distinguish from the verb set in this context next we know that the verb is IR because we see the preposition a which is placed only after conjugations of the verb regardless if
> **[on-screen 01:49:56]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Yovoyalatienda Yofuialatienda Igotothestore | went tothe store
**[01:49:56]** it's in the present or past y ala and Y ala mean I go to the store and I went to the store which simply changes only one word noticeably understanding that ear is used because you have the preposition a after the conjugation in both cases however you can sometimes refer to
> **[on-screen 01:50:14]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas a hacer tu tarea
**[01:50:15]** like you go to do your homework and if
> **[on-screen 01:50:16]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas a hacer tu tarea You go to do your homework
**[01:50:17]** you want to put the phrase in the past you simply change only one word by
> **[on-screen 01:50:21]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas ahacertutarea_ Tu fuiste a hacer tu tarea You go to do your homework You went to do your homework
**[01:50:21]** to you went to do your homework and in both cases everything else in the sentence stays the same besides the conjugation of both in English and Spanish and you can make more examples
> **[on-screen 01:50:32]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer
**[01:50:32]** like she went to the concert yesterday
> **[on-screen 01:50:34]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:35]** with a indicating that the action
> **[on-screen 01:50:36]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:37]** happened in the past and also having Al
> **[on-screen 01:50:39]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:39]** which means to the again knowing that it's the verb you can also say a sentence like Fiesta we went to see the
> **[on-screen 01:50:43]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Fuimos a ver la fiesta
> **[on-screen 01:50:45]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Fuimos a ver la fiesta We went to see the party
**[01:50:45]** party and this sentence also has the preposition a inside which refers to an action done in the past once again showing that the sentence contains the verb ear the biggest tip that I can give
> **[on-screen 01:50:54]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:50:54]** for telling the difference between said and ear in the past simple is that if you see this conjugation and you don't know which one it is try looking for the
> **[on-screen 01:51:00]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:51:01]** preposition ah after the conjugation if there is an ah with or without an infinitive the verb is IR because there
> **[on-screen 01:51:06]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:51:07]** isn't much of a change from its form in the present now understanding how the
> **[on-screen 01:51:09]**
> ser-tobe (past simple)
**[01:51:10]** verb said works in the past simple is actually a bit more difficult to comprehend due to its variations in the past currently we're working in the past simple also known as the predate and as I said in my previous video Spanish has many variations of the past such as the imperfect conditional and so on however what's important with the verb said is
> **[on-screen 01:51:27]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) ser in the past simple tense is strictly used for describing actions that SPECIFICALLY happened in the past
**[01:51:27]** that it's used in the past simple strictly for describing actions that specifically happened in the past and I'm putting a very big emphasis on the word specifically as I don't want to lie to any of you watching this video I myself struggled with the verb said in the past simple but I can describe it in the easiest way possible you might
> **[on-screen 01:51:42]**
> What ser applies to: 1.Name, nationality, birthplace 2.Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5.When and where are events 6.Time and date
**[01:51:42]** remember me explaining the verb said in one of my previous videos where I described how the verb said works in the present form part of which includes the following applications of said you might be thinking that since these are the uses that are utilized for said in the present form then they all have to be used in the past tense also however since I said that said is used in the past only for situations that were finished specifically and factually this Narrows the field of the verb being used
> **[on-screen 01:52:03]**
> What ser applies to: 1 sonatiterisivtine! Sc 5.When, where, and how events took place GeEioscnancede $s ae
**[01:52:04]** in the past only to when where and how events took place which can also be explained as events that happened or finished in the past suppose we have the
> **[on-screen 01:52:12]**
> ser- tobe (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida
**[01:52:12]** phrase la pelicula Fu AB meaning the
> **[on-screen 01:52:15]**
> ser - to be (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:15]** movie was boring in this case we have the use of Fu which indicates was as in
> **[on-screen 01:52:18]**
> ser - to be (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:20]** the movie was boring since a movie is an event that happened in the past and stayed in the past the act of the sentence remains factual because of how was the movie and since there is the word f in the sentence this shows you how fu is used more than the other conjugations of SE however and this is
> **[on-screen 01:52:35]**
> ser - to be The movie was boring
**[01:52:36]** something that I'll show rather than explain if you take this phrase the movie was boring and plug it into a translator it might give a translation that has the word era while the
> **[on-screen 01:52:44]**
> ser - to be La pelicula era aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:44]** translation of the sentence doesn't go away the meaning is quite wrong about the phrase because era is the imperfect
> **[on-screen 01:52:49]**
> ser - used to be (past imperfect) La pelicula era aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:50]** tense of said of the it pronoun meaning used to be and it's actually a word that's used more often than F but the emphasis of this video is the past simple saying laela ER AB means the
> **[on-screen 01:52:58]**
> ser - used to be (past imperfect) La pelicula era aburrida
> **[on-screen 01:53:00]**
> ser - used to be (past imperfect) La pelicula era aburrida The movie used to be boring
**[01:53:00]** movie used to be boring which logically doesn't make sense which is why F has to
> **[on-screen 01:53:04]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:53:04]** be used indicating how events took place in the past era is used more when it comes down to describing objects and people but it's a topic for a future video in this video I just wanted to
> **[on-screen 01:53:13]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:53:13]** mention that so that you don't get confused about how the use said in the past tense fu is by far the most common
> **[on-screen 01:53:18]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fueron
**[01:53:19]** use of used for the construction it was
> **[on-screen 01:53:23]**
> ser-to be (past simple) Fue dificil hacer la prueba
**[01:53:24]** saying it was difficult to study for the
> **[on-screen 01:53:25]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) Fue dificil hacer la prueba It was difficult to do the test
**[01:53:26]** test which can be said the same in the present tense by simply changing one
> **[on-screen 01:53:30]**
> ser-tobe (present) Es dificil hacer la prueba It is difficult to do the test
**[01:53:31]** word it is difficult to do the test and you can also have simpler sentences which are sentences that I recommend using the most
> **[on-screen 01:53:38]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La fiesta fue en el club
**[01:53:38]** likea meaning the party was in the club
> **[on-screen 01:53:40]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La fiesta fue en el club The party was in the club
**[01:53:41]** which is the easiest sentence that shows how said is used perfectly and logically in the past by acting as an event that took place in the past and stayed in the past in the video I wanted to show how
> **[on-screen 01:53:50]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:53:51]** the verbs sir and ear work in Spanish by having the same syntax in the past simple tense and also being able to tell the difference between them in context of course you can make any sentence that you want using said and IR but the biggest step that I can give in order to tell the difference between them in context is that the verb IR means to go and if you see the preposition ah with or without an infinitive after it then the verb has to be IR alongside the verb said means to be and if you see a sentence that begins with the construction F meaning it was or a sentence that has f in it with an event that's specifically finished in the past then that verb is the verb said in the past if you want to you can even practice on some of my sentences in the video and put them in English in order to see if you got them right and if you did then you did a good job there are

384
docs/spanish-fundamentals/27-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-1.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
# 27. Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 1
- **Time range:** 01:54:32 – 02:01:56 (duration 00:07:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6872s)
---
**[01:54:32]** many types of verbs in Spanish such as
> **[on-screen 01:54:34]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: e Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular
**[01:54:34]** stem changing irregular yo and just irregular verbs in general and in this video I would like to describe every type of them in the past simple form
> **[on-screen 01:54:40]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: e Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular Past simple
**[01:54:41]** even though not every verb will be included in the video because you don't need all of them I will explain all types of verbs in the past for the first video but in the second one I'll f finished what I left off the list will include weird stem changing verbs and irregular yo verbs which I will separate by categories and explain how to use in the past doing so as quickly as I can starting with generic irregular verbs
> **[on-screen 01:54:59]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv)
**[01:55:00]** that have the TUV change in them one of the verbs that falls into this category is Ted which doesn't follow the normal
> **[on-screen 01:55:05]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), tener - to have
**[01:55:06]** conjugation pattern of verbs ending in eer instead of following the syntax of
> **[on-screen 01:55:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) tener - to have teni tenimos teniste | tenisteis tenid | tenieron
**[01:55:10]** normal verbs ending in eer taned decides
> **[on-screen 01:55:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), tener - to have tuve tuvimos tuviste | tuvisteis tuvo tuvieron
**[01:55:12]** to use T as its main stem y means I had to you had l tovo he had and so on I recommend not focusing on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:55:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) tener - to have tuve tu fe] tuvist 4 uviste “tuvis eis A tuvo falac)s
**[01:55:23]** because they're not that useful in conversation and so the other ones are more useful like saying I had a cat or maybe if you want
> **[on-screen 01:55:30]**
> Yo tuve un gato | had a cat
**[01:55:31]** to include an action inside you can
> **[on-screen 01:55:33]**
> Tu tuviste que hacer tu tarea
**[01:55:34]** say meaning you had to do your homework
> **[on-screen 01:55:35]**
> Tu tuviste que hacer tu tarea You had to do your homework
**[01:55:36]** and from there you can make any sentence you want after the verb T there are some verbs that have the word ten in them with different prefix in the beginning such as DET rer and oper and in case you
> **[on-screen 01:55:45]**
> Other Verbs That Change With tuv: e Detener - to stop/halt e Retener - to retain e Contener - to contain e Obtener - to obtain
**[01:55:48]** want to use any of them in the past tense you have to remember to likewise change them with the like you change and with verbs like these it's more useful
> **[on-screen 01:55:56]**
> Other Verbs T ange With tuv: e Dete op/halt e Rete etain e Conten o contain e Obtene obtain
**[01:55:56]** to know them than to use them luckily
> **[on-screen 01:55:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv)
**[01:55:58]** for Spanish there's a very useful verb that similarly uses the ending which is something you don't expect from this verb and that is the verb EST rather
> **[on-screen 01:56:05]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) estar - to be
> **[on-screen 01:56:06]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) estar - to be esté estamos estaste | estasteis esto estaron
**[01:56:06]** than following normal conjugation patterns for verbs ending in a r EST
> **[on-screen 01:56:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), estar - to be estuve | estuvimos estuviste | estuvisteis estuvo | estuvieron
**[01:56:10]** decides to use the ending in all of its pronouns y EST means I was to EST you were El esto he was and so on like with the verb T I recommend not focusing on
> **[on-screen 01:56:20]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), estar - to be estuve | estuvimo v estuviste -estuy steis A estuvo | estuvie
**[01:56:21]** these pronouns because the other ones are more useful one important rule you have to remember with estar in the past is that it's used for things done in the past that stayed in the past in my video
> **[on-screen 01:56:30]**
> What estar applies to: 1. Present progressive 2. Location (spatial relationship) 3. Health, condition, and emotions
**[01:56:30]** about a star I talked about the applications of a star in the present but in the past it basically applies for
> **[on-screen 01:56:35]**
> What estar applies to (in the PAST SIMPLE): SD 2. Location (spatial relationship) Ss
**[01:56:36]** a location more than to anything else I can say a sentence like esto in Madrid I
> **[on-screen 01:56:39]**
> Estoy en Madrid con él | am in Madrid with him
**[01:56:40]** am in Madrid with him but if I want to say this phrase in the past I'd simply say y EST in Madrid because my action
> **[on-screen 01:56:45]**
> Estuve en Madrid con él | was in Madrid with him
**[01:56:47]** was finished in the past meaning that I never returned there and of course you can make any sentence you want but just be careful with using locations in the
> **[on-screen 01:56:54]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv)
**[01:56:54]** past the last verb that follows the U ending is another verb you don't expect
> **[on-screen 01:56:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: ib. (uv) andar - to walk
**[01:56:58]** and that is the verb andar meaning to walk instead of following the normal
> **[on-screen 01:57:01]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv) andar - to walk andé andamos andaste | andasteis ando andaron
**[01:57:01]** conjugation of a r verbs it decides to
> **[on-screen 01:57:03]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv) andar - to walk anduve | anduvimos anduviste | anduvisteis anduvo | anduvieron
**[01:57:03]** use the U ending to indicate an action done in the past with a verb like andar I recommend just knowing the verb rather than using it next up there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:57:11]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus),
**[01:57:12]** that follow a p ending which luckily share the same verb but with different prefixes and that is the verb P instead
> **[on-screen 01:57:17]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus), poner - to put
> **[on-screen 01:57:18]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put poni ponimos poniste | ponisteis ponio ponieron
**[01:57:18]** of following the normal conjug pattern of verbs ending in e r Spanish decides
> **[on-screen 01:57:21]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put puse pusimos pusiste | pusisteis puso pusieron
**[01:57:22]** to change it to P for all pronouns y means I put in the past to you put El he put and so on as always don't
> **[on-screen 01:57:33]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put puse pusimos . V4 pusiste steis A puso pusieron
**[01:57:33]** concentrate on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation if you were to say a sentence in the past using p you can say something
> **[on-screen 01:57:40]**
> Yo puse mi teléfono aqui
**[01:57:40]** like I put my phone here or maybe you
> **[on-screen 01:57:41]**
> Yo puse mi teléfono aqui | put my phone here
**[01:57:43]** can ask a question like don't meaning
> **[on-screen 01:57:45]**
> éDonde pusiste mi camisa?
> **[on-screen 01:57:46]**
> éDonde pusiste mi camisa? Where did you put my shirt?
**[01:57:46]** where did you put my shirt of course you can say any sentence you want using this verb I'm just giving a few examples to demonstrate how to use the verb after P there are many other verbs that follow the P change like prop Dison compon and
> **[on-screen 01:57:57]**
> Other Verbs That Change With pus: e Suponer - to suppose e Proponer - to propose e Disponer - to provide e Componer - to compose e Descomponer - to decompose
**[01:58:00]** Des compon and in case you have to use any of them in the past remember to change them the same way you would change p and with verbs like these I
> **[on-screen 01:58:07]**
> Other Verbs That Change With pus: e Supone ° pose e Propo ito Dpose e Dispone to ovide ¢ Componer- to compose e Descomponer - to decompose
**[01:58:07]** recommend just knowing them rather than using them next up there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:58:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3. (duj)
**[01:58:11]** in and as far as I know there are only three of them in Spanish and they're very useful like conduc truc and produc
> **[on-screen 01:58:17]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3. (duj), conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce
**[01:58:19]** rather than following the pattern of verbs ending in IR Spanish decides to change them in the ending by adding taking the verb cond as an example y means I drove to means you
> **[on-screen 01:58:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3.(duj) conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce conduje | condujimos condujiste | condujisteis condujo | condujeron
**[01:58:31]** drove El means he drove and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 01:58:37]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3.(duj), conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce conduje | condujimos condujiste contujisteis. condujo | condujeron
**[01:58:37]** votos because the sentences that you can make with them are very useful and the same concept applies to all of them whenever you decide to use them in the past any way you want while we're on the category of De there are verbs that have
> **[on-screen 01:58:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij)
**[01:58:48]** an e ending in the past simple meaning
> **[on-screen 01:58:51]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij), decir - to say/tell
**[01:58:51]** to say or to tell instead of following the pattern of ir verbs Spanish gives
> **[on-screen 01:58:54]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij) decir - to say/tell dije dijimos dijiste | dijisteis dijo dijeron
**[01:58:54]** the verb the and change I spoke to you spoke and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing all pronouns except Vos because these pronouns are very useful especially when you incorporate every Spanish concept with them for
> **[on-screen 01:59:09]**
> Yo te dije que voy a estar alli
**[01:59:09]** instance I can say a sentence like meaning I told you that I'm going
> **[on-screen 01:59:13]**
> Yo te dije que voy a estar alli | told you that | am going to be there
**[01:59:14]** to be there or maybe some simpler sentences would be better like El he told me that yesterday or
> **[on-screen 01:59:19]**
> El me dijo eso ayer He told me that yesterday
> **[on-screen 01:59:21]**
> Ellos nos dijeron que ellos estan ahi
**[01:59:21]** maybe they told us that they are there
> **[on-screen 01:59:23]**
> Ellos nos dijeron que ellos estan ahi They told us that they are there
**[01:59:24]** with a verb like you can basically make any sentence you want depending on what you want to say actually there are some
> **[on-screen 01:59:28]**
> Other Verbs That Change With ij: e Predecir - to predict ¢ Contradecir - to contradict
**[01:59:29]** verbs that put a prefix before the like PR and Contra and whenever you want to use these verbs in the past remember to change them like the and as always it's
> **[on-screen 01:59:38]**
> Other Verb nange With ij: e Predec i : dict e Contrade ir o contradict
**[01:59:38]** more useful to know them than to use
> **[on-screen 01:59:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4b. (j) traer - to bring
**[01:59:40]** them at last there's the verb meaning to bring which is actually the last verb to include a in the past simple tense instead of following normal ER verb conjugations the decides to add a in
> **[on-screen 01:59:49]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: Ab. (j) traer - to bring traje trajimos trajiste | trajisteis trajo trajeron
**[01:59:51]** pronoun I brought to you brought and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing it rather than using it next up there is
> **[on-screen 01:59:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic)
**[01:59:59]** the East category which is used through
> **[on-screen 02:00:01]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make
**[02:00:01]** the verb AER instead of following the normal ER pattern a uses an irregular
> **[on-screen 02:00:04]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste | hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:05]** pattern across all pronouns and not only does it do that but it has an irregular
> **[on-screen 02:00:08]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste | hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:09]** word within its irregular pattern for the L pronoun which is ISO meaning he or she did or made the reason Spanish does that is because when say is put before an O it would have a c sound like ELO but the word needs to maintain a sound so it uses Zeta instead with a I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 02:00:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic), hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:28]** Ros because they're useful in conversation for instance a common question that is asked many times is meaning what did you do yesterday and
> **[on-screen 02:00:35]**
> éQué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday?
**[02:00:36]** you can reply with meaning I did my
> **[on-screen 02:00:37]**
> Yo hice mi tarea | did my homework
**[02:00:39]** homework you can also use the verb as to make in a sentence like
> **[on-screen 02:00:43]**
> Nosotros hicimos la cama
**[02:00:43]** no we made the bed or
> **[on-screen 02:00:44]**
> Nosotros hicimos la cama We made the bed
> **[on-screen 02:00:46]**
> Ellos hicieron un pastel para nosotros
**[02:00:47]** maybe they made a a cake for us and of
> **[on-screen 02:00:49]**
> Ellos hicieron un pastel para nosotros They made a cake for us
**[02:00:50]** course you can make any sentence you want using AER there are also the verbs
> **[on-screen 02:00:53]**
> Other Verbs That Change With hic: e Deshacer - to undo/unmake e Rehacer - to redo/remake
**[02:00:55]** and and in case you want to use any of them in the past you have to change them as you would with AER but with these verbs it's more useful to know them than
> **[on-screen 02:01:01]**
> Other Verbs That'\Ghange With hic: e Deshacer ro une o/unmake e Rehacer - to redo/remake
**[02:01:02]** to use them the last category for this
> **[on-screen 02:01:03]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1
**[02:01:04]** video is verbs that have the VIN ending like venir rather than following the
> **[on-screen 02:01:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come
**[02:01:08]** normal pattern or verbs ending in IR
> **[on-screen 02:01:10]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come vine vinimos viniste | vinisteis vino | vinieron
**[02:01:10]** venir changes all of its conjugations in the past yo V I came to V you came and so on I suggest knowing all pronouns
> **[on-screen 02:01:18]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come vine vinimos viniste Vinisteis vino | vinieron
**[02:01:18]** except V because it's a useful verb to know in the past for instance a common question with ven in the past is V meaning from where you came and you can
> **[on-screen 02:01:26]**
> ~De donde viniste? From where you came?
> **[on-screen 02:01:28]**
> Yo vine de mi casa | came from my house
**[02:01:28]** with I came from my house you can also say something
> **[on-screen 02:01:31]**
> Vinimos del concierto por la noche
**[02:01:32]** like we came from the concert at night
> **[on-screen 02:01:34]**
> Vinimos del concierto por la noche We came from the concert at night
> **[on-screen 02:01:36]**
> Ellos vinieron de la escuela
**[02:01:36]** maybe they came from the school and of
> **[on-screen 02:01:38]**
> Ellos vinieron de la escuela They came from the school
**[02:01:39]** course you can make any sentence you want using the verb V in the past and actually there is the verb prevenir
> **[on-screen 02:01:43]**
> Other Verb That Changes With vin: e Prevenir - to prevent
**[02:01:44]** meaning to prevent and in case you want to use it in the past remember to change it like the verb venir and as always it's a verb that's more useful to Know
> **[on-screen 02:01:50]**
> Other Verb Th ges With vin: e Preve I | oO prevent
**[02:01:51]** Than to utilize this has been all types
> **[on-screen 02:01:52]**
> Spanish: All Types of Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense Part1
**[02:01:53]** of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish part one the last category of

347
docs/spanish-fundamentals/28-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-2.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
# 28. Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 2
- **Time range:** 02:01:56 – 02:09:40 (duration 00:07:44)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=7316s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:01:56]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous):
**[02:01:57]** irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish is the category I call miscellaneous meaning that there are verbs that irregularly change their form in the past and that there aren't any other verbs that replicate their form like the verb cab meaning to fit rather
> **[on-screen 02:02:08]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 7. (cup),- only 1 caber - to fit
**[02:02:09]** than following the pattern of verbs ending in e r as far as I know cab is
> **[on-screen 02:02:13]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 7. (cup) - only 1 caber - to fit cupe cupimos cupiste | cupisteis cupo cupieron
**[02:02:13]** the only verb that follows the pattern y I fit to you and so on I recommend knowing this verb rather than using it next up there is the verb which is the
> **[on-screen 02:02:23]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 8. (pud) - only 1 poder - to can pude pudimos pudiste | pudisteis pudo pudieron
**[02:02:24]** only verb that has the pattern in the past y I could toist you could and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 02:02:33]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 8. (pud) - only 1 poder - to can pude pudimos pudiste | purtistéis_ pudo pudieron
**[02:02:33]** Theos because p is a very useful verb in the past tense but one important rule to remember with pod in the past simple is that it's only used for actions that happened in the past and that stayed in the past it's significant to not confuse
> **[on-screen 02:02:44]**
> Don‘t Confuse poder in the Past Participle: | could have + infinitive Yo podria haber + infinitivo
**[02:02:45]** it with a phrase like I could have plus an infinitive because this would be the past participle in Spanish which is a topic for a future video instead you can
> **[on-screen 02:02:52]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Yo pude hablar con él
**[02:02:52]** use in the past simple by saying like I could speak with him or maybe
> **[on-screen 02:02:57]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Yo pude hablar con él | could speak with him
> **[on-screen 02:02:58]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Tu pudiste ir a la fiesta
**[02:02:59]** toest you could go to the party of
> **[on-screen 02:03:00]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Tu pudiste ir a la fiesta You could go to the party
**[02:03:01]** course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with P after there's the verb sa which is the only
> **[on-screen 02:03:06]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 9. (sup) - only 1 saber - to know supe supimos supiste | supisteis supo supieron
**[02:03:07]** verb that uses an pattern y means I knew toist means you knew and so on don't focus on these
> **[on-screen 02:03:15]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 9. (sup) - only 1 saber - to know supe supimo e Vv e supiste eis A supo supie
**[02:03:15]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with sa in the past simple is that it's used in context when it comes down to knowing
> **[on-screen 02:03:22]**
> Saber in the past simple is used for knowing something factually but not necessarily something that you knew how to do
**[02:03:22]** something factually but not necessarily something that you knew how to do in the
> **[on-screen 02:03:26]**
> What saber applies to in the present: 1. Knowing factual information 2. Knowing how to do something
**[02:03:26]** present sa is used for the following applications but in the past simple tense it's used to know something
> **[on-screen 02:03:30]**
> What saber applies to in the past simple: 1. Knowing factual information 2. a:
**[02:03:31]** factual like
> **[on-screen 02:03:32]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego
**[02:03:34]** saying I knew who won the game and in
> **[on-screen 02:03:35]**
> Yo supe quién gan6 el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:36]** the sentence I use Saed in the past by
> **[on-screen 02:03:37]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:38]** factually knowing who won the game along
> **[on-screen 02:03:40]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:40]** with using a regular AR verb for the he she pronoun of course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with sa after sa there's the verb K which is
> **[on-screen 02:03:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 10. (quis) - only 1 querer - to want quise quisimos guisiste | quisisteis quiso | quisieron
**[02:03:48]** which is the only verb that uses aiss pattern Y is I wanted toist is you wanted and so on don't focus on these
> **[on-screen 02:03:56]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 10. (quis) - only 1 querer - to want quise quisimo 4 quisiste teis A quiso isie
**[02:03:57]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with K is that it's used in the past simple for things that you wanted in the past and that stayed in the past like
> **[on-screen 02:04:06]**
> Yo quise jugar contigo
**[02:04:06]** saying I wanted to play with you which
> **[on-screen 02:04:07]**
> Yo quise jugar contigo | wanted to play with you
**[02:04:08]** is an action that I wanted to do and I no longer want to do it I can also say
> **[on-screen 02:04:13]**
> Ella quiso abrir la puerta
**[02:04:14]** like she wanted to open the door because
> **[on-screen 02:04:15]**
> Ella quiso abrir la puerta She wanted to open the door
**[02:04:16]** it's an action that stayed in the past meaning that no longer wants to do it at
> **[on-screen 02:04:20]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give
**[02:04:20]** last in the miscellaneous category there are the verbs V and dar and the easiest way to remember them in the past simple tense is that they literally share the
> **[on-screen 02:04:26]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visteis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:27]** same ending for all pronouns aside from
> **[on-screen 02:04:29]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visteis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:29]** the first letter of every conjugation y v i saw y I gave to V you saw to you gave and so on I recommend focusing on all pronouns except Vos because they're
> **[on-screen 02:04:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visisis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:41]** useful in conversation try some examples on your own y andesta means I saw you at
> **[on-screen 02:04:44]**
> Yo te vi en la fiesta
> **[on-screen 02:04:47]**
> Yo te vi en la fiesta | saw you in the party
**[02:04:47]** the party to V
> **[on-screen 02:04:48]**
> Tu viste mi madre en la casa
> **[on-screen 02:04:51]**
> Tu viste mi madre en la casa You saw my mother in the house
> **[on-screen 02:04:53]**
> El vio cémo yo hice mi tarea
**[02:04:54]** house means he saw how I did my
> **[on-screen 02:04:56]**
> El vio como yo hice mi tarea He saw how | did my homework
**[02:04:58]** homework means I gave you my
> **[on-screen 02:05:00]**
> Yo te di mi lapiz | gave you my pencil
**[02:05:02]** pencil means he gave us the past these
> **[on-screen 02:05:04]**
> El nos dio el pase He gave us the pass
**[02:05:05]** are just some of the examples that you can make with ver and D in the past simple and as always you can say any sentence you want using ver and D now we
> **[on-screen 02:05:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing):
**[02:05:12]** get to the category of stem changing verbs in the past simple the very first thing that I suggest to all of you is to remember that basically all of these stem changing verbs will only apply their stem changing rule for the L and
> **[on-screen 02:05:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS
**[02:05:22]** AOS pronouns all of these verbs are regular verbs that follow normal conjugation patterns across their pronouns except for L and AOS so just remember that the second thing I'll say is that I won't give any examples with any of the following verbs because these are stem changing verbs that you should know more than use considering that the only useful way to utilize them is through the L and AOS pronouns taking a
> **[on-screen 02:05:42]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest
**[02:05:42]** verb like sugar for instance it's a stem changing verb that falls into the a to e
> **[on-screen 02:05:48]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei)
**[02:05:48]** category and it follows the normal
> **[on-screen 02:05:49]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei) sugeri | sugerimos sugeriste | sugeristeis
**[02:05:49]** conjugation pattern of verbs ending in IR except for L and AOS instead of using
> **[on-screen 02:05:52]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei) sugeri | sugerimos sugeriste | sugeristeis sugirio | sugirieron
**[02:05:54]** the stem beginning with e sug decides to use e instead and at the most it's a verb that's more useful to Know Than to utilize generally the same concept applies to the rest of the verbs that I'm about to list going from E to e like
> **[on-screen 02:06:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 13.(mentir) - to lie (ei) menti | mentimos mentiste | mentisteis mintio | mintieron
**[02:06:07]** M which means to lie prefer which means
> **[on-screen 02:06:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 14.(preferir) - to prefer (e>i) preferi | preferimos preferiste| preferisteis prefirio | prefirieron
**[02:06:09]** to prefer SE meaning to follow con
> **[on-screen 02:06:11]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 15.(seguir) - to follow (e>i) segui | seguimos seguiste | seguisteis siguid | siguieron
> **[on-screen 02:06:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 16.(conseguir) - to get (ei) consegui | conseguimos conseguiste | conseguisteis consiguio | consiguieron
**[02:06:12]** meaning to get repe meaning to repeat
> **[on-screen 02:06:14]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 17.(repetir) - to repeat (ei) repeti repetimos repetiste | repetisteis repitio repitieron
> **[on-screen 02:06:15]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 18.(servir) - to serve (e>i) servi servimos serviste servisteis sirvid sirvieron
**[02:06:15]** Ser meaning to serve and ped meaning to ask for all of these verbs are useful to know rather than to use and the only thing you should know about them is that they change their stems from E to e only in the L and AOS pronouns in the past simple tense next up there are stem
> **[on-screen 02:06:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS (ou)
**[02:06:29]** changing verbs going from o to U and as far as I know there are only two of them in Spanish and these are dormir and
> **[on-screen 02:06:35]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE £1 & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou)
**[02:06:36]** meaning to sleep and to die dormir
> **[on-screen 02:06:37]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (o>u) dormi | dormimos dormiste | dormisteis
**[02:06:38]** follows the normal pattern of ir verbs but only changes its stem in the L and
> **[on-screen 02:06:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou) dormi | dormimos dormiste | dormisteis durmio | durmieron
**[02:06:41]** AOS pronouns meaning El he slept and AOS they slept and the same concept applies
> **[on-screen 02:06:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou) mori morimos moriste | moristeis murid murieron
**[02:06:47]** to the verb El is he died and aoson is they died as always these verbs are more useful to Know Than to use the last
> **[on-screen 02:06:55]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS (y + accents)
**[02:06:56]** category of St changing verbs are verbs that have the letter igga and also include Accents in most of their pronouns in order to maintain the sound after having two vowels right next to each other these can be verbs
> **[on-screen 02:07:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, ofr) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents)
**[02:07:07]** like and and as you can see they are the only verbs in Spanish that have two vowels right next to each other so
> **[on-screen 02:07:13]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, oir) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:13]** Spanish decides to put accents on some of their pronouns in the past simple in order to maintain their sound the easiest way to memorize them is to remember that they all share the same
> **[on-screen 02:07:21]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, oir) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:22]** ending but different letters in the
> **[on-screen 02:07:23]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, ofr) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:23]** beginning Y is I believed Y is I read and Y is I heard toist is you believed to Leist is you read and to O is you heard and so on as always it's useful to know these verbs rather than to use them and now we made it to the final category
> **[on-screen 02:07:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun):
**[02:07:41]** of irregular verbs in Spanish which I think is the easiest and that is irregular verbs that are only irregular in the yo pronoun and in the past symbol actually there are three types of them in Spanish known as verbs that end in K
> **[on-screen 02:07:52]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar
**[02:07:53]** G or tar and since there's no point in knowing all verbs in Spanish I'll show one useful verb from each category at first there are the verbs ending in k like practicar and while this verb
> **[on-screen 02:08:02]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar practicar - to practice
> **[on-screen 02:08:03]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar practicar - to practice practicamos practicaste | practicasteis practico | practicaron
**[02:08:03]** follows the normal conjugation pattern for a verbs in the past simple it's only
> **[on-screen 02:08:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar practicar - to practice practique | practicamos practicaste | practicasteis practico | practicaron
**[02:08:07]** irregular in the yo pronoun ending in meaning Yo practi which is I practiced in case you see any other verb ending in k and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to
> **[on-screen 02:08:19]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play
**[02:08:19]** next up there are verbs ending in g like H and while this verb follows the normal
> **[on-screen 02:08:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play jugamos jugaste jugasteis jugo jugaron
**[02:08:23]** conjugation in the past simple it's
> **[on-screen 02:08:25]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play jugue jugamos jugaste jugasteis jugo jugaron
**[02:08:25]** irregular in the Y pronoun ending in GE meaning Yo which is I played in case you see any other verb ending in g and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to G
> **[on-screen 02:08:36]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize
**[02:08:36]** at last there are verbs ending in Zar like organizar which also maintain the
> **[on-screen 02:08:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize organizamos organizaste | organizasteis organizo | organizaron
**[02:08:40]** normal conjugation pattern in the past simple while it's your pronoun is
> **[on-screen 02:08:43]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize organicé | organizamos organizaste | organizasteis organizo | organizaron
**[02:08:44]** irregular ending in meaning your organ which is I organized as as always in case you see any other verb ending in Zar and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to say and this is where all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish come to an end
> **[on-screen 02:08:59]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: ¢ Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular Past simple
**[02:08:59]** throughout both of these videos I demonstrated all types of irregular verbs in Spanish in the past tense in order for all of you to understand what are their types how to use them and when to use them of course knowing all verbs in Spanish is impossible and potentially useless so I decided to exploit the most useful ones and put them in two videos so that you don't have to look up any of them and they're almost all in these videos in case you didn't remember them or forgot some of them you can always go back and find them within the videos not to mention that you probably don't need all of them the point of this idea was to provide a guide to all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish to understand how to use them when you want to and like I always like to say some concepts are more useful to Know Than to use and this video summarizes all of it in a nutshell

294
docs/spanish-fundamentals/29-reflexive-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
# 29. Reflexive Verbs
- **Time range:** 02:09:40 – 02:15:49 (duration 00:06:09)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=7780s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:09:40]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish
**[02:09:40]** reflexive verbs in Spanish are verbs that are applyed to oneself which is
> **[on-screen 02:09:42]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish Verbs that are applied to oneself
**[02:09:43]** typically the definition that most teachers give them however I do not like
> **[on-screen 02:09:46]**
> Refle Verbs panish V re a dtoo lf
**[02:09:46]** this explanation because I have a a different way of expressing reflexive verbs in Spanish making it easier to understand what they mean a different way to look at reflexive verbs in Spanish is that they typically follow a
> **[on-screen 02:09:55]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish Verbs that follow a preposition or some continuation after them
**[02:09:55]** preposition or some continuation the way that they look in Spanish is by having
> **[on-screen 02:09:59]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e bahar e levantar ¢ despertar ¢ dormir e ir ¢ poner ¢ sentar e llamar
**[02:09:59]** any regular verb following the
> **[on-screen 02:10:00]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banharse e levantarse e despertarse e dormirse e irse ¢ ponerse e sentarse e llamarse
**[02:10:00]** continuation say after which is a form
> **[on-screen 02:10:02]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banharse e levantarse seisan ° despertarse indirect ° dormirse object e irse pronoun ¢ ponerse relating to e sentarse oneself e llamarse
**[02:10:02]** of an indirect object pronoun that has to do with oneself I will not explain every reflexive verb in Spanish because you don't need all of them but I will present the most useful ones in Spanish at first I would like to demonstrate how reflexive verbs work in general by showing how one verb works first let's take the verb Lavar as an example this verb in Spanish means to wash but in Spanish the verb to wash doesn't always conclude in its regular form often times when we think of washing something we can sometimes say to wash up if you look
> **[on-screen 02:10:27]**
> Lavar - to wash - to wash up
**[02:10:28]** at the verb in Spanish and compare it to English there isn't really much of a difference but once this verb becomes reflexive we start to see that the meaning is changing laar means to wash but Lavar means to wash up which is a
> **[on-screen 02:10:37]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up
**[02:10:38]** verb that's put in a reflexive form and that's really the closest connection I can give it in English the way that you
> **[on-screen 02:10:43]**
> Reflexive Verbs With Indirect Object Pronouns: me + (conjugated verb) nos + (conjugated verb) te + (conjugated verb) os + (conjugated verb) (Aél ey se + (conjugated verb) se + (conjugated verb) (Aellas)
**[02:10:43]** would use the verb in Spanish is by using indirect object pronouns and putting them before the conjugated verb for for instance saying Yol Lao means I wash as in I wash something that's not related to oneself as in Yolo Co I wash
> **[on-screen 02:10:54]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car
**[02:10:55]** the car however if I were to say Meelo
> **[on-screen 02:10:58]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo
**[02:10:58]** this is where the meaning itself changes because the verb is not wash but rather wash up meaning I wash up something that
> **[on-screen 02:11:04]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo - | wash up
**[02:11:04]** has to do with oneself for instance
> **[on-screen 02:11:06]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo mis manos - | wash up my hands
**[02:11:06]** saying y means I wash the car but saying meos means I wash up my hands in Spanish the verb to wash can change its meaning depending on how the action is used with
> **[on-screen 02:11:17]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo mis manos - | wash up my hands lavar - to wash lavarse - to wash up
**[02:11:17]** laar meaning to was and with meaning to wash up and with the verb getting a preposition when it's logically translated into English in simpler words reflexive verbs in Spanish like these
> **[on-screen 02:11:26]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: ¢ bafarse - to take a bath e levantarse - to get up e despertarse - to wake up e dormirse - to fall asleep ¢ irse - to go away ¢ ponerse - to put down e sentarse - to sit down e llamarse - to call yourself
**[02:11:27]** are verbs that follow a preposition or some continuation when they're put into English and as I said in the beginning that's the closest connection I can give it in English with every verb having its own unique definition if you think it's a difficult Concept in Spanish you'd be surprised to know that in English there are many verbs that f with prepositions and not only are they different their meaning changes indefinitely in English you can have the verb to give but when
> **[on-screen 02:11:47]**
> In English: to give to give off to give up to give in
**[02:11:47]** you start adding prepositions to it the meaning changes through all verbs to give to give off to give up and to give in are verbs that change their meaning once they're put into context and that's only one verb to use not to mention that it's a concept many people who learn English struggle with in Spanish however this concept is easier to understand
> **[on-screen 02:12:03]**
> Normal & Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banhar / banarse e levantar / levantarse e despertar / despertarse e dormir / dormirse e ir/irse ¢ poner / ponerse e sentar / sentarse e llamar / llamarse
**[02:12:03]** because the difference between a regular verb and a reflexive verb in Spanish is the word say in the verb itself which
> **[on-screen 02:12:07]**
> Normal & Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banar / banharse e levantar / levantarse ¢ despertar / despertarse e dormir / dormirse e ir/irse ¢ poner / ponerse ¢ sentar / sentarse e llamar / llamarse
**[02:12:08]** can indicate that it's a verb that has a preposition after it in English laar
> **[on-screen 02:12:12]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up
**[02:12:12]** means to wash but laar means to wash up which logically Works in Spanish but in English it may cause a of confusion we can also say I wash up the car or I wash
> **[on-screen 02:12:20]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash up the car | wash my hands
**[02:12:21]** my hands and while that's normal in
> **[on-screen 02:12:22]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash u e car lwa y hands
**[02:12:23]** English Spanish doesn't allow this idea to work which is why it generates
> **[on-screen 02:12:26]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash the car | wash up my hands
**[02:12:26]** different meanings with every verb
> **[on-screen 02:12:28]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive:
**[02:12:28]** reflexive verbs can also work in the present progressive like saying to
> **[on-screen 02:12:31]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing
**[02:12:31]** estando meaning you are washing and
> **[on-screen 02:12:34]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:35]** meaning you are washing up in the present progressive you can also attach
> **[on-screen 02:12:38]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:38]** the indirect object pronoun to the end of the infinitive itself like saying EST
> **[on-screen 02:12:42]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Estas lavandote - You are washing up
**[02:12:43]** but for Spanish speakers it would be too strange to say which is why most of the time the indirect object pronoun has has
> **[on-screen 02:12:47]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:48]** to be put before a conjugative verb it's the same thing as saying in English you
> **[on-screen 02:12:51]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up You are washing to you
**[02:12:51]** are washing to you which doesn't make
> **[on-screen 02:12:53]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:53]** sense so overall just remember to put indirect object pronouns before conjugated verbs at last reflexive verbs
> **[on-screen 02:12:58]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple:
**[02:12:59]** can also function in the past simple tense like saying El La meaning he
> **[on-screen 02:13:02]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavé - He washed
**[02:13:02]** washed but saying a means he washed up
> **[on-screen 02:13:04]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavé - He washed A élse lavo - He washed up
**[02:13:06]** and we know that it's a he because the construction indicates that and that's
> **[on-screen 02:13:08]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavo - He washed A élse lav6 - He washed up
**[02:13:09]** really how reflexive verbs work in Spanish and I would even say that they're not as hard as people think they are for the sake of learning I'd like to
> **[on-screen 02:13:15]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e bafharse e levantarse e despertarse e dormirse e irse ¢ ponerse e sentarse e llamarse
**[02:13:16]** give all of you useful reflexive verbs so that you can understand how these verbs work at Best because I'm not going to list every verb that exists in Spanish some of the most useful ones in Spanish are B
> **[on-screen 02:13:32]**
> banar - to bathe banarse - to take a bath
**[02:13:34]** a bath saying a sentence like Yano means
> **[on-screen 02:13:36]**
> banar - to bathe banarse - to take a bath Yo bano - | bathe Me bano - I take a bath
**[02:13:37]** I bathe but saying Meo means I take a bath of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want whether it's using a different object pronoun putting it in the present progressive or past simple tense leant say is a verb
> **[on-screen 02:13:47]**
> levantar - to lift/raise levantarse - to lift up/get up
**[02:13:48]** that's easier to understand because leant means to lift or to raise but leant means to lift up or get up to
> **[on-screen 02:13:55]**
> levantar - to lift/raise levantarse - to lift up/get up Tu levantaste - You lifted Te levantaste - You got up
**[02:13:55]** leaste means you lifted but taste means you got up of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want desper
> **[on-screen 02:14:02]**
> despertar - to arouse/awake despertarse - to wake up
**[02:14:03]** means to arouse or to awake but Des means to wake up desperto means he
> **[on-screen 02:14:07]**
> despertar - to arouse/awake despertarse - to wake up El desperto - He aroused A él se desperto - He woke up
**[02:14:09]** butto means he woke up d means to sleep
> **[on-screen 02:14:12]**
> dormir - to sleep dormirse - to fall asleep
**[02:14:13]** but means to fall asleep I really hope that you're starting to get the hang of it now because most of the these reflexive verbs are verbs that are used in the past simple tense of course you can make any sentence you want using is
> **[on-screen 02:14:24]**
> ir- to go irse - to g0 away/leave
**[02:14:24]** a very interesting one because means to go but means to go away or to leave
> **[on-screen 02:14:29]**
> ir- to go irse - to go away/leave Yo voy - 1 go Me voy - I go away / I leave
**[02:14:29]** saying y means I go but saying Meo means I go away or I leave and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use p means to put
> **[on-screen 02:14:37]**
> poner - to put ponerse - to put down
**[02:14:38]** but P say means to put down but let's not forget that it's an irregular y verb yongo means I put but me Pongo means I
> **[on-screen 02:14:43]**
> poner - to put ponerse - to put down Yo pongo - I put Me pongo - | put down
**[02:14:46]** put down and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use
> **[on-screen 02:14:49]**
> sentar - to sit sentarse - to sit down
**[02:14:49]** S is actually a reflexive verb that's also stem changing s means to sit but means to sit down yento means I said but
> **[on-screen 02:14:56]**
> sentar - to sit sentarse - to sit down Yo siento - | sit Me siento - | sit down
**[02:14:58]** meso means I said down and the last most useful reflexive verb is actually a verb that many beginners heard of but never understood and that is yamar while yamar
> **[on-screen 02:15:05]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself
**[02:15:06]** means to call as in to call someone by phone yamar means to call oneself or yourself in this case because it's a verb that has to do with oneself the most used sentence that everyone has heard of isas meaning how how do you
> **[on-screen 02:15:16]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo te llamas?
> **[on-screen 02:15:18]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo te llamas? How do you call yourself?
**[02:15:18]** call yourself while koyas can mean how
> **[on-screen 02:15:19]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo llamas? How do you call?
**[02:15:20]** do you call as in how do you call your favorite person or whatever komas means
> **[on-screen 02:15:23]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo te llamas? How do you call yourself?
**[02:15:24]** how do you call yourself which is a fancy way of saying what's your name you can reply by saying May Alex or whatever
> **[on-screen 02:15:29]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo Alex | call myself Alex
**[02:15:30]** your name is a lot of beginners would tend to say something like May s Alex or
> **[on-screen 02:15:34]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo es Alex Yo llamo Alex
**[02:15:35]** yoy Alex and when you put these sentences in English you'll get I call
> **[on-screen 02:15:38]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo es Alex Yo llamo Alex I call myself is Alex I call Alex
**[02:15:38]** myself as Alex or I call Alex and these are incorrect responses to the question
> **[on-screen 02:15:42]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself M oe =)4 Yo lex I call is Alex LA
**[02:15:43]** komas and now you hopefully understand what this phrase finally means along with how reflexive verbs work in Spanish

139
docs/spanish-fundamentals/30-reciprocal-reflexive-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
# 30. Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
- **Time range:** 02:15:49 – 02:18:31 (duration 00:02:42)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8149s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:15:49]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
**[02:15:49]** reciprocal reflexive verbs in Spanish is
> **[on-screen 02:15:51]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs Verbs that reciprocate an action between 2 or more subjects (to each other/one another)
**[02:15:51]** the English version of verbs that reciprocate subjects that involve two or more people as in each other or one another while reflexive verbs Express a verb that is followed by a preposition reciprocal reflexives always tend to have two or more subjects when you think
> **[on-screen 02:16:03]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) me nos te os se se
**[02:16:03]** about it in both English and Spanish we refer to each other whenever we speak of two or more subjects so we logically
> **[on-screen 02:16:08]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) e nos os se se
**[02:16:08]** don't need the singular pronouns and so we only have to work with the plural pronouns reciprocal reflexives in Spanish Express an action that's reciprocated between two or more people and they work similarly to regular reflexives the way that reciprocal reflexives work is by using indirect object pronouns but in this context we
> **[on-screen 02:16:24]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) :
**[02:16:24]** only need the plural ones like No And SE which are the most used ones in Spanish the way that you would use it in Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:16:30]**
> ayudarse - to help each other
**[02:16:30]** is by having a verb that can be used with one another like AUD which is a common verb used for this context meaning to help each other since we're only working with pronouns like Nos and SE every example in the video will utilize the we and they pronouns if I were to use this verb and say something like noos AUD the meaning would be be we
> **[on-screen 02:16:46]**
> ayudarse - to help each other Nosotros ayudamos
> **[on-screen 02:16:48]**
> ayudarse - to help each other Nosotros ayudamos We help
**[02:16:48]** help however if we want to reciprocate the action we would say no a meaning we
> **[on-screen 02:16:51]**
> ayudarse - to help each other Nos ayudamos We help each other
**[02:16:53]** help each other and it doesn't get any more difficult than this the same concept can be applied to se when we know who the subjects are using the verb
> **[on-screen 02:16:59]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other
**[02:16:59]** abar meaning to hug each other I can say
> **[on-screen 02:17:02]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other Ellos abrazan They hug
**[02:17:02]** AOS Aban meaning they hug but saying AOS
> **[on-screen 02:17:05]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other Ellos se abrazan They hug each other
**[02:17:05]** Aban means they hug each other just like regular reflexive verbs reciprocal reflexives can function like any other verb both in the present progressive in the past simple saying a sentence like
> **[on-screen 02:17:14]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Present Progressive: Estamos escuchando We are listening
**[02:17:14]** EST es means we are listening but no
> **[on-screen 02:17:17]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Present Progressive: Nos estamos escuchando We are listening to each other
**[02:17:18]** es means we are listening to each other likewise I can say
> **[on-screen 02:17:22]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Past Simple: John y yo conocimos John and | knew
**[02:17:22]** jimos which means JN and I knew but saying J noos means JN and I knew each
> **[on-screen 02:17:26]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Past Simple: John y yo nos conocimos John and | knew each other
**[02:17:28]** other even though the topic of reciprocal reflexives isn't that well known it does have a useful application in many sentences and some of the most
> **[on-screen 02:17:35]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse e Encontrarse e Verse
**[02:17:35]** useful reciprocal reflexes are Sal and the biggest tip that I can give to remember reciprocal reflexes is that whenever you see say after a verb it
> **[on-screen 02:17:43]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse e Encontrarse e Verse
**[02:17:44]** always means that the verb has a preposition or a continuation after it in this case Salud and cont and ver all have their definitions but they gain a
> **[on-screen 02:17:52]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse - to greet e Encontrarse - to encounter e Verse - to see
**[02:17:53]** different definition once say is inside
> **[on-screen 02:17:54]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse - to greet each other e Encontrarse - to encounter each other e Verse - to see each other
**[02:17:55]** the verb if you really want to you can technically use any verb in Spanish and make it reciprocal as long as the context makes sense with the inclusion of two or more people for instance
> **[on-screen 02:18:03]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos saludaron
**[02:18:04]** saying a sentence like Los Amigos Salon means the friends greeted but if you
> **[on-screen 02:18:07]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos saludaron The friends greeted
**[02:18:08]** were to say Los Amigos say Salon this
> **[on-screen 02:18:09]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos se saludaron The friends greeted each other
**[02:18:10]** would mean the friends greeted each other similarly you can use two verbs in one sentence
> **[on-screen 02:18:15]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos
**[02:18:16]** like know vimos meaning we encountered
> **[on-screen 02:18:19]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:19]** each other in the cinema when we saw each other and in this context we know that encontr is in the past because
> **[on-screen 02:18:23]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:24]** vimos is in the past form too and as
> **[on-screen 02:18:25]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:26]** always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using reciprocal reflexives in Spanish the imperfect

287
docs/spanish-fundamentals/31-imperfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
# 31. Imperfect Tense
- **Time range:** 02:18:31 – 02:25:22 (duration 00:06:51)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8311s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:18:31]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish
**[02:18:32]** tense in Spanish is a form of the past tense used to indicate actions that used
> **[on-screen 02:18:34]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish Actions that used to happen or were happening in the past
**[02:18:35]** to happen or were happening in the past what makes this tense the easiest to memorize in Spanish is that it's only
> **[on-screen 02:18:41]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish: Actions that used to happen or were happening in the past 1). Modified 2 Ways - ar verbs & er/ir verbs 2). Only has 3 irregular conjugation patterns
**[02:18:41]** modifyed two ways without having any irregular y verbs or stem changing patterns aside from three completely irregular ones however it's important to
> **[on-screen 02:18:48]**
> Don’t Confuse the Past Simple with the Past Imperfect
**[02:18:48]** not confuse the past imperfect with the past simple because the two of them generate different meanings in context
> **[on-screen 02:18:53]**
> Past Simple Actions that simply happened
**[02:18:53]** in my video where I talked about the past simple tense included examples of actions that simply happened in the past hence the name past simple the imperfect
> **[on-screen 02:19:00]**
> Past Imperfect An action that used to happen or was happening
**[02:19:00]** also known as the past imperfect is a tense that has two explanations meaning used to happen or was happening in the past and I'm putting a big emphasis on the meaning was happening because it's more of an accurate translation once it's put in English and it's the definition that most teachers don't talk about as I said again the past imperfect tense is the simplest one in Spanish because it only has two conjugation patterns with a r and e r/ i verbs let's
> **[on-screen 02:19:22]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba | abamos abas | abais aba aban
**[02:19:22]** start with verbs ending in a r to conjugate this verb in the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and you get ABA for two you get abas for L you also get ABA and it's the same ending as with
> **[on-screen 02:19:32]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba abamos abas abais aba aban
**[02:19:33]** the Y pronoun so you can only tell the difference between them in context for
> **[on-screen 02:19:36]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba | abamos abas | abais aba aban
**[02:19:36]** noos you get abamos and we have to put an accent on the first a because we have to maintain the sound of the word for Vos you get ab and for AOS you get Aban
> **[on-screen 02:19:45]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabamos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | hablaban
**[02:19:45]** let's take the verb abl as an example how would you conjugate it in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take abl drop the ending and get yo abla and
> **[on-screen 02:19:53]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:19:53]** this phrase means I used to speak or I was speaking and I'll actually get to
> **[on-screen 02:19:56]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:19:57]** this structure later in the video for two you get aabas for L you get abla and
> **[on-screen 02:19:59]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabamos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | hablaban
**[02:20:02]** you have to put the pronoun before the verb to not confuse it with Y for noos you get AOS and AOS try not concentrating on
> **[on-screen 02:20:10]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabafnos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | Hablab
**[02:20:11]** these pronouns because they're the least used ones in conversation if anything you should only know how to conjugate them and the best thing about this conjugation pattern is that it's the same across every AR verb there is in Spanish there is no ST changing irregular y verbs which makes the imperfect tense very convenient and it's the same thing with verbs ending in e r and IR however they have a different
> **[on-screen 02:20:28]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs: ia jamos ias iais ia ian
**[02:20:29]** pattern than a verbs but both e r and ir verbs share the same pattern for the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and put for two you putas for L you also get and don't confuse it with the your pronoun in context for noos you getos Vos and AOS taking the verbs and as
> **[on-screen 02:20:48]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): comia | comiamos comias | comiais comia | comian
**[02:20:49]** examples how would you conjugate the verb K in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take drop the ending and put the ending so you get yo meaning I used
> **[on-screen 02:20:58]**
> Yocomia | used to eat | was eating
**[02:20:59]** to eat or I was eating I was eating is
> **[on-screen 02:21:00]**
> Yo comia | used to eat | was eating
**[02:21:01]** more of an accurate definition and I'll get to that later for to you getas you
> **[on-screen 02:21:04]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): comia | comiamos comias | comiais comia | comian
**[02:21:05]** used to eat or you were eating for El you get for noos you get andos and now you simply replicate
> **[on-screen 02:21:14]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): vivia viviamos vivias | viviais vivia vivian
**[02:21:15]** the same idea with the verb VI as always
> **[on-screen 02:21:17]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): vivia viviamos e r v vivias viv Is A vivia via
**[02:21:17]** try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation as I said before there is no stem changing irregular yo pronouns or any irregular exceptions with verbs ending in e and IR however there's only
> **[on-screen 02:21:27]**
> Irregulars in the Imperfect: e Ir- To go e Ver - Tosee e Ser - To be (factually)
**[02:21:28]** three completely irregular verbs in the imperfect which are very useful and those are ver and S because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with any of them I recommend just memorizing their patterns in the imperfect for you
> **[on-screen 02:21:39]**
> Ir- To go (imperfect): iba ibamos ibas ibais iba iban
**[02:21:39]** get yo I used to go or I was going to ibas Elba and so on as always don't
> **[on-screen 02:21:45]**
> Ir- To go (imperfect): iba ibamos Vv ibas bi Ss A iba iba
**[02:21:45]** focus on these pronouns for you get I
> **[on-screen 02:21:47]**
> Ver - To see (imperfect): veia veiamos veias veiais veia veian
**[02:21:49]** used to see or I was seeing two and so on as always don't focus on
> **[on-screen 02:21:54]**
> Ver - To see (imperfect): veia ve| amos \ 4 veias vel s A veia eia
**[02:21:54]** these pronouns at last you have the verb
> **[on-screen 02:21:56]**
> Ser - To be (imperfect): era éramos eras erais era eran
**[02:21:59]** is and so on the verb however is used in a very different way in the imperfect than in the past simple said in the past
> **[on-screen 02:22:05]**
> Ser inthe Ser in the past past simple: imperfect:
**[02:22:06]** simple describes things that
> **[on-screen 02:22:07]**
> Ser inthe Ser in the past past simple: imperfect: Describes things that happened and finished in the past, specifically when, where, and how events took place
**[02:22:07]** specifically happened in the past and that were finished in the past mainly speaking of when where and how events took place however said in the imperfect changes its meaning by applying to
> **[on-screen 02:22:16]**
> Ser in the Ser in the past past simple: imperfect: Describes things that Things that used to happened and finished happen or were in the past, specifically happening in the past when, where, and how events took place
**[02:22:17]** things that used to happen or were happening in the past so it's important to not confuse the past simple and past imperfect saying a sentence like Yu Bonito would imply that I was beautiful
> **[on-screen 02:22:26]**
> Yo fui bonito | was beautiful
> **[on-screen 02:22:27]**
> Yo fui bonito | was beautiful ata SPECIFIC TIME
**[02:22:27]** at a specific time in the past which logically doesn't make sense on the other hand saying y erab Bonito means I
> **[on-screen 02:22:32]**
> Yo fui bonito Yo era bonito | was beautiful ata SPECIFIC TIME
> **[on-screen 02:22:33]**
> Yo fui bonito Yo era bonito A l used to be beautiful I was beautiful ata which wasn’t something SPECI FIC Tl M E that specifically happened but rather a trait that was happening in the past
**[02:22:33]** used to be beautiful indicating that it wasn't something that specifically happened but rather a trait that was happening in the past that's the difference between said in the past simple and past imperfect which is a topic that's difficult to understand but the best tip that I can give for understanding said in the imperf perfect is that it means used to be in the past
> **[on-screen 02:22:48]**
> Ser in the imperfect means USED TO BE in the past
**[02:22:49]** and its most common uses are ones that have to do with people for instance saying a sentence like to isud means you
> **[on-screen 02:22:56]**
> Tu eras estudiante You were/used to be astudent
**[02:22:56]** were as in you used to be a student and you're no longer a student now erapid means he was as in he used to be fast
> **[on-screen 02:23:02]**
> El era rapido He was/used to be fast
**[02:23:03]** but he's no longer fast now hopefully I'm making this concept as easy as possible overall this is everything you should know about the imperfect tense but there's still one concept that I need to mention to fully explain the imperfect and it's something that has to do with the verb estar in the beginning
> **[on-screen 02:23:16]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:23:16]** of the video I talked about phrases like yo ABA which means I used to speak or I was speaking visually looking at this phrase it sort of makes sense that the phrase would be I used to speak but
> **[on-screen 02:23:25]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:23:25]** let's not forget that the imperfect tense also applies to things that were happening in the past looking at the
> **[on-screen 02:23:30]**
> Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:30]** phrase I was speaking we can see that there's a form of the present progressive in the imperfect due to the construction was with ing while it can
> **[on-screen 02:23:36]**
> Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:38]** mean I used to speak yo abla signifies I was speaking rather than I used to speak and the only way to understand this concept is through the verb estar by far
> **[on-screen 02:23:46]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive)
**[02:23:46]** the most useful use ful application of estar in the imperfect is the present progressive saying a sentence like yoa
> **[on-screen 02:23:52]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive) Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:52]** can mean I was speaking but another way to write this using the present progressive is y EST derived from the
> **[on-screen 02:23:57]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive) Yo estaba hablando | was speaking
**[02:23:58]** verb EST and looking at this phrase it makes more sense to use this construction than simply saying yo abla to put it into simpler words yo abla means I was speaking and it can be written as yo esta and it doesn't get more difficult than this some of you
> **[on-screen 02:24:11]**
> Yo estuve hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:11]** might think to use AAR from the past simple by saying y but this would be an
> **[on-screen 02:24:16]**
> Yo esteie hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:16]** incorrect use of estar because the
> **[on-screen 02:24:18]**
> Yo este hablando | was speaking The present progressive is continuous, meaning that it’s happening, and so the imperfect is needed for estar in the present progressive
**[02:24:18]** present progressive is an action that's always continuous even in the past because it's a continuous action meaning that it's happening the imperfect is needed for estan in the present progressive instead of saying y EST we need to say y EST because the action is
> **[on-screen 02:24:31]**
> Yo estaba hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:32]** continuous and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say for
> **[on-screen 02:24:36]**
> Tu caminabas cada dia
**[02:24:36]** instance saying a sentence like can mean you used to walk every day
> **[on-screen 02:24:40]**
> Tu caminabas cada dia You used to walk every day You were walking every day
**[02:24:41]** or you were walking every day and another way to write this is to
> **[on-screen 02:24:44]**
> Tu estabas caminando cada dia Tu caminabas cada dia You used to walk every day You were walking every day
**[02:24:45]** estas saying a sentence
> **[on-screen 02:24:47]**
> El comia por las mafanas
**[02:24:48]** like means he used to eat or he was
> **[on-screen 02:24:50]**
> El comia por las mafhanas He used to eat in the mornings He was eating in the mornings
**[02:24:51]** eating in the mornings and another way to write this
> **[on-screen 02:24:55]**
> El estaba comiendo por las mafanas El comia por las mahanas He used to eat in the mornings He was eating in the mornings
**[02:24:55]** is saying a sentence like means I used to go to the school or
> **[on-screen 02:25:00]**
> Yo ibaa la escuela | used to go to the school | was going to the school
**[02:25:01]** I was going to the school and with the verb there is no way to rewrite the sentence because doesn't have a form in the present progressive saying a
> **[on-screen 02:25:08]**
> Tu estabas muy feliz
**[02:25:09]** like means you used to be very happy and
> **[on-screen 02:25:10]**
> Tu estabas muy feliz You used to be very happy You were very happy
**[02:25:12]** with the verb estar this would be a correct way to use it because estar in the imperfect has the same appliations as in the present so there isn't really much of a change aside from the way you would use it in the present progressive

151
docs/spanish-fundamentals/32-stressed-possessive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
# 32. Stressed Possessive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 02:25:22 – 02:27:59 (duration 00:02:37)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8722s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:25:22]**
> Stressed Possessive Adjectives
**[02:25:22]** stress possessed adjectives in Spanish indicate to whom a possess object
> **[on-screen 02:25:24]**
> Stressed Possessive Adjectives Indicate to whom a possessed object belongs
**[02:25:25]** belongs I already made a video about
> **[on-screen 02:25:26]**
> Possessive Adjectives Explained In 3 Minutes
**[02:25:26]** this topic talking about normal possessive adjectives such as my your
> **[on-screen 02:25:29]**
> English Possessive Adjectives: my our your y'all's his/her/its | their
**[02:25:30]** his her our y'alls and there but stress possessive adjectives are adjectives that indicate to whom something belongs in English these can be mine yours his
> **[on-screen 02:25:37]**
> English Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mine ours yours y’all’s his/hers/its| theirs
**[02:25:39]** or hers ours Ys and theirs and they can be used in sentences like the computer
> **[on-screen 02:25:44]**
> The computer is mine
**[02:25:44]** is mine or the computer of mine which
> **[on-screen 02:25:45]**
> The computer is mine The computer of mine
**[02:25:46]** similar ly applies to the rest of the adjectives in Spanish just like regular
> **[on-screen 02:25:49]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:25:49]** possessive adjectives stressed ones have gender and plurality with every adjective having a gender depending on the number of objects that you're referring to to say mine in Spanish the word has to be mo with an accent if it's masculine or Mia if it's feminine to say yours the word is tuo masculine and tuya feminine to say ours or Ys the form of the possessive adjective actually stays
> **[on-screen 02:26:11]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:26:11]** the same as the regular possessive adjective which makes Spanish more convenient so you can only tell the difference between them in context the words suo masculine and suya feminine
> **[on-screen 02:26:18]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:26:20]** can mean his hers or theirs and so you
> **[on-screen 02:26:21]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a (of his, of hers, of theirs)
**[02:26:23]** can only tell the difference between them in context in case you need to pluralize any of them you simply put an essay after every adjective saying a
> **[on-screen 02:26:28]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/as_ | nuestro/as tuyo/as | vuestro/as suyo/as | suyo/as
**[02:26:29]** sentence like a Lio is would mean the
> **[on-screen 02:26:32]**
> El libro es mio The book is mine
**[02:26:32]** book is mine with the ending of the
> **[on-screen 02:26:33]**
> El libro es mio The book is mine
**[02:26:34]** adjective matching the gender of the noun but another way to say this would be a Libro meaning the book of mine
> **[on-screen 02:26:38]**
> El libro mio The book of mine
**[02:26:39]** which still makes sense but it's not that useful conversationally instead you can use these adjectives when talking about people like Joan is amig meaning
> **[on-screen 02:26:46]**
> John es un amigo mio
**[02:26:47]** John is a friend of mine and the same
> **[on-screen 02:26:48]**
> John es un amigo mio John is a friend of mine
**[02:26:49]** principle applies to any phrase you want to say saying something like Laut would
> **[on-screen 02:26:54]**
> La computadora tuya The computer of yours
**[02:26:54]** mean the computer of yours with the ending of the adjective matching the
> **[on-screen 02:26:56]**
> La computadora tuya The computer of yours
**[02:26:57]** gender of the noun saying something like
> **[on-screen 02:26:59]**
> La clase nuestra The class of ours
**[02:26:59]** La clra would mean the class of ours again matching the gender and in case you want to pluralize it you can Sayes
> **[on-screen 02:27:05]**
> Las clases nuestras The classes of ours
**[02:27:05]** noas meaning the classes of ours because
> **[on-screen 02:27:08]**
> suyo/a(s) of his, of hers, of theirs
**[02:27:08]** Su suya suos and suas can have more than one meaning you can avoid the confusion by specifying who the subject pronoun is for instance saying El suo would mean
> **[on-screen 02:27:18]**
> El teclado suyo The keyboard of
**[02:27:18]** the keyboard of but because suo has multiple meanings we need to specify the subject in context by saying something like El meaning the keyboard of his
> **[on-screen 02:27:24]**
> El teclado de él The keyboard of his
**[02:27:26]** because we know that L refers to a masculine his we can now change the sentence to ELO which would still mean
> **[on-screen 02:27:31]**
> El teclado de él El teclado suyo The keyboard of his
**[02:27:32]** the keyboard of his and the same idea applies to any subject that you want to use but keep in mind gender and plurality one thing to note with
> **[on-screen 02:27:38]**
> Stressed possessive adjectives can also function with the same meaning as regular possessive adjectives
**[02:27:38]** stressed possessive adjectives is that they can also function with the same meaning as regular possessive adjectives like saying to quaderno which means your
> **[on-screen 02:27:45]**
> Tu cuaderno Your notebook
**[02:27:46]** notebook but this phrase can also be Rewritten while keeping its meaning like saying El and now this sentence means
> **[on-screen 02:27:50]**
> El cuaderno tuyo Your notebook
**[02:27:52]** both your notebook and the notebook of
> **[on-screen 02:27:54]**
> El cuaderno tuyo Your notebook The notebook of yours
**[02:27:55]** yours and the same idea applies to any other sentence you want to say using these adjectives POR in Spanish means by

350
docs/spanish-fundamentals/33-por-para.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
# 33. “Por” & “Para”
- **Time range:** 02:27:59 – 02:34:12 (duration 00:06:13)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8879s)
---
**[02:28:00]** or through and para means four sometimes
> **[on-screen 02:28:02]**
> por para by/through for
**[02:28:03]** the two prepositions have the same meaning but are used in different
> **[on-screen 02:28:06]**
> por para by/through for
**[02:28:06]** situations so you cannot use them interchangeably in this video I'd like to explain all the differences between them and how to use them in what context
> **[on-screen 02:28:13]**
> movement time action por para
**[02:28:13]** mainly speaking of movement time and action which both Po and Para but in different circumstances starting with
> **[on-screen 02:28:18]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement):
**[02:28:18]** the first usage of por this preposition can literally mean by or through which involves movement but it's used as other prepositions when it comes down to the duration of an event or a reason for a circumstance for instance you can use po when speaking of the preposition by or
> **[on-screen 02:28:33]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement): Yo fui por el parque
**[02:28:33]** like which literally means I went by or
> **[on-screen 02:28:36]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement): Yo fui por el parque | went by/through the park
**[02:28:36]** through the park which logically makes sense both in English and Spanish however saying a sentence like YOLO isos
> **[on-screen 02:28:42]**
> Yo lo hice por dos horas
**[02:28:43]** oras indicates I did it for 2 hours with
> **[on-screen 02:28:44]**
> Yo lo hice por dos horas | did it for two hours
**[02:28:46]** po acting as the preposition for in English and it is tricky to understand the best tip that I can give to understand this better is instead of thinking of the sentence in English you can logically think of por as something that's used for a duration or during
> **[on-screen 02:28:57]**
> 2). por > during (duration) Yo lo hice por dos horas | did it for two hours
**[02:28:57]** something which leads to the second use of por instead of saying I did it for 2 hours we can think of it as I did it during 2 hours which demonstrates the
> **[on-screen 02:29:04]**
> 2). por > during (duration) Yo lo hice por dos horas I did it during two hours
**[02:29:05]** use of a duration through the preposition por which is why por is used it is tricky to understand but that's the closest connection I can give it in English another way to use po is for a
> **[on-screen 02:29:13]**
> 3). por (a reason of action)
**[02:29:14]** reason of action like in the sentence y
> **[on-screen 02:29:16]**
> 3). por (a reason of action) Yo llegué tarde a la casa por el trafico
> **[on-screen 02:29:20]**
> 3). por (a reason of action) Yo llegué tarde a la casa por el trafico | arrived late to the house because of the traffic
**[02:29:21]** because of the traffic and in this context PO is used as the preposition
> **[on-screen 02:29:25]**
> 3). por > because of (a reason of action) Yo llegué tarde a la casa por el trafico | arrived late to the house because of the traffic
**[02:29:25]** because of because there's a reason of the action done in the sentence and that's the closest connection I can give it now to get more precise with po we
> **[on-screen 02:29:30]**
> 1). por » by/through (movement) 2). por > during (duration) 3). por » because of (a reason of action)
**[02:29:31]** have to take a look at movement time and action a bit more specifically aside from these categories P can also be used in topics like in the search for and
> **[on-screen 02:29:39]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement) 2). por > during (duration) 3). por > because of (a reason of action) 4). por > in search of 5). por > an exchange 6). por > units of measurement 7). por > idiomatic expressions
**[02:29:39]** exchange units of measurement and idiomatic expressions for instance
> **[on-screen 02:29:43]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz
**[02:29:44]** yapis indicates that I went for my
> **[on-screen 02:29:46]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz | went for my pencil
**[02:29:47]** pencil which visually doesn't make sense in English with the preposition for but another way to look at the sentence is I went in search of my pencil which is why
> **[on-screen 02:29:53]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz | went in search of my pencil
**[02:29:55]** po has to be used in this context
> **[on-screen 02:29:57]**
> 5). por (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto
**[02:29:57]** another example can be an exchange like in the sentence meaning I gave you money for
> **[on-screen 02:30:02]**
> 5). por (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto | gave you money for the ticket
**[02:30:03]** the ticket once again po functions as the preposition for in English but another way to say the sentence is I gave you money in exchange for the
> **[on-screen 02:30:10]**
> 5). por > in exchange for (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto | gave you money in exchange for the ticket
**[02:30:10]** ticket with the words in exchange for all meaning Po in Spanish even though it's hard to understand that's the closest connection I can give it can
> **[on-screen 02:30:17]**
> 6). por (units of measurement)
**[02:30:17]** also be used for units of measurement
> **[on-screen 02:30:20]**
> 6). por (units of measurement) Yo conducia 120 kilometros por hora
**[02:30:21]** like K which means I was driving 120 km
> **[on-screen 02:30:24]**
> 6). por (units of measurement) Yo conducia 120 kil6metros por hora | was driving 120 kilometers per hour
**[02:30:26]** per hour with por acting as the preposition per even though it's not a useful sentence it does make sense for use of por at last p is also used for
> **[on-screen 02:30:32]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions)
**[02:30:33]** idiomatic expressions like pemp and P
> **[on-screen 02:30:35]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions) Por ejemplo Por fin
**[02:30:37]** which mean for example and at last and
> **[on-screen 02:30:38]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions) Por ejemplo Por fin For example At last
**[02:30:39]** you have the prepositions for and at which don't really make sense in English but once again that's how por functions with movement time and action in in
> **[on-screen 02:30:46]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of por: 1). Movement > by/through 2). Duration > during 3). Action > because of
**[02:30:46]** summary P applies to these circumstances but the critical part to remember is that it applies to past or current
> **[on-screen 02:30:51]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of por: 1). Past/Current Movement > by/through 2). Past/Current Duration > during 3). Past/Current Action > because of
**[02:30:52]** movement time and action with more examples on the way B specifically indicates things like a general motion
> **[on-screen 02:30:57]**
> por 1). Movement - General motion (by/through) Yo iba por la clase | was going by/through the class
**[02:30:58]** like by or through a duration of action
> **[on-screen 02:30:59]**
> por 2). Duration (of an action) (during) Yo estuve en Las Vegas por un mes | was in Las Vegas for/during a month
**[02:31:00]** as enduring a reason for an action like
> **[on-screen 02:31:01]**
> por 3). Action - (A reason for it) (because of) Ella lo hizo por su familia She did it because of her family
**[02:31:02]** because of an object of a search as in
> **[on-screen 02:31:03]**
> por 4). Object of a search (in search of) El fue por su teléfono He went for/in search of his phone
**[02:31:05]** search of an exchange like in exchange
> **[on-screen 02:31:06]**
> por 5). An exchange/substitution (in exchange for) Yo lo di por tu libro I gave it for/in exchange for your book
**[02:31:07]** for units of measurement as in per an
> **[on-screen 02:31:08]**
> por 6). Units of measurement. (per) 2 litros por botella 2 liters per bottle
**[02:31:09]** idiomatic phrases like these ones that's
> **[on-screen 02:31:10]**
> por 7). Idiomatic expressions
> **[on-screen 02:31:11]**
> por 7). Idiomatic expressions por aqui - around here por eso - that is why por ejemplo - for example por fin - at last
**[02:31:11]** how por functions in Spanish para on the other hand literally translates as for but sometimes functions like other prepositions just like Po para also
> **[on-screen 02:31:19]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement 2). Time 3). Action
**[02:31:20]** applies to movement time and action but in these cases para indicates an event in the future or a purpose for an event
> **[on-screen 02:31:25]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
> **[on-screen 02:31:27]**
> 1). para (movement) Yo salgo para Las Vegas el lunes
**[02:31:27]** for instance saying a sentence like Y lasas El Lunes means I leave for Las
> **[on-screen 02:31:32]**
> 1). para > for (movement) Yo salgo para Las Vegas el lunes | leave for Las Vegas on Monday
**[02:31:32]** Vegas on Monday indicating a destination that I'm going to reach which is an event that's going to happen in the future however saying something like YOLO Voya said means I'm going to do it
> **[on-screen 02:31:40]**
> Yo lo voy a hacer para el viernes
> **[on-screen 02:31:42]**
> Yo lo voy a hacer para el viernes I’m going to do it by Friday
**[02:31:43]** by Friday and in this tricky context the
> **[on-screen 02:31:45]**
> 2). para > by/for/on (deadline) Yo lo voy a hacer para el viernes I’m going to do it by Friday
**[02:31:45]** word para Acts as the preposition by in English which doesn't make sense but it does function as a deadline in the future which is why para is used another way to look at the sentence is I'm going to do it on Friday with para acting as the preposition on which still indicates a deadline in the future at last para
> **[on-screen 02:32:01]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it)
**[02:32:01]** can also demonstrate a purpose for an action like in the
> **[on-screen 02:32:05]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor
**[02:32:06]** sentence meaning I study Spanish to be a
> **[on-screen 02:32:07]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor | study Spanish to be a teacher
**[02:32:08]** teacher even though there's completely no preposition in the sentence by saying I study Spanish to be a teacher what we're trying to say is I study Spanish in order to be a teacher with para
> **[on-screen 02:32:16]**
> 3). Action > in order to (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor | study Spanish in order to be a teacher
**[02:32:17]** acting as a purpose of the action literally meaning in order to this sentence can also be written the opposite way
> **[on-screen 02:32:24]**
> 3). Action ~ in order to (A reason for it) Para ser profesor, yo estudio espanol
**[02:32:24]** Prof in order to be a teacher I study
> **[on-screen 02:32:26]**
> 3). Action ~ in order to (A reason for it) Para ser profesor, yo estudio espanol In order to be a teacher, | study Spanish
**[02:32:27]** Spanish I believe that this is the easiest form of para to remember because para in this context will always come before a verb indicating in order to and that's the closest connection I can give it however para has other uses that are more logical than por once you put the context into English still falling into
> **[on-screen 02:32:42]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
**[02:32:42]** the category of movement time and action P can be used for being the recipient of
> **[on-screen 02:32:46]**
> The Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future 4). Recipient of something 5). Comparison with others 6). In the employment of
**[02:32:47]** something a comparison with others and in the employment of for instance saying
> **[on-screen 02:32:50]**
> 4). para > for (recipient of something) Este regalo es para él
**[02:32:51]** something like estal means this gift is
> **[on-screen 02:32:54]**
> 4). para > for (recipient of something) Este regalo es para él This gift is for him
**[02:32:54]** for him with him acting as the recipient of the phrase which is why para is used as for saying something
> **[on-screen 02:32:59]**
> 5). para > for (comparison with others) Para mi, esta leccion es facil
**[02:33:01]** like means for me this lesson is easy
> **[on-screen 02:33:02]**
> 5). para > for (comparison with others) Para mi, esta leccion es facil For me, this lesson is easy
**[02:33:03]** comparing the lesson with myself and in this context para is also used as for in English at last you can also use par in
> **[on-screen 02:33:09]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of)
**[02:33:10]** the employment of such
> **[on-screen 02:33:12]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of) Ella trabaja para Telecom
**[02:33:12]** Asel meaning she works for Telecom and
> **[on-screen 02:33:14]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of) Ella trabaja para Telecom She works for Telecom
**[02:33:15]** once again para is used as for in summary para applies to movement time
> **[on-screen 02:33:18]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
**[02:33:19]** and action but what's important to remember is that it applies to events that will happen in the future like
> **[on-screen 02:33:24]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement (destinations) - in the future 2). Time (deadlines) - in the future 3). Action (purposes) - in the future
**[02:33:24]** destinations deadlines and purposes along with recipients of something
> **[on-screen 02:33:27]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement (destinations) - in the future 2). Time (deadlines) - in the future 3). Action (purposes) - in the future 4). Recipients of something 5). Comparisons 6). Employment
**[02:33:28]** comparisons and employment overall The
> **[on-screen 02:33:30]**
> por |movement] para time =p action Ga
**[02:33:30]** crucial part to remember about Po and para is that they both apply for movement time and action while sharing different circumstances in each category po May apply to a general motion the
> **[on-screen 02:33:38]**
> por |movement] para time op action al 1. General motion 2. Duration of an event 3. Areason for action
**[02:33:39]** duration of an event and the reason for an action including ideas like an object
> **[on-screen 02:33:43]**
> por movement para time ae action «= 1. General motion 2. Duration of an event 3. Areason for action 4. Object of a search 5. An exchange 6. Units of measurement 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:43]** of a search an exchange units of measurement an idiomatic statements par also applies to movement time and action but mainly speaks of events in the
> **[on-screen 02:33:51]**
> por movement para time ep action @ 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. A reason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 5. An exchange 6. Units of measurement 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:51]** future like destinations deadlines and purposes while having recipients of
> **[on-screen 02:33:54]**
> por movement para time = action ga 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. A reason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:54]** something comparisons and employment the biggest tip that I can give to understand when to use por and when to use para is to always remember that por is used more for movement time and action in the past but para is used more
> **[on-screen 02:34:05]**
> past por movement para time =p action (= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:34:06]** for movement time and action in the
> **[on-screen 02:34:08]**
> past future por movement para time => action «= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:34:08]** future and as always these are the closest connections I can give them in English comparatives and superlatives in

207
docs/spanish-fundamentals/34-comparatives-superlatives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
# 34. Comparatives & Superlatives
- **Time range:** 02:34:12 – 02:39:27 (duration 00:05:15)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9252s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:34:12]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives Explain the differences between people and things
**[02:34:13]** Spanish explain the differences between people and things in English there's a
> **[on-screen 02:34:17]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young ~ younger > youngest
**[02:34:17]** very simple system on how to use these ideas correctly but there are a few
> **[on-screen 02:34:20]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young > younger > youngest good > better > best bad > worse ~ worst less > least more > most
**[02:34:20]** exceptions that make the language sound better in Spanish understanding how these ideas work can be a bit tricky but I'll try to explain them as easily as possible before fully knowing comparatives and superlatives you have to know that Spanish actually doesn't
> **[on-screen 02:34:32]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Spanish does NOT have a notion of adding letters, so it relies on the words mas & menos (more & less)
**[02:34:32]** have a notion of adding letters at the end of simple words like in English so it relies on the words mass and Menos meaning more or less to express its phrases make sure that you focus on these words because you will see them in almost every sentence as an example the
> **[on-screen 02:34:45]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena
**[02:34:47]** means this class is small but its
> **[on-screen 02:34:48]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena This class is small
**[02:34:49]** comparative version is different in Spanish in English we say the class is
> **[on-screen 02:34:53]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is smaller
**[02:34:53]** smaller by adding the letters e r to simple words but Spanish does not have the system instead it decides to use the word mass meaning more to justify the meaning by putting it before the adjective so the sentence would be is
> **[on-screen 02:35:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is smaller
**[02:35:06]** meaning this class is more small while
> **[on-screen 02:35:08]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is more small
**[02:35:08]** this is logical in Spanish it feels weird to say more small in English because English simply adds letters to the end of regular adjectives nonetheless it's still possible to say the phrase as it is this class is more small which is literally and Visually how the sentence Works in Spanish the
> **[on-screen 02:35:23]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish:
**[02:35:23]** superlative version on the other hand is actually a bit more complex because it adds an article to justify the claim both in English and Spanish the sentence
> **[on-screen 02:35:31]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest
**[02:35:31]** this class is the smallest contains an EST at the end of the adjective and the article the that specifies that this class is in fact the smallest similarly this is how the sentence Works in Spanish which only changes the meaning of one word the sentence in Spanish would be EST is l meaning this class is
> **[on-screen 02:35:45]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest Esta clase es la mas pequena
> **[on-screen 02:35:48]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the most small Esta clase es !a mas pequenha
**[02:35:48]** the most small while this makes sense in Spanish it again seems odd to say the most small because English combines the words nevertheless it's still possible to say this phrase as it is this class is the most small with the word mus acting as the word most unlike more from the previous phrase even though it's unusual to see phrases like more small and the most small this is how Spanish defines comparatives and superlatives English decides to combine the phrases into one word rather than keeping them in their form so there's really nothing difficult about this concept once you visually see it in English as a matter of fact it's easier to understand this concept once you start using less to express an inferior quality saying
> **[on-screen 02:36:24]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small
**[02:36:24]** something like this class is less small and this class is the least small is visually how the sentences work in
> **[on-screen 02:36:30]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequena Esta clase es la menos pequenha
**[02:36:30]** Spanish is and isos is literally how the phrases work in English the only difference is that in the first sentence menos means less and in the second L
> **[on-screen 02:36:39]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequeha Esta clase es la menos pequenha
**[02:36:41]** menos means the least an easy way to remember this is if you see an article before maso Menos they would mean most or least if there isn't an article Mas omos simply mean more or less as always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using M or menos an even easier
> **[on-screen 02:36:56]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive
**[02:36:56]** way to understand this concept is by using words that do not combine themselves this shirt is expensive in Spanish is esta esar the sentence say
> **[on-screen 02:37:03]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive Esta camisa es cara
> **[on-screen 02:37:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/least expensive
**[02:37:05]** this shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive work even comparably to Spanish because the word expensive isn't a word that combines itself we don't say expensive or expensivest because the sound of the words would be too bad so that's the reason why English decides to use words like more most less or least
> **[on-screen 02:37:24]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es la mas/menos cara
**[02:37:24]** esta isos and esta isos literally and Visually mean this
> **[on-screen 02:37:29]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es |a mas/menos cara
**[02:37:30]** shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive and that is as difficult as it gets as always it's up to you to use comparatives and superlatives to say any sentence you want at last there's one
> **[on-screen 02:37:42]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish:
**[02:37:42]** final concept to know with comparatives and superlatives and there somewhat similar to the concept in English being
> **[on-screen 02:37:47]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular)
**[02:37:47]** irregular comparatives and superlatives that have to do with words like Bueno
> **[on-screen 02:37:51]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) ¢ bueno/a - good e malo/a - bad e joven - young ¢ viejo/a - old
**[02:37:51]** Buena Malo Mala Hoven which is a neutral adjective and vi vi which mean good bad young and old as far as I know these are the only irregular qualities used to describe something as inferior or Superior in English saying something
> **[on-screen 02:38:04]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good
**[02:38:05]** like this lesson is good would be a simple sentence but the word changes to Better In the comparative form and the
> **[on-screen 02:38:09]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better
**[02:38:10]** best in the superlative and it's the
> **[on-screen 02:38:11]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better This lesson is the best
**[02:38:12]** same idea of the word bad being worse and worst span likewise has this concept but it's a bit more irregular saying EST
> **[on-screen 02:38:18]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena
**[02:38:20]** bu would be a simple sentence but the comparative version would
> **[on-screen 02:38:23]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena Esta lecci6n es mejor
**[02:38:24]** be meaning this lesson is better similarly having an irregular change like in English in the superlative form the sentence would be EST is Lor with an
> **[on-screen 02:38:31]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccién es buena Esta leccion es mejor Esta leccion es la mejor
**[02:38:33]** article indicating this but in this context the word meor means best rather than better from the previous phrase a tip that I can give here is that if you see an article before mahor the word would mean the best if there isn't an article mahor simply means best and it's
> **[on-screen 02:38:46]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) ¢ bueno/a - good e malo/a - bad e joven - young ¢ viejo/a - old
**[02:38:46]** the same irregular concept for Malo Mal and saying something like Malo means
> **[on-screen 02:38:50]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo
**[02:38:53]** this book is bad saying EST es means
> **[on-screen 02:38:54]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor
**[02:38:55]** this book is worse and saying
> **[on-screen 02:38:57]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor Este libro es el peor
**[02:38:57]** EST means this book is the worst similarly it's the same concept with meaning young and meaning old saying El
> **[on-screen 02:39:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven
**[02:39:06]** is means the kid is Young saying El
> **[on-screen 02:39:08]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven El niho es menor
**[02:39:09]** means the kid is younger and
> **[on-screen 02:39:11]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifhio es joven El nifio es menor El nifo es el menor
**[02:39:11]** saying means the kid is the youngest
> **[on-screen 02:39:14]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja
**[02:39:14]** saying means means she is old saying a
> **[on-screen 02:39:17]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor
**[02:39:17]** mayor means she's older and saying a LA
> **[on-screen 02:39:19]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor Ella es la mayor
**[02:39:20]** mayor means she is the oldest of course
> **[on-screen 02:39:22]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) bueno/a | mejor | el/lamejor malo/a = el/la peor joven el/la menor viejo/a | mayor | el/lamayor
**[02:39:22]** it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using irregular comparatives and superlatives in Spanish there are

243
docs/spanish-fundamentals/35-how-negatives-work.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
# 35. How Negatives Work
- **Time range:** 02:39:27 – 02:43:50 (duration 00:04:23)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9567s)
---
**[02:39:27]** many negative forms in Spanish that sometimes work similarly to English and sometimes don't in this video I'd like to explain how negatives work in the language starting from basic words and sentences all the way to how they use them properly first there are some
> **[on-screen 02:39:38]**
> Indefinite: Negative:
**[02:39:39]** indefinite and negative words you should know in Spanish like these ones these
> **[on-screen 02:39:41]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither
> **[on-screen 02:39:42]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:42]** words refer to people and things but not specifically algo means means something alen means someone alun means any and it's the only word that has gender and
> **[on-screen 02:39:50]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:51]** plurality along with the negative version too c means always anden means
> **[on-screen 02:39:53]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:56]** also the negative words are NADA meaning nothing NAD meaning no one ningun meaning not any Nuna meaning never and TCO meaning neither even though I will not use all of these words they're still very useful to know at first in English we can have simple sentences with negatives like I do not speak French or
> **[on-screen 02:40:12]**
> In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian
**[02:40:13]** he does not speak Italian in Spanish we have to use the word no by placing it
> **[on-screen 02:40:16]**
> In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian ate)
**[02:40:17]** before a verb
> **[on-screen 02:40:18]**
> In Spanish: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian Yo no hablo francés El no habla italiano
**[02:40:23]** and the response is negative the use of two negative words can be used like asking can you come today v o if the
> **[on-screen 02:40:28]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today?
> **[on-screen 02:40:29]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy?
**[02:40:29]** response is negative I can say no I
> **[on-screen 02:40:31]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today
**[02:40:32]** cannot come today with two negatives in
> **[on-screen 02:40:33]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today
**[02:40:34]** the sentence in Spanish the idea works the same way if the response is negative I can say no y no comparing the phrase
> **[on-screen 02:40:39]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy
**[02:40:41]** to English the only difference is that
> **[on-screen 02:40:42]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy
**[02:40:42]** the word not is placed after can but no is is placed before PUO because Spanish places negatives before verbs all the time we can also ask something like did you go to the store and the answer can
> **[on-screen 02:40:51]**
> Did you go to the store?
**[02:40:52]** be no I did not go to the store in
> **[on-screen 02:40:53]**
> Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store
**[02:40:54]** Spanish the idea works the same
> **[on-screen 02:40:57]**
> Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store éFuiste a la tienda? No, yo no fui a la tienda
**[02:40:59]** no as always you can make any sentence you want using simple negatives in Spanish but it doesn't stop here negative words can be used in many different ways in Spanish as opposed to English in English you can say things
> **[on-screen 02:41:10]**
> In English: Nobody eats She never runs
**[02:41:10]** like nobody eats and she never runs and in Spanish there are many ways you can change these sentences you can
> **[on-screen 02:41:16]**
> In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre
**[02:41:17]** say which is visually more logical but unlike English Spanish can contain two
> **[on-screen 02:41:21]**
> In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre Unlike English, Spanish can contain two or more negative words
**[02:41:21]** or more negative words especially when a sentence begins with a negative idea with the full sentence being negative I
> **[on-screen 02:41:27]**
> | do not eat anything
**[02:41:27]** can say I do not eat anything with the word not before eat and with the word anything being indefinite in the sentence in Spanish the sentence would
> **[on-screen 02:41:35]**
> | do not eat anything Yo no como nada
**[02:41:35]** be Y no meaning I do not eat anything but as you can see Spanish has a double negative with the word NADA which means
> **[on-screen 02:41:41]**
> | do not eat anything Yo no como nada (nothing)
**[02:41:42]** nothing the sentence would visually be I do not eat nothing even though the sentence makes sense in Spanish it doesn't make sense in English because English doesn't allow double negatives nonetheless that's how negatives work in Spanish and we can make any sentence we want how would you say the sentence I do
> **[on-screen 02:41:55]**
> | do not see anything
**[02:41:56]** not see anything in Spanish Y noada how
> **[on-screen 02:41:58]**
> | do not see anything Yo no veo nada
> **[on-screen 02:41:59]**
> You never eat anything
**[02:41:59]** would you say you never eat
> **[on-screen 02:42:01]**
> You never eat anything Tu nunca comes nada
**[02:42:02]** anything how would you say he does not
> **[on-screen 02:42:03]**
> He does not know anything
> **[on-screen 02:42:05]**
> He does not know anything El no sabe nada
**[02:42:05]** anything that's how negatives work in Spanish at last there are two concepts that need more explanation involving alen and NAD meaning someone and no one
> **[on-screen 02:42:12]**
> alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any
**[02:42:14]** and alun and meaning any or not any because they indicate people alen and N have to use
> **[on-screen 02:42:19]**
> alguien - someone nadie - no one When speaking about people, alguien & nadie have to use the personal a which is used before the words
**[02:42:20]** the personal a which is used before the words for instance I can ask did you see
> **[on-screen 02:42:23]**
> Did you see someone?
**[02:42:24]** someone and you can reply with no I did
> **[on-screen 02:42:26]**
> Did you see someone? No, I did not see someone
**[02:42:26]** not see someone in Spanish whenever you ask about people you will have to include the personal a like saying V and you can reply with no Y and as you can
> **[on-screen 02:42:34]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie
**[02:42:36]** see the personal a is placed both in the
> **[on-screen 02:42:37]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie
**[02:42:38]** question and answer additionally Nadia
> **[on-screen 02:42:40]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie (no one)
**[02:42:40]** indicates no one which is a third negative in the sentence which is impossible in English but logic iCal in Spanish of course you have to watch out for these ideas finally there are the
> **[on-screen 02:42:48]**
> algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any
**[02:42:49]** words alun and nun which mean any or not any and they're the most complicated negatives in Spanish mainly because they're the only ones that have gender and plurality however using them in context is not that complicated especially when you know what the context is asking something
> **[on-screen 02:43:02]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui?
**[02:43:03]** like means do you have any book here if
> **[on-screen 02:43:05]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here?
**[02:43:06]** you reply with a negative the word has to match the gender and plurality if there is one so the answer in Spanish would be
> **[on-screen 02:43:12]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, I do not have any book here
**[02:43:13]** no no I do not have any book here again having nun as a third negative in case
> **[on-screen 02:43:17]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, | do not have any book here
**[02:43:18]** we want to pluralize the sentence we can ask alak meaning do you have some or any
> **[on-screen 02:43:21]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here?
**[02:43:24]** books here and the reply can be
> **[on-screen 02:43:26]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, I do not have any books here
**[02:43:27]** no meaning no I do not have any books here in Spanish you have three negatives
> **[on-screen 02:43:31]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, | do not have any books here
**[02:43:32]** but English does not allow it one final example can be
> **[on-screen 02:43:35]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui?
**[02:43:35]** Kos meaning are you familiar with any
> **[on-screen 02:43:37]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here?
**[02:43:38]** store around here and you can reply with
> **[on-screen 02:43:40]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna
**[02:43:40]** no y kosuna meaning no I am not familiar
> **[on-screen 02:43:42]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna No, | am not familiar with any
**[02:43:43]** with any as always you can make any sentence you want using negatives in Spanish and hopefully after this video you understand how negatives work in the
> **[on-screen 02:43:49]**
> Spanish: How Negatives Work In The Language

349
docs/spanish-fundamentals/36-familiar-t-commands.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
# 36. Familiar Tú Commands
- **Time range:** 02:43:50 – 02:50:50 (duration 00:07:00)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9830s)
---
**[02:43:50]** language familiar two commands in
> **[on-screen 02:43:51]**
> Familiar Tu Commands
**[02:43:52]** Spanish is a singular informal way to
> **[on-screen 02:43:53]**
> Familiar Ta Commands A singular informal way to tell someone what to do when you speak to them
**[02:43:54]** tell someone what to do when you speak to them in English this concept is very simple because it doesn't matter what verb we use its form in the infinitive will always stay the same saying you speak can mean one thing but saying Speak can generate a command and it's the same form with any verb in English
> **[on-screen 02:44:09]**
> Eat your food! Tie your shoes! Look up! Get up! Leave now!
**[02:44:09]** like eat your food tie your shoes look up get up leave now and so on the reason why it's easy in English is because the Comm and always stays in the same form
> **[on-screen 02:44:15]**
> Eat your food! Tie your shoes! Look up! Get up! Leave now!
**[02:44:16]** as the infinitive Spanish however modifies these words both in the affirmative and negative two commands without needing the pronoun two regular
> **[on-screen 02:44:23]**
> -ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is a/e an/en
**[02:44:23]** a r e r and i verbs will keep their form as a two command by taking the L AA form
> **[on-screen 02:44:28]**
> -ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is — an/en
**[02:44:29]** from the present simple for instance
> **[on-screen 02:44:31]**
> él habla > he speaks
**[02:44:31]** saying means he speaks but simply saying
> **[on-screen 02:44:34]**
> él habla > he speaks jHabla! > Speak!
**[02:44:34]** abah means speak as in I'm giving you a command to speak now similarly we can use an ER verb like com saying something
> **[on-screen 02:44:42]**
> Comer - To eat jCome tu comida! Eat your food!
**[02:44:42]** likea meaning eat your food without needing to put the pronoun to in the beginning we can also use an IR verb like and say something
> **[on-screen 02:44:50]**
> Abrir - To open Abre la puerta por favor Open the door please
**[02:44:50]** like meaning open the door please and the same concept applies to any other regular verb that you want to use in the affirmative command however there are some irregular affirmative to commands
> **[on-screen 02:44:58]**
> Irregular Affirmative Commands:
> **[on-screen 02:45:00]**
> Irregular Affirmative Commands: ¢ Ver (to see) - ;Ve! > See! e Ir (to go) - ;Ve! > Go! * Decir (to say/tell) - ;Di! > Say/Tell! e Ser (to be) - ;Sé! > Be! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jHaz! > Do/Make! ¢ Poner (to put) - jPon! > Put! ¢ Salir (to leave) - jSal! > Leave! ¢ Tener (to have) - jTen! > Have! ¢ Venir (to come) - ;Ven! > Come!
**[02:45:06]** is to just memorize these commands because there is no pattern to follow with any of
> **[on-screen 02:45:10]**
> Pon tu teléfono en la mesa
**[02:45:10]** them means put the phone on the table
> **[on-screen 02:45:12]**
> Pon tu teléfono en la mesa Put your phone on the table
**[02:45:13]** means do your homework Sala means leave
> **[on-screen 02:45:14]**
> Haz tu tarea Do your homework
**[02:45:16]** now VES means come if you can this is
> **[on-screen 02:45:18]**
> Ven si puedes Come if you can
**[02:45:19]** how irregular commands work in the affirmative at last there are the verbs
> **[on-screen 02:45:22]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go)
**[02:45:23]** ver and which have the same pattern so
> **[on-screen 02:45:24]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve
**[02:45:25]** you can only tell their difference in context a tip that I can give is if you
> **[on-screen 02:45:28]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve If you see the preposition a after ve, the verb has to be ir
**[02:45:28]** see the preposition a after the verb has to be as in go to the school if you
> **[on-screen 02:45:32]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve Ve ala escuela - Go to the school
**[02:45:34]** don't see a preposition after the verb is as in see that movie of course you can say any command that you want using regular and irregular verbs in the affirmative form now under understanding
> **[on-screen 02:45:44]**
> Negative Tu Commands:
**[02:45:45]** how two commands work in the negative form can be tricky but there is one pattern to follow in case you get confused in the negative form ar verbs
> **[on-screen 02:45:52]**
> Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: no + (verb) + es
**[02:45:52]** will drop their ending and get the ending s along with the word no in the
> **[on-screen 02:45:56]**
> Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: no+(verb)+es no+(verb) +as
**[02:45:56]** beginning for e r and ir verbs you drop the ending and put the ending us along with no in the beginning for instance
> **[on-screen 02:46:02]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now!
**[02:46:02]** saying a a means speak now in the affirmative form but how would you say this command in the negative form You
> **[on-screen 02:46:08]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo!
**[02:46:08]** Begin by saying no you take a drop the
> **[on-screen 02:46:09]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hablar!
> **[on-screen 02:46:10]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo habl!
**[02:46:10]** ending and put the ending s so you get
> **[on-screen 02:46:11]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables!
**[02:46:12]** no aess don't speak and the same idea
> **[on-screen 02:46:13]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables! - Don’t Speak!
**[02:46:15]** works for any regular AR verb you want to use for e and ir verbs like com and
> **[on-screen 02:46:18]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open!
**[02:46:20]** ab You Begin by saying no take com and drop the endings and put the ending as so you get no commas and no abas meaning
> **[on-screen 02:46:27]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! jNo abras!
**[02:46:28]** don't eat and don't open and the same
> **[on-screen 02:46:29]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! - Don’t eat! jNo abras! - Don’t open!
**[02:46:30]** idea applies to any other regular e and IR verb you want to use the negative form of two commands actually doesn't stop here because there's a lot of
> **[on-screen 02:46:37]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:46:38]** irregular verbs that change their form once they become negative including
> **[on-screen 02:46:41]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) Irregular “Yo” verbs Verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar Irregular verbs in general
**[02:46:41]** irregular y verbs verbs that end in K G and SAR and regular verbs in general
> **[on-screen 02:46:46]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) ° Decir (to say/tell) ¢ Hacer (to do/make) © Poner (to put) ° Salir (to leave) ¢ Traer (to bring) ¢ Venir (to come) ° Ver (to see)
**[02:46:52]** that is being irregular in the Y form
> **[on-screen 02:46:53]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Conducir (to drive) - conduzco ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - digo ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - hago ¢ Poner (to put) - pongo * Salir (to leave) - salgo ¢ Traer (to bring) - traigo ¢ Venir (to come) - vengo ° Ver (to see) - veo
**[02:46:54]** and the way that you would use them in the negative command is by taking their y form from the present dropping their vows from the end and adding the ending
> **[on-screen 02:47:00]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) - ;jNo conduzcas! ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - jNo digas! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jNo hagas! ¢ Poner (to put) - jNo pongas! Salir (to leave) - jNo salgas! ¢ Traer (to bring) - jNo traigas! ¢ Venir (to come) - jNo vengas! © Ver (to see) - jNo veas!
**[02:47:01]** us so it would look like this no kusas don't drive no digas don't tell or don't say no AAS don't do or don't make no pongas don't put no Salas don't leave no Trias don't bring no vengas don't come and no veas don't see inevitably there's other irregular y verbs in Spanish that have to be modified like these ones but it is not necessary to know all of them as long as they know the useful ones
> **[on-screen 02:47:26]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:47:26]** after irregular yo verbs there are verbs ending in k g and S and these verbs have a spelling change in the negative two commands like prac and organizar while
> **[on-screen 02:47:33]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar e Jugar e Organizar
**[02:47:35]** they keep their forms in the affirmative these verbs change their spellings in the negative like practicar which becomes no practi don't practice having
> **[on-screen 02:47:41]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar e Organizar
**[02:47:43]** an s ending as with with any AR verb in the negative form hugar becomes no
> **[on-screen 02:47:48]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar
**[02:47:49]** meaning don't play and it's a stem changing verb that changes its stem as
> **[on-screen 02:47:51]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar important Note: Stem-changing verbs will keep their stem-changing rule in both the affirmative and negative commands
**[02:47:52]** with any stem changing verb in both the affirmative and negative forms and
> **[on-screen 02:47:56]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! e Organizar - jNo organices!
**[02:47:56]** finally organ which becomes no organes don't organize at last there are General
> **[on-screen 02:48:00]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:48:01]** irregular verbs in the negative
> **[on-screen 02:48:04]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) ¢ Ser (to be) e Estar (to be) e Ir (to go) e Saber (to know)
**[02:48:04]** like and if you want to put them in the negative form they will look like this
> **[on-screen 02:48:08]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) - jNo des! e Ser (to be) - jNo seas! e Estar (to be) - jNo estés! e Ir (to go) - jNo vayas! e Saber (to know) - jNo sepas!
**[02:48:08]** and the best tip that I can give is to memorize these forms because there is no pattern to follow with them of course you can say any command you want using irregular negative commands in Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:48:17]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs:
**[02:48:17]** an interesting concept with these commands is that they can be combined with direct and indirect object pronouns one of the most useful phrases with two commands involves the verb the meaning
> **[on-screen 02:48:25]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell
**[02:48:26]** to say or to tell saying d means tell
> **[on-screen 02:48:27]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell!
**[02:48:29]** and saying noas means don't tell we can combine these words using direct and indirect object pronouns like saying
> **[on-screen 02:48:35]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! Tell me! Tell me it!
**[02:48:35]** tell me or tell me it in Spanish the affirmative form would be di meaning
> **[on-screen 02:48:39]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! Tell me it!
**[02:48:39]** tell me which combines the words together and saying tell me it would be Deo with an Accent on D because we have
> **[on-screen 02:48:44]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! j;Dimelo! Tell me it!
**[02:48:46]** to maintain the sound due to the amount of syllables in the word Deo in the negative form instead of attaching the pronouns to the verb we have to separate
> **[on-screen 02:48:53]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! j;Dime! - Tell me! iNo me digas! - Don’t tell me! jDimelo! Tell me it! iNo me lo digas! - Don’t tell me it!
**[02:48:53]** them by putting them before the verb so the phrases would be nigas meaning don't tell me and nigas meaning don't tell me it that's how direct and indirect object pronouns work with two commands we can
> **[on-screen 02:49:04]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it!
**[02:49:04]** say Pono meaning put it and in the negative form the sentence would be noas
> **[on-screen 02:49:09]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it! jNo lo pongas! > Don’t put it!
**[02:49:09]** don't put it saying ven means come to me
> **[on-screen 02:49:10]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jVenme! > Come to me!
**[02:49:12]** and in the negative form the phrase is
> **[on-screen 02:49:14]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jiVenme! > Come to me! jNo me vengas! > Don’t come to me!
**[02:49:14]** no don't come to me like I always say there are millions of sentences that you can make with them and it's up to you to say any sentence that you want one last
> **[on-screen 02:49:22]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs:
**[02:49:22]** concept to note with two commands is reflexive verbs which are verbs that follow a preposition and within two commands they function slightly differently than any of the previous verbs we've seen so far taking the verb
> **[on-screen 02:49:31]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up
**[02:49:32]** leant meaning to get up this verb in the affirmative command will be leant and as
> **[on-screen 02:49:36]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:36]** you can see the first part of the word
> **[on-screen 02:49:37]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:38]** takes the correct form of affirmative commands having an accent to keep the
> **[on-screen 02:49:42]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:42]** sound but includes the at the end of the word in order to signify that it's a reflexive verb leant on its own would be
> **[on-screen 02:49:47]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up! jLevanta! - Lift/Raise!
**[02:49:48]** a command for Lift or raise and leant means get up or lift up in the negative form we take the pronoun and put it before the verb without forgetting to change the verb in the end so that it matches its negative form not meaning
> **[on-screen 02:50:00]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jNo te levantes! - Don’t get up!
**[02:50:01]** don't get up here's another phrase d
> **[on-screen 02:50:02]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep
**[02:50:04]** means to fall asleep it ends in ir and it's also stem changing how would you say this verb in the affirmative two command the verb would be with being the
> **[on-screen 02:50:10]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep!
**[02:50:12]** stem change an accent on E to keep the sound and T at the end which signifies the verb as reflexive and as a side note
> **[on-screen 02:50:19]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! important Note: Reflexive verbs that are used within tu commands will always use the pronoun “te” because they refer to the “tu” pronoun
**[02:50:19]** reflexive verbs that are used within two commands will always use the pronoun te because we're giving commands to you hence to te is a pronoun from to which is why it's always used finally how
> **[on-screen 02:50:29]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep!
**[02:50:29]** would you say this verb in the negative command not with coming before the verb
> **[on-screen 02:50:32]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! jNo te duermas! - Don’t fall asleep!
**[02:50:35]** being the stem change and the ending as which corresponds in the negative form with verbs ending in IR that's how reflexive verbs work in the affirmative and negative commands and if you want to you you can even include direct and indirect object pronouns with them as long as the context makes sense noos

321
docs/spanish-fundamentals/37-nosotros-commands.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
# 37. Nosotros Commands
- **Time range:** 02:50:50 – 02:57:26 (duration 00:06:36)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10250s)
---
**[02:50:50]** commands in Spanish is the English
> **[on-screen 02:50:51]**
> Nosotros Commands Let’s
**[02:50:52]** version of Let's Do Something mainly emphasizing the we pronoun in English
> **[on-screen 02:50:55]**
> “We” Commands In English:
**[02:50:56]** it's a very easy concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we simply have to put the phrase let and
> **[on-screen 02:50:59]**
> “We” Commands In English: Let’s speak Let’s eat Let’s open
**[02:51:00]** then we put any verb we want like let's speak let's eat let's open and so on it literally doesn't matter what verb we use the form of the verb in the wi command will always have the same form as the infinitive in Spanish this idea completely changes for basically every type of verb but there are some patterns to follow for regular ar verbs you keep
> **[on-screen 02:51:17]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: amos
**[02:51:18]** the same ending as you would in the present and change a to a for regular e
> **[on-screen 02:51:22]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos emos/imos
**[02:51:22]** r and i verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present and change
> **[on-screen 02:51:27]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos amos
**[02:51:27]** the e or e to a if you take a closer look you can probably tell that only one letter changes so it's almost like a
> **[on-screen 02:51:33]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos amos
**[02:51:33]** switch between the types of verbs the best thing about these changes and for every verb there is in the noos command is that these changes are kept even in the negative command abl means we speak
> **[on-screen 02:51:41]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak
**[02:51:43]** but ablos means let's speak Kos means we
> **[on-screen 02:51:44]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak
> **[on-screen 02:51:45]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat
**[02:51:46]** eat but K means let's eat abos means we
> **[on-screen 02:51:47]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat comamos > let’s eat
> **[on-screen 02:51:49]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open
**[02:51:50]** open but abamos means let's open and in
> **[on-screen 02:51:51]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos ~ we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open abramos > let’s open
**[02:51:53]** the negative they keep their forms with
> **[on-screen 02:51:55]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak no hablemos > let’s not speak comemos > we eat no comamos > let’s not eat abrimos > we open no abramos > let’s not open
**[02:51:55]** no in the beginning that's how regular verbs function with noos commands both in the affirmative and negative however
> **[on-screen 02:52:01]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands:
**[02:52:01]** there are many irregular verbs in the nosos commands but I will not put all of them in this video because you don't need all of them if anything I'll give the most useful verbs once that you can just memorize these verbs
> **[on-screen 02:52:11]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: © Conducir (to drive) - conduzcamos (let’s drive) * Decir (to say/tell) - digamos (let’s say/tell) © Hacer (to do/make) - hagamos (let’s do/make) © Oir (to hear) - oigamos (let’s hear) * Tener (to have) - tengamos (let‘s have) * Traer (to bring) - traigamos (let’s bring) © Venir (to come) - vengamos (let’s come) * Ver (to see) - veamos (let’s see) © Dar (to give) - demos (let’s give) ¢ Ser (to be) - seamos (let‘s be) ¢ Estar (to be) - estemos (let’s be) ¢ Saber (to know) - sepamos (let’s know)
**[02:52:16]** ver and in case you want to use these verbs in the's commands now you know how and of course there's other verbs that follow these irregular patterns but you don't need to know all of them after these verbs there are verbs ending in k
> **[on-screen 02:52:27]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar)
**[02:52:29]** g and Zar and these verbs have a spelling change in the nro's command while changing the ending to practicar
> **[on-screen 02:52:34]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar) Practicar > practiquemos (let’s practice) Jugar > juguemos (let’s play) Organizar > organicemos (let’s organize)
**[02:52:34]** becomes practicos meaning let's practice hugar becomes hugos meaning let's play and organizar becomes organos meaning let's organize if if you see any other verb that ends in K G andar remember to change the ending and spelling in case you want to use it in the noos command
> **[on-screen 02:52:51]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs)
**[02:52:51]** after these verbs there are stem changing verbs and there's one important thing you need to know about them and that is only stem changing verbs that
> **[on-screen 02:52:57]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) Important Note: ONLY stem-changing verbs that end in ir CHANGE their stem, but only with ONE letter
**[02:52:58]** end in IR change their stem but only with one letter like dormir which goes
> **[on-screen 02:53:02]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep
**[02:53:03]** from o to U in the noos command it will be dur meaning let's sleep not damos
> **[on-screen 02:53:06]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep durmamos > let’s sleep _ToermertiQs.
**[02:53:08]** it's a tricky exception but it's easy to memorize there's other verbs like C and
> **[on-screen 02:53:12]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (ei) pedir - to ask for
**[02:53:13]** P which are also stem changing verbs ending in ir and they would be sintamos
> **[on-screen 02:53:17]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (e>i) pedir - to ask for sintamos > let’s feel pidamos > let’s ask for
**[02:53:17]** and pedamos meaning let's feel and let's ask for that's how stem changing verbs specifically verbs ending in IR work with nosal's commands these commands can
> **[on-screen 02:53:25]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs:
**[02:53:26]** likewise work with direct and indirect object pronouns but it's a bit more tricky in the affirmative the pronouns
> **[on-screen 02:53:30]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: important Note: In the affirmative, DOPs & IOPs are attached to the verb (with accents), but in the negative, they’re separated with no accent
**[02:53:31]** are attached to the verb with accents but in the negative they're separated with no accent abamos means let's open
> **[on-screen 02:53:36]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it
**[02:53:37]** it and in the negative it's noos let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:40]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it
**[02:53:41]** not open it both phrases have the verb and the pronoun and it's attached in the affirmative with an accent but separated in the negative compros can mean let by
> **[on-screen 02:53:48]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object)
**[02:53:49]** them with them being an object and in the negative the sentence is no let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:53]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them
**[02:53:54]** not buy them both phrases likewise have
> **[on-screen 02:53:55]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them
**[02:53:56]** the verb and the pronoun can mean let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:58]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it
**[02:53:59]** bring you it and in the negative it's notos let's not bring you it of course
> **[on-screen 02:54:02]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it no te lo llevemos > let’s not bring you it
> **[on-screen 02:54:03]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it no te lo llevemos > let’s not bring you it
**[02:54:04]** you can make any sentence you want using these commands with direct and indirect object pronouns the last concept to know
> **[on-screen 02:54:09]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs:
**[02:54:10]** with Nosotros commands is reflexive verbs because we're only working with Nosotros the indirect object pronoun NOS
> **[on-screen 02:54:16]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros)
**[02:54:16]** will always be used with reflexive verbs especially in the affirmative where NOS is attached to the verb Spanish has a
> **[on-screen 02:54:21]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound
**[02:54:22]** very important rule saying that when NOS is attached to the affirmative nosos command the final s is dropped from the verb ending in order for the word to sound better when said take the
> **[on-screen 02:54:31]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down
**[02:54:31]** reflexive verb how would you say this verb in the no's command you would want to sayos no and while this makes sense
> **[on-screen 02:54:36]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémosnos > let’s sit down
> **[on-screen 02:54:38]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémosnos > let’s sit down
**[02:54:38]** Spanish says that this word sounds bad when said so we need to eliminate the S to avoid repeating the same sound so the the phrase would be SOS meaning let's
> **[on-screen 02:54:45]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down
**[02:54:46]** sit down and in the negative the indirect object pronoun is put before the verb while the verb itself is conjugated the proper way no noos let's
> **[on-screen 02:54:53]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down no nos sentemos > let’s not sit down
**[02:54:54]** not sit down as you can see in the affirmative the S is dropped but in the negative the S is kept as a side note the rule of dropping an S also applies
> **[on-screen 02:55:01]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos or se is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound
**[02:55:02]** for the indirect object pronoun say meaning to him to her or to them when it's attached to the verb in the affirmative in order to avoid repeating the same letter and the same sound how
> **[on-screen 02:55:11]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it
**[02:55:11]** would you say the phrase let's give him it you would want say de but Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:55:15]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démosselo a él
> **[on-screen 02:55:16]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démosselo a él
**[02:55:16]** says to eliminate the final s from the verb to avoid repeating the same letter so the phrase would be deos let's give him it in the negative the phrase would
> **[on-screen 02:55:24]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démoselo a él let’s not give him it > no se lo demos a él
**[02:55:24]** be no let's not give him it with an s present in the verb how would you say
> **[on-screen 02:55:28]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it
**[02:55:29]** let's make her
> **[on-screen 02:55:31]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella
**[02:55:31]** it with the S dropped from the verb in the negative the phrase is no let's not
> **[on-screen 02:55:35]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella let’s not make her it > no se lo hagamos a ella
**[02:55:37]** make her it with an s present in the verb how would you say let's take a bath
> **[on-screen 02:55:40]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath
**[02:55:41]** Bonos in the negative the phrase is no
> **[on-screen 02:55:42]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath > bahémonos
> **[on-screen 02:55:44]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath > bahémonos let’s not take a bath > no nos bahemos
**[02:55:44]** no BOS with an s in the verb that's what happens when no and say are attached to the verbs in the affirmative form at
> **[on-screen 02:55:50]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)”
**[02:55:50]** last there's the verb which is the trickiest verb in the noos command because it's the only verb that has multiple meanings both in the present and command forms and here is what I mean if we want to say we're going we need to say vamos the word vamos itself
> **[on-screen 02:56:02]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos
**[02:56:03]** is taken from the present simple which means we're going but Spanish adds its second definition to vamos meaning let
> **[on-screen 02:56:09]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos let’s go - vamos
**[02:56:09]** go however using vamos as let go is informal in context because there's the second word in Spanish that means let's go IR is actually irregular in the no's command being V which formally means
> **[on-screen 02:56:19]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” vamos - let’s go vayamos - let’s go
**[02:56:21]** let's go both V and V mean let's go but context will change the action based on the situation the reason why I'm concentrating on the word vamos so much is because in Spanish you have the reflexive verb meaning to go out this
> **[on-screen 02:56:32]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out)
**[02:56:33]** verb is very tricky to understand especially with no's commands now that I have shown you Vos and vayamos as let's go how would you say the phrase let's go out since I said that V is the irregular form of let's go some of you might say
> **[on-screen 02:56:46]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vayamonos > let’s go out
**[02:56:46]** vamonos but actually it's the incorrect
> **[on-screen 02:56:48]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vaysmnaBos + let’s go out
**[02:56:48]** way to say let's go out so instead you need to say vamonos using the present simple version of with s dropped from the end of the verb Vos means let's go out or let's leave if you want to be formal and a lot of beginners hear this word but never understand what it means and now hopefully you understand the reason I emphasized vamos so much is
> **[on-screen 02:57:05]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos
**[02:57:07]** because it ties back to the reflexive
> **[on-screen 02:57:07]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos ———+» irse
**[02:57:08]** verb meaning to go out and rather than using the irregular vamonos form you need to say vamonos in the negative
> **[on-screen 02:57:14]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out In the negative, we \iUST use the irregular form of “irse,” being vayamos
**[02:57:14]** however we have to use the irregular form of so the phrase is not nonos but
> **[on-screen 02:57:19]**
> Nosotros Commands With “ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vamos
**[02:57:20]** rather nonos let's not go out this is
> **[on-screen 02:57:21]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vayamos > let’s not go out
**[02:57:22]** how and function with no's commands past

222
docs/spanish-fundamentals/38-past-participles-as-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
# 38. Past Participles As Adjectives
- **Time range:** 02:57:26 – 03:01:52 (duration 00:04:26)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10646s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:57:26]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives
**[02:57:26]** participles as adjectives in Spanish is
> **[on-screen 02:57:28]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives A verb used to forma perfect or a passive tense as an adjective
**[02:57:28]** a form of a verb used to form a perfect or a passive tense as an adjective in
> **[on-screen 02:57:32]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English)
**[02:57:32]** English this concept is very simple because most verbs often end in ed like talk which becomes talked clean which
> **[on-screen 02:57:37]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) e talk > talked e clean > cleaned
**[02:57:38]** becomes cleaned and so on however there are irregular verbs in English like buy
> **[on-screen 02:57:43]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) ¢ buy > bought e drive > driven ¢ speak > spoken
**[02:57:43]** Drive speak and so on obviously you don't need to know all of them in
> **[on-screen 02:57:46]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives
**[02:57:46]** Spanish nonetheless you have the same concept but with a bit more variety and just a few irregular verbs that are easy to memorize for regular ar verbs the
> **[on-screen 02:57:53]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs)
**[02:57:54]** form of the past participle is achieved by dropping the ending and putting the ending ad like abl which becomes abl
> **[on-screen 02:57:59]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs) e hablar > hablado ¢ speak > spoken
**[02:58:01]** speak to spoken for regular e and ir
> **[on-screen 02:58:02]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs)
**[02:58:04]** verbs you drop the ending and add the ending Ido like com which is comido and
> **[on-screen 02:58:07]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs) ¢ comer > comido ¢ vivir > vivido ° eat > eaten e live > lived
**[02:58:09]** viid which is vivido meaning eaten and lived in case you want to use any other regular verb that ends in a r e r or I now you know how there are however
> **[on-screen 02:58:17]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on f)
**[02:58:17]** irregular verbs that require an accent on the E primarily e r and ir verbs that end with two vowels like which becomes
> **[on-screen 02:58:24]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on i) ¢ Caer (to fall) > caido (fallen) e Creer (to believe) > creido (believed) e Leer (to read) > leido (read) e Oir (to hear) > oido (heard) e Reir (to laugh) > reido (laughed) e Sonreir (to smile) > sonreido (smiled) ¢ Traer (to bring) > traido (brought)
**[02:58:26]** with an emphasis on the E which becomes which becomes which becomes of course there's other verbs in Spanish that follow this pattern but you don't need to know all
> **[on-screen 02:58:43]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs)
**[02:58:43]** of them at last there are General irregular verbs used as past participles and these
> **[on-screen 02:58:48]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto (opened) ¢ decir (to say/tell) > dicho (said/told) e describir (to describe) > descrito (described) ¢ descubrir (to discover) > descubierto (discovered) e escribir (to write) > escrito (written) e hacer (to do/make) > hecho (done/make) * morir (to die) > muerto (dead) © poner (to put) > puesto (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto (resolved) * romper (to break) > roto (broken) ° ver (to see) > visto (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto (returned)
**[02:58:57]** these verbs as adjectives now you know how however in Spanish these verbs are often used with the verb estar because in case you don't remember estar is used
> **[on-screen 02:59:04]**
> Past participles are used with estar because estar applies to health, condition, and emotions When we use past participles as adjectives, we’re using adjectives to describe something for the moment
**[02:59:05]** to describe the condition of things temporarily when we use past participles as adjectives we're using adjectives to describe something for the moment in Spanish gender and plurality have to
> **[on-screen 02:59:13]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto/a(s) (opened) © decir (to say/tell) » dicho/a(s) (said/told) ¢ describir (to describe) » descrito/a(s) (described) e descubrir (to discover) > descubierto/a(s) (discovered) ¢ escribir (to write) > escrito/a(s) (written) ¢ hacer (to do/make) > hecho/a(s) (done/make) ¢ morir (to die) > muerto/a(s) (dead) * poner (to put) > puesto/a(s) (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto/a(s) (resolved) © romper (to break) roto/a(s) (broken) ¢ ver (to see) > visto/a(s) (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto/a(s) (returned)
**[02:59:14]** match in the sentence and here are some examples saying something like I close
> **[on-screen 02:59:17]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door
**[02:59:18]** the door would
> **[on-screen 02:59:20]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta
**[02:59:20]** be but another way to say the sentence
> **[on-screen 02:59:23]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada
**[02:59:23]** is the door is closed and as you can see we're using the verb to describe the condition of the door with s being the adjective that matches the gender hence puera is a feminine word Additionally you don't have to use the verb EST when writing such a sentence instead we can just say the closed door which would be LA and
> **[on-screen 02:59:40]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door
> **[on-screen 02:59:41]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door > La puerta cerrada
**[02:59:42]** because we're using a past participle le as an adjective we have to put it after
> **[on-screen 02:59:46]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door ~ La puerta cerrada
**[02:59:46]** the noun because it's a rule in Spanish and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say and here are some examples how would you say the
> **[on-screen 02:59:52]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open
**[02:59:52]** phrase the book is
> **[on-screen 02:59:55]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto
**[02:59:55]** open and now how would you say this phrase without
> **[on-screen 03:00:00]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto El libro abierto ~ The open book
**[03:00:00]** aarto meaning the opened book with abto being an irregular adjective how would
> **[on-screen 03:00:05]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written
**[03:00:05]** you say the texts are written
> **[on-screen 03:00:07]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos
**[03:00:08]** texos and now how would you say this phrase without
> **[on-screen 03:00:12]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos Los textos escritos - The written texts
**[03:00:12]** AAR the written text how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:00:15]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made
**[03:00:16]** the bed is
> **[on-screen 03:00:18]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made > La cama esta hecha La cama hecha > The made bed
**[03:00:18]** made or meaning the made bed how would you say the problem is
> **[on-screen 03:00:22]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The problem is resolved
> **[on-screen 03:00:24]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The problem is resolved > El problema esta resuelto El problema resuelto > The resolved problem
**[03:00:27]** or the resolved problem how would you
> **[on-screen 03:00:29]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed
**[03:00:29]** say my answers are
> **[on-screen 03:00:32]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed ~ Mis respuestas estan completas Mis respuestas completas > My completed answers
**[03:00:35]** or my completed answers and here's a very interesting one how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:00:39]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead
**[03:00:40]** the day is
> **[on-screen 03:00:42]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto
**[03:00:42]** dead now how would you say say the dead
> **[on-screen 03:00:43]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day
**[03:00:44]** day El muerto hopefully you can see
> **[on-screen 03:00:45]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto
**[03:00:47]** where I'm going with this and if not what I'm trying to say is the Day of the
> **[on-screen 03:00:50]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto The Day of the Dead
**[03:00:50]** Dead which is a famous Mexican holiday
> **[on-screen 03:00:51]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead ~ El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead $e
**[03:00:52]** that people hear about how would you say this phrase in Spanish de muos The Day of the Dead muos
> **[on-screen 03:00:56]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead El Dia de los Muertos
**[03:00:58]** is a past participle used as an adjective that's plural and now hopefully you understand what this phrase means and here I want to show one personal concept that I used to think about when I was learning Spanish through English in English I used to think of phrases like I finished and I
> **[on-screen 03:01:12]**
> | finished lam finished
**[03:01:12]** am finished looking at these phrases I used to think that the same concept work in Spanish because English has the same word for finished in the two sentences therefore I thought that the way you say the phrases in Spanish is and and the
> **[on-screen 03:01:23]**
> I finished lam finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminé
**[03:01:26]** reason why I thought this way is because the word finished doesn't change in English so it must be the same in Spanish however because at the time I haven't learned past participles yet this is where I realized that the phrases are Y and ymin with termin being
> **[on-screen 03:01:38]**
> I finished | am finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminado
**[03:01:40]** the adjective and here my thinking process changed because I realized why English is a simple language especially when it's compared to Spanish in these cases you have to watch out for these ideas when you learn languages because it teaches you how to think properly so

181
docs/spanish-fundamentals/39-present-perfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
# 39. Present Perfect Tense
- **Time range:** 03:01:52 – 03:06:10 (duration 00:04:18)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10912s)
---
**[03:01:52]** that's it the present perfect tense in Spanish is the English version of
> **[on-screen 03:01:55]**
> The Present Perfect Talking about something that someone HAS done + past participles
**[03:01:55]** talking about something that someone has done using the verb to have along with past participles you can generate sentences like I have talked you have
> **[on-screen 03:02:01]**
> The Present Perfect: (In English) | have talked You have eaten He has left
**[03:02:02]** eaten he has left and so on in Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:02:04]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish)
**[03:02:04]** you have the same concept of this tense using the verb AB meaning to have done
> **[on-screen 03:02:07]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) haber - to have done something (needs to be conjugated) + past participles
**[03:02:08]** something which needs to be conjugated the proper way along with past participles in Spanish you have six
> **[on-screen 03:02:13]**
> “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he hemos has habéis ha han
**[03:02:13]** conjugations of a y means I have plus any past participle you want to as means you have l means he has noos OS we have Vos AB y'all have and AOS an they have try not focusing on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 03:02:28]**
> “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he h emo nas tabi as Be ha an
**[03:02:29]** because they're not that useful in conversation like I said at the
> **[on-screen 03:02:31]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish)
**[03:02:32]** beginning you need to use past participles in order to demonstrate an action in the present perfect for instance saying yo abl means I have
> **[on-screen 03:02:37]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado
> **[on-screen 03:02:39]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken
**[03:02:39]** spoken with e being the conjugation that matches the yo pronoun and and abl being the past participle Additionally you can say to asido
> **[on-screen 03:02:47]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido El ha leido
**[03:02:48]** Ando meaning you have eaten and he has
> **[on-screen 03:02:50]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido > You have eaten El ha leido - He has read
**[03:02:51]** read again showing the proper conjugation of a with a past participle in both cases and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say however there are a few things to note about the present perfect tense in Spanish that is slightly different in English the past participle does not
> **[on-screen 03:03:04]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The past participle does NOT change form when it’s in the present perfect; it ONLY changes once it’s used as an ADJECTIVE
**[03:03:05]** change form when it's in the present perfect it only changes once it's used as an adjective because it has to match the gender and plurality for instance I
> **[on-screen 03:03:13]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas
**[03:03:13]** can say a sentence like the doors are closed lasas estas with the word SAS
> **[on-screen 03:03:18]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas
**[03:03:19]** matching the gender in plurality of puas putting the sentence in the present perfect will change the gender and plurality based on the speaker so if I as a man say the sentence it would be
> **[on-screen 03:03:29]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas Yo he cerrado las puertas - | have closed the doors
**[03:03:30]** Y and here I'm using S as a past
> **[on-screen 03:03:32]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas Yo he cerrado las puertas - | have closed the doors
**[03:03:33]** participle of myself and not as an adjective in the previous phrase sadas is in fact used as an adjective so overall you have to watch out for these ideas additionally when working in in the present perfect tense in Spanish the
> **[on-screen 03:03:45]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Important Note: The construction “haber + [a past participle]“ ALWAYS has to be together and can NEVER be separated, meaning that negatives, DOPs, and IOPS will ALWAYS come before the construction
**[03:03:45]** two elements of AED and a past participle always have to be together and can never be separated this means that whenever you're working with negatives and direct and indirect object pronouns they will always come before a in every sentence asking something likeo
> **[on-screen 03:03:58]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro?
**[03:03:59]** means have you read the book and you can
> **[on-screen 03:04:00]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book?
**[03:04:01]** reply with C Yol meaning yes I have read
> **[on-screen 03:04:02]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? Si, yo lo he leido > | have read it
**[03:04:05]** it with Lo being the direct object pronoun before a if you want to put a negative in the phrase you can say
> **[on-screen 03:04:11]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? No, yo no lo he leido > No, | have not read it
**[03:04:11]** no no I have not read it you can also use indirect object pronouns and say something like John has told me it which
> **[on-screen 03:04:17]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it
**[03:04:18]** would be joh Meelo with me being an
> **[on-screen 03:04:19]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it John me lo ha dicho (IOP) (DOP)
**[03:04:21]** indirect object pronoun and La being a direct object pronoun if you want to make the sentence negative you can say
> **[on-screen 03:04:27]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & |OPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho
**[03:04:27]** joh no joh has not told me it either way the construction with a and the past
> **[on-screen 03:04:31]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho
**[03:04:32]** participle always stays together and never separates as always you can say any sentence you want using the present perfect in Spanish however there's one last concept about the present perfect that needs to be known and that is using
> **[on-screen 03:04:43]**
> The Present Perfect To have had something
**[03:04:43]** using the present perfect as to have had something in English the verb to have
> **[on-screen 03:04:46]**
> The Present Perfect (In English - “to have”) e | have to go e | have a dog e | have read e | have eaten
**[03:04:47]** can mean a main verb like to have to do something or to have something in general or an additional verb like I have read I have eaten and so on in
> **[on-screen 03:04:54]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “tener” & “haber”) e | have to go - Yo tengo que ir e | have a dog - Yo tengo un perro e | have read - Yo he leido e | have eaten - Yo he comido
**[03:04:54]** Spanish however you have two verbs for these cases one being ten and one being a which is different in English when you only have the same word for both the infinitive and the sentence in order to say a sentence like I have had a lot of
> **[on-screen 03:05:05]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends
**[03:05:05]** friends it might be confusing for students because they see two versions of the verb to have which is have and
> **[on-screen 03:05:10]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends
**[03:05:11]** had but literally the way that you would say the in Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:05:14]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends Yo he tenido muchos amigos
**[03:05:14]** is much Amigos using as the proper conjugation of for the Y pronoun and using as a simple past participle of the verb tet as you can see we have the verb to have twice in English because it functions with multiple meanings in Spanish you have two verbs for this a and t with one verb being conjugated to match the pronoun and one being a past participle and this is actually a concept that I used to think about in English I used to think of phrases like
> **[on-screen 03:05:38]**
> | have to read | have read
**[03:05:39]** I have to read and I have read and I thought that the phrases in Spanish are
> **[on-screen 03:05:43]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo tengo leido
**[03:05:43]** Y and and the reason why I thought this way is because English has the same word for have so it must be the same in
> **[on-screen 03:05:49]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo tengo leido
**[03:05:50]** Spanish however I later learned that Spanish has two versions for to have a and and that you also have the present perfect so I realized that the sentences are and with being the verb in the
> **[on-screen 03:06:01]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo he leido
**[03:06:03]** present perfect even though it's a small difference it just shows you how simple of a language English is when it's compared to Spanish and there's more of

150
docs/spanish-fundamentals/40-past-perfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
# 40. Past Perfect Tense
- **Time range:** 03:06:10 – 03:09:41 (duration 00:03:31)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=11170s)
---
**[03:06:10]** it to come the past perfect tense in Spanish works the same way has the present perfect tense but instead of indicating what someone has done it speaks about what someone had done hence
> **[on-screen 03:06:17]**
> The Past Perfect Talking about something that someone HAD done
**[03:06:18]** it's in the past like the present perfect the past perfect also uses the
> **[on-screen 03:06:21]**
> The Past Perfect Talking about something that someone HAD done “haber” + [a past participle]
**[03:06:22]** construction a plus a past participle but in this case the verb a has to be conjugated in a different way because the past perfect speaks of the imperfect past tense for yo you get yo ABIA I had
> **[on-screen 03:06:32]**
> The Past: “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] habia | habiamos habias habiais habia | habian
**[03:06:34]** plus any past participle you want for two you get to abas you had ABIA he had no AB we had AB I y' had and AOS Aban they had try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 03:06:46]**
> The Past: “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] habia | habiam@s i Diais habias | hab habia abia
**[03:06:47]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation the past perfect is
> **[on-screen 03:06:49]**
> The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”)
**[03:06:50]** often used with the word yah meaning already to indicate that an action had already occurred before another just like the present perfect the past perfect also maintains the construction a plus a past participle which cannot be separated therefore the word yah will always come before this construction
> **[on-screen 03:07:06]**
> The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Ella ya habia salido
**[03:07:06]** saying a sentence like means she had left already or she
> **[on-screen 03:07:09]**
> The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Ella ya habia salido She had left already She already had left
**[03:07:11]** already had left if you want to VIs ually translate the sentence similarly I
> **[on-screen 03:07:16]**
> The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Yo ya habia estudiado
**[03:07:16]** say which means I had studied already or
> **[on-screen 03:07:18]**
> The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Yo ya habia estudiado | had studied already | already had studied
**[03:07:20]** I already had studied however these sentences are too easy to utilize and often times you'll see more complicated phrases especially ones that involve the
> **[on-screen 03:07:26]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before)
**[03:07:27]** conjunction an plus a noun or an infinitive which means before for instance saying an means before this
> **[on-screen 03:07:33]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) “antes de este ano” > before this year “antes de llegar” > before arriving
**[03:07:35]** year which is an easy phrase to understand but saying something like an dear means before arriving and I can use it in a sentence like an
> **[on-screen 03:07:42]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de llegar a la escuela, yo ya habia comido
> **[on-screen 03:07:46]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de llegar a la escuela, yo ya habia comido Before arriving to the school, | had eaten already
**[03:07:47]** eaten already
> **[on-screen 03:07:49]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de este mes, yo habia trabajado mucho
> **[on-screen 03:07:52]**
> The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de este mes, yo habia trabajado mucho Before this month, I had worked a lot
**[03:07:53]** lot of course you can say any sentence you want using the past perfect in Spanish including negatives reflexive
> **[on-screen 03:07:57]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs)
**[03:07:58]** verbs and direct and indirect object pronouns and as a matter of fact they're used the same way as in the present perfect saying a sentence like
> **[on-screen 03:08:06]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El me lo habia mostrado
**[03:08:06]** El means he had shown me it with me and
> **[on-screen 03:08:08]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El me lo habia mostrado He had shown me it
**[03:08:09]** lo being the object pronouns and if you want to put a negative in the sentence you can
> **[on-screen 03:08:14]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El nunca me lo habia mostrado
**[03:08:15]** say he never had shown me it or
> **[on-screen 03:08:17]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El nunca me lo habia mostrado He never had shown me it
> **[on-screen 03:08:19]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El no me lo habia mostrado
**[03:08:19]** no he had not shown me it Additionally
> **[on-screen 03:08:21]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & lOPs) El no me lo habia mostrado He had not shown me it
**[03:08:22]** you can use reflexive verbs in the past perfect by putting the object pronouns of the verb before the construction a plus a past participle a useful sentence
> **[on-screen 03:08:32]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) Antes de ir al trabajo, me habia duchado
> **[on-screen 03:08:34]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) Antes de ir al trabajo, me habia duchado Before going to work, | had taken a shower
**[03:08:36]** shower and as you can see the construction of a doesn't separate
> **[on-screen 03:08:38]**
> The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) Antes de ir al trabajo, me habia duchado Before going to work, | had taken a shower
**[03:08:39]** because the object pronoun of the reflexive verb is placed before for this construction and the same idea applies to every phrase that I've shown in the video and any phrase that you want to say personally however I don't recommend
> **[on-screen 03:08:50]**
> The Past Perfact (ne, flexive verbs, Ps) Antes deira io bia duchado Before goin rk, | ena shower
**[03:08:50]** using the past perfect with reflexive verbs because there are not that many sentences that you can make with them let alone useful sentences even though I don't like saying this quite often I recommend not using the past perfect when speaking Spanish conversationally because it's a lot easier to express your thoughts using the regular past tense or the imperfect even though I did not present many examples in the video I believe that the past perfect is a tense that's useful to know but but not that useful to utilize because there are not that many sentences that you can make in the first place but that of course depends on the context and just like I concluded in the previous videos I used to think of phrases like these in
> **[on-screen 03:09:23]**
> | had to study | had a dog | had eaten
**[03:09:23]** English when I was learning Spanish through English therefore I thought that if the word had is the same in English
> **[on-screen 03:09:27]**
> | had to study | had a dog | had eaten
**[03:09:28]** it must be the same in Spanish but literally Spanish has three tenses for
> **[on-screen 03:09:31]**
> | had to study (regular past/preterite) | had a dog (imperfect past) | had eaten (past perfect)
**[03:09:32]** these cases which completely changes the
> **[on-screen 03:09:33]**
> | had to study > Yo tuve que estudiar (regular past/preterite) | had a dog > Yo tenia un perro (imperfect past) | had eaten > Yo habia comido (past perfect)
**[03:09:33]** word and now you can hopefully understand why English is easier when it's compared to Spanish and it's the same process that I had to go through the future tense in Spanish indicates an

222
docs/spanish-fundamentals/41-future-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
# 41. Future Tense
- **Time range:** 03:09:41 – 03:14:07 (duration 00:04:26)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=11381s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:09:42]**
> The Future Tense An action that will simply happen in the future; the simple future
**[03:09:42]** action that will simply happen in the future hence it's the simple future in
> **[on-screen 03:09:46]**
> The Future Tense In English:
**[03:09:46]** English it's a very simple concept because it doesn't matter what verb we
> **[on-screen 03:09:49]**
> The Future Tense In English: | will + [averb] | We will + [a verb] You will + [averb] | Y’all will + [a verb] He will + [a verb] | They will + [a verb]
**[03:09:49]** use we always put the word will before the verb which doesn't change the verb itself in Spanish the future is a simple
> **[on-screen 03:09:53]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters)
**[03:09:54]** tense consisting of one word which doesn't really conjugate the verb but rather keeps the form of the verb as the infinitive and then add some letters after it principally verbs in the future tense in Spanish don't really get conjugated but rather they change by having letters after them the best thing about the future tense in Spanish is that it doesn't matter if we use an AR e r or I verb stem changing or an irregular yo verb the change to the verb
> **[on-screen 03:10:17]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir
**[03:10:17]** itself will stay the same across almost every verb there is in Spanish for the Y
> **[on-screen 03:10:22]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) é emos as éis a an The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir
**[03:10:22]** pronoun you keep the form of the verb and then put the ending e with an accent so that when you say the word the emphasis is put on that accent for two you put as with an accent for L you put a with an accent for noos you put Emos with no accent making it the only pronoun in the future tense with no accent for votos you put Ace with an accent and for AOS you put an with an accent with the future tense in Spanish I recommend focusing on all pronouns except votos because using any verb in the future tense is very practical there are however a few irregular verbs in the
> **[on-screen 03:10:52]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars)
**[03:10:53]** future mainly ones that are simply mixed up the best tip that I can give is to just memorize these verbs because there is no pattern to follow with any of them but keep in mind that they still maintain the same ending as for regular verbs in the list you have verbs like
> **[on-screen 03:11:06]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) diré | diremos diras | diréis dira | diran decir - to say/to tell
**[03:11:06]** the meaning to say or to tell a to do or
> **[on-screen 03:11:08]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) haré | haremos haras | haréis hara | haran hacer - to do/to make
**[03:11:09]** to make to can to put to want sa to know
> **[on-screen 03:11:10]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) podré | podremos podras | podréis podra | podran poder - to can
> **[on-screen 03:11:11]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) pondré | pondremos pondras | pondréis pondra | pondran poner - to put
> **[on-screen 03:11:12]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) querrée | querremos querras | querréis querra | querran querer - to want
> **[on-screen 03:11:13]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (Irregulars) sabré | sabremos sabras | sabréis sabra | sabran saber - to know
**[03:11:14]** Sal to leave ten to have and venir to
> **[on-screen 03:11:15]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) saldré | saldremos saldras | saldréis saldra | saldran salir - to leave
> **[on-screen 03:11:16]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) tendré | tendremos tendras | tendréis tendra | tendran tener - to have
> **[on-screen 03:11:17]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) vendre | vendremos vendras | vendréis vendra | vendran venir - to come
**[03:11:17]** come as far as I know these are the only irregular verbs in the future tense and here are some examples saying something
> **[on-screen 03:11:23]**
> | will do my homework
**[03:11:23]** like I will do my homework will
> **[on-screen 03:11:25]**
> | will do my homework Yo haré mi tarea
**[03:11:25]** be saying you will buy a house in the
> **[on-screen 03:11:27]**
> You will buy a house in the future
**[03:11:28]** future can
> **[on-screen 03:11:29]**
> You will buy a house in the future Tu compraras una casa en el futuro
**[03:11:31]** be saying he will be 30 years old will
> **[on-screen 03:11:32]**
> He will be 30 years old
> **[on-screen 03:11:35]**
> He will be 30 years old El tendra 30 afos
**[03:11:35]** be and we have to use the verb to
> **[on-screen 03:11:38]**
> He will be 30 years old El tendra 30 afios
**[03:11:38]** express having an age so watch out for
> **[on-screen 03:11:40]**
> Nosotros aprenderemos espanol manana
**[03:11:41]** saying can mean we will learn Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:11:44]**
> Nosotros aprenderemos espanol manana We will learn Spanish tomorrow
**[03:11:44]** tomorrow with the word Manana helping us
> **[on-screen 03:11:46]**
> Nosotros aprenderemos espanol manana We will learn Spanish tomorrow
**[03:11:46]** indicate that the action is in the future saying AOS
> **[on-screen 03:11:49]**
> Ellos vendran si ellos quieren
**[03:11:50]** Vos can mean they will come if they want
> **[on-screen 03:11:52]**
> Ellos vendran si ellos quieren They will come if they want
**[03:11:53]** saying y can mean I will give you it
> **[on-screen 03:11:55]**
> Yo te lo daré | will give you it
> **[on-screen 03:11:56]**
> Yo te lo daré | will give you it
**[03:11:56]** using direct and indirect object pronouns which will always come before the verb saying El can mean he will take
> **[on-screen 03:12:02]**
> Else banhara He will take a bath
**[03:12:02]** a bath using a reflexive verb with the
> **[on-screen 03:12:03]**
> Else banara He will take a bath
**[03:12:04]** object pronoun coming before the verb ultimately there are many phrases that you can make using the simple future tense in Spanish and it's up to you to say any phrase that you want because it is not that hard to memorize finally there's one last concept that I would like to present that mainly has to do with expressing your thoughts in the future and how to think in Spanish in
> **[on-screen 03:12:20]**
> How to think in Spanish in terms of the future
**[03:12:21]** terms of the future which doesn't really require the simple future tense before learning this tense I made a video about
> **[on-screen 03:12:27]**
> err? Explained In 6 Minutes
**[03:12:27]** the verb e talking about how to use the verb to go in Spanish something that I've mentioned over time with the verb ear and something that people don't realize when learning Spanish is that the verb IR can effectively be used to
> **[on-screen 03:12:37]**
> “Ir” can be used to express the near future using the construction “ir a + {an infinitive]” in the present simple
**[03:12:38]** express the near future using the construction plus an infinitive in the present simple for instance I can say a
> **[on-screen 03:12:43]**
> Yo voy acomer por la tarde
**[03:12:46]** like meaning I'm going to eat in the
> **[on-screen 03:12:47]**
> Yo voy acomer por la tarde I’m going to eat in the afternoon
**[03:12:48]** afternoon which indicates an action in the near future using the infinitive
> **[on-screen 03:12:51]**
> Yo voy acomer por la tarde I’m going to eat in the afternoon
**[03:12:52]** however we can in fact use the verb ear as an infinitive to express the future when speaking saying something like
> **[on-screen 03:12:57]**
> Yo voy airala escuela
**[03:12:59]** y means I'm going to go to the school
> **[on-screen 03:13:00]**
> Yo voy airala escuela I’m going to go to the school
**[03:13:01]** which expressively shows the future in context and the same idea applies to any sentence that you want to say using Y
> **[on-screen 03:13:07]**
> Yo voy air ala escuela Pm going to go to the school
**[03:13:08]** now instead of actively using this phrase we can use the simple future tense by simply saying
> **[on-screen 03:13:13]**
> Yo voy airala escuela Yo iré ala escuela I’m going to go to the school | will go to the school
**[03:13:14]** meaning I will go to the school as you can see in order to express the future when speaking we have two phrases that
> **[on-screen 03:13:19]**
> Yo voy air ala escuela Yo iré ala escuela P?'m going to go to the school I will go to the school
**[03:13:19]** can do so with one using the verb ear as an infinitive I'm going to go and with the other being the simple future I will go and you don't really have to use the verb ear you can say something
> **[on-screen 03:13:29]**
> Ella va a caminar She is going to walk
**[03:13:29]** like she is going to walk but saying
> **[on-screen 03:13:32]**
> Ellavaacaminar Ella caminara She is going to walk She will walk
**[03:13:33]** means she will walk it doesn't matter which phrase you say because you express
> **[on-screen 03:13:36]**
> Ellavaacaminar Ella caminara She is going to walk She will walk The two phrases express the future
**[03:13:36]** the future in the two sentences in case you forget the simple future tense you can use IR instead and vice versa person personally I think it's best to use IR because you don't have to change the infinitive all you do is use and then any verb you want whereas using the simple future tense might require more thinking because instead of conjugating the verb you have to remember which letter to place after the verb and it's a lot to memorize this in fact is a useful Lang hack either way this video was about the simple future tense but this hack is useful to express the future and not so in the future simple tense the future perfect tense in

107
docs/spanish-fundamentals/42-future-perfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
# 42. Future Perfect Tense
- **Time range:** 03:14:07 – 03:16:45 (duration 00:02:38)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=11647s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:14:07]**
> The Future Perfect Tense
**[03:14:07]** Spanish speaks about what will have
> **[on-screen 03:14:09]**
> The Future Perfect Tense What will have happened at some point in the future
**[03:14:09]** happened at some point in the future in English it's a tense that's it's not used often but when it is it's a simple concept because all we do is put the
> **[on-screen 03:14:16]**
> The Future Perfect In English: (will have + participle) | will have + [pa] | We will have + [pa] You will have + [pa] | Y’all will have + [pa] He will have + [pa] | They will have + [pa]
**[03:14:16]** construction will have and then we add any participle that we want after in
> **[on-screen 03:14:20]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have)
**[03:14:20]** Spanish however we have a slightly different concept that again uses the verb a but in the future perfect we use a conjugation that is equivalent to both of the words will have for the yo
> **[on-screen 03:14:29]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pa]
**[03:14:29]** pronoun we have the word AB which is a conjugation of a plus any participle that we want after for two we have abas for El we have Abra for noos we have abos with no accent making it the only conjugation of a in the future perfect with no accent for votos we have ab and for AOS we have Aban as you can probably tell by looking at the chart the ending
> **[on-screen 03:14:51]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pal]
**[03:14:51]** of all of these conjugations of a
> **[on-screen 03:14:53]**
> The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) é emos as éis a an
**[03:14:53]** perfectly correspond to the ending pattern of verbs in the simple future and that is because the future perfect literally just copies the ending that you would have for verbs in the simple future for the verb a so it's really not
> **[on-screen 03:15:02]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pal]
**[03:15:03]** that difficult to memorize as always try not focusing on these conjugations
> **[on-screen 03:15:06]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habrFemos# [pa] habras + [pa] ‘habraié + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran‘’ [pal]
**[03:15:07]** because they're the least used ones in conversation in Spanish a way that the future perfect can be used effectively is by using it with time expressions
> **[on-screen 03:15:13]**
> The future perfect with time expressions:
**[03:15:14]** like para and D which mean by and within
> **[on-screen 03:15:15]**
> The future perfect with time expressions: e “Para” + [time expression] > “By” ¢ “Dentro de” + [time expression] > “Within”
**[03:15:17]** and then any time expression that you want these constructions can help us talk about what will have happened at some point in the future saying
> **[on-screen 03:15:24]**
> Para el lunes, yo habré terminado mis tareas
> **[on-screen 03:15:28]**
> Para el lunes, yo habré terminado mis tareas By Monday, | will have finished my tasks
**[03:15:29]** finished my tasks with El Lunes being
> **[on-screen 03:15:31]**
> Para [el lunes], yo habré terminado mis tareas By [Monday], | will have finished my tasks
**[03:15:31]** the time expression AB signifying the words we'll have for y and terminado being the participle similarly I can
> **[on-screen 03:15:38]**
> Dentro de un ano, tu habras dejado tu trabajo
> **[on-screen 03:15:42]**
> Dentro de un ano, tu habras dejado tu trabajo Within a year, you will have left your job
**[03:15:43]** will have left your job using un as a
> **[on-screen 03:15:45]**
> Dentro de [un ano], tu habras dejado tu trabajo Within [a year], you will have left your job
**[03:15:45]** Time expression with the construction D additionally I can
> **[on-screen 03:15:49]**
> Para esa fecha, John habra recibido muchas ofertas
**[03:15:49]** say Abra muchas which means by that date
> **[on-screen 03:15:54]**
> Para esa fecha, John habra recibido muchas ofertas By that date, John will have received many offers
**[03:15:54]** John will have received many offers with esaa being the time expression as always
> **[on-screen 03:15:57]**
> Para [esa fecha], John habra recibido muchas ofertas By [that date], John will have received many offers
**[03:15:59]** the same concept applies to any phrase that you want to say using the future perfect tense in Spanish even though I
> **[on-screen 03:16:04]**
> The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pa]
**[03:16:04]** did not present many examples in this video and only concentrated on the first three pronouns the future perfect tense is one of the least used ones in Spanish mainly because no one uses it in actual conversation as a matter of fact I did not present any sentences involving negatives reflexive verbs and object pronouns mostly because it's impossible to make a logical phrase using these ideas in the future perfect if anything the future perfect is a tense that is useful to know but not useful to utilize simply because it's used in rare cases when talking about actions that are guaranteed and completed by some point in the future both literally and conversationally the future perfect is not used very often if ever which is why it's useful to understand understand how it works but not so much to use the conditional tense in Spanish indicates

230
docs/spanish-fundamentals/43-conditional-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
# 43. Conditional Tense
- **Time range:** 03:16:45 – 03:20:51 (duration 00:04:06)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=11805s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:16:45]**
> The Conditional Tense
> **[on-screen 03:16:46]**
> The Conditional Tense What one would do or what would happen in a situation
**[03:16:46]** what one would do or what would happen in a situation in English it's a very simple concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we always put the word
> **[on-screen 03:16:53]**
> The Conditional In English: | would + [a verb] | We would + [a verb] You would + [a verb] | Y’all would + [a verb] He would + [a verb] | They would + [a verb]
**[03:16:54]** would before the verb which doesn't change the verb itself in Spanish the
> **[on-screen 03:16:57]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters)
**[03:16:57]** conditional is a tense that has only one word which doesn't really get conjugated but rather keeps the form of the verb as the infinitive and then adds some letters after it as a matter of fact its modification pattern is similar to the
> **[on-screen 03:17:08]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir
**[03:17:08]** simple future tense where verbs don't get conjugated but rather they change by having letters after them just like the simple future tense it doesn't matter if we use a r e r or I verbs stem changing or irregular yo verbs the change to the verbs themselves will stay the same across almost every verb there is in Spanish for the yo pronoun you keep the
> **[on-screen 03:17:25]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) la lamos las lais la lan Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir
**[03:17:26]** form of the verb and put the ending I with an accent so that when you say the word the emphasis is put on that accent for two you putas with an accent for L you put with an accent for noos you putos for Vos you put and for AOS you putan with the conditional tense in Spanish I recommend focusing on all pronouns except Vos because using any
> **[on-screen 03:17:46]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) la lamos jas | iai< ia ian Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir
**[03:17:48]** verb in the conditional tense is very useful however there are a few irregular
> **[on-screen 03:17:51]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars)
**[03:17:51]** verbs and believe it or not the irregular verbs that you have in the conditional tense are the same ones that
> **[on-screen 03:17:56]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) Easy To Remember: Irregular verbs in the conditional are the same as in the future tense
**[03:17:56]** you have in the future tense meaning that it's easier to memorize these verbs nonetheless the conditional tense has a different conjugation pattern unlike the future tense similarly there is no pattern to follow with any of these verbs but they still have the same ending as for regular verbs in the list you have
> **[on-screen 03:18:12]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) diria | diriamos dirias | diriais diria | dirian decir - to say/tell
**[03:18:12]** meaning to say or to tell a to do or to
> **[on-screen 03:18:14]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) haria | hariamos harias | hariais haria |harian hacer - to do/make
**[03:18:15]** make to can p to put to want sa to know
> **[on-screen 03:18:16]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) podria | podriamos podrias | podriais podria | podrian poder - to can
> **[on-screen 03:18:17]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) pondria | pondriamos pondrias | pondriais pondria | pondrian poner - to put
> **[on-screen 03:18:18]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) querria | querriamos querrias | querriais querria | querrian querer - to want
> **[on-screen 03:18:20]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) sabria | sabriamos sabrias | sabriais sabria | sabrian saber - to know
**[03:18:20]** Sal to leave T to have and ven to come
> **[on-screen 03:18:21]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) saldria | saldriamos saldrias | saldriais saldria | saldrian salir - to leave
> **[on-screen 03:18:22]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) tendria | tendriamos tendrias | tendriais tendria | tendrian tener - to have
> **[on-screen 03:18:23]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) vendria | vendriamos vendrias | vendriais vendria | vendrian venir - to come
**[03:18:24]** as far as I know these are the only irregular verbs in the conditional which are literally the same verbs as in the future tense and the most useful cases to use in the conditional are in questions likeo meaning would you go
> **[on-screen 03:18:36]**
> élrias conmigo? Would you go with me?
**[03:18:36]** with me and you can reply with
> **[on-screen 03:18:37]**
> Si, yo iria contigo Yes, | would go with you
**[03:18:38]** C yes I would go with you you can also ask something like
> **[on-screen 03:18:42]**
> ~Compraria él ese auto?
**[03:18:43]** meaning would he buy that car and you
> **[on-screen 03:18:44]**
> éCompraria él ese auto? Would he buy that car?
**[03:18:45]** can reply with
> **[on-screen 03:18:46]**
> Si, el compraria ese auto Yes, he would buy that car
**[03:18:47]** C yes he would buy that car additionally we can ask Vian AOS and eston meaning
> **[on-screen 03:18:51]**
> éVivirian ellos en esta region?
**[03:18:52]** would they live in this region and you
> **[on-screen 03:18:53]**
> éVivirian ellos en esta region? Would they live in this region?
**[03:18:54]** can reply with C AOS Vian and eston yes
> **[on-screen 03:18:55]**
> Si, ellos vivirian en esta region Yes, they would live in this region
**[03:18:57]** they would live in this region we can also use the conditional tense with irregular verbs like saying meaning we would want a plate
> **[on-screen 03:19:03]**
> Querriamos un plato por favor
> **[on-screen 03:19:04]**
> Querriamos un plato por favor We would want a plate please
**[03:19:05]** please or
> **[on-screen 03:19:07]**
> Tu dirias que esta leccion es buena
**[03:19:08]** maybe you would say that this lesson is
> **[on-screen 03:19:09]**
> Tu dirias que esta leccion es buena You would say that this lesson is good
**[03:19:10]** good a popular phrase that comes up in the conditional tense
> **[on-screen 03:19:14]**
> Sin ti, yo no sé qué yo haria
**[03:19:15]** is without you I don't know what I would
> **[on-screen 03:19:16]**
> Sin ti, yo no sé qué yo haria Without you, | don’t know what | would do
**[03:19:18]** do and this sentence actually has a negative and uses the verb as said which is irregular in the conditional just like with every other tense the
> **[on-screen 03:19:25]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs)
**[03:19:25]** conditional can likewise function with negatives and object pronouns and by far the most practical and useful application of the conditional is the verb P which is commonly used to make
> **[on-screen 03:19:33]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) poder - to can podria - could
**[03:19:34]** polite Expressions asking something
> **[on-screen 03:19:37]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & lIOPs) éPodrias abrir la ventana?
**[03:19:37]** like can mean could you open the window
> **[on-screen 03:19:39]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias abrir la ventana? Could you open the window?
**[03:19:40]** and you can reply with see y
> **[on-screen 03:19:41]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Si, yo podria abrir la ventana Yes, | could open the window
**[03:19:43]** yes I could open the window or maybe if you want to reply negatively you can say
> **[on-screen 03:19:47]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no podria abrir la ventana No, | could not open the window
**[03:19:48]** no no I could not open the window or maybe you can use a direct object pronoun instead like saying
> **[on-screen 03:19:54]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no la podria abrir No, yo no podria abrirla
**[03:19:55]** no or no no I could not open it with the
> **[on-screen 03:19:58]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no la podria abrir No, yo no podria abrirla No, | could not open it
**[03:20:00]** direct object pronoun being attached to the infinitive or put before the verb which is possible in the conditional tense in case you want to include an indirect object pronoun you can likewise do so by asking daro or Melo
> **[on-screen 03:20:10]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias darmelo? éMe lo podrias dar?
**[03:20:12]** could you give me it and you can reply
> **[on-screen 03:20:13]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias darmelo? éMe lo podrias dar? Could you give me it?
> **[on-screen 03:20:15]**
> The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no podria dartelo No, yo no te lo podria dar No, | could not give you it
**[03:20:15]** no or no no I could not give you it as you can see the object pronouns can either be put before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive and the same idea applies to any other sentence that you want to say at last you can use the
> **[on-screen 03:20:28]**
> The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs)
**[03:20:29]** conditional tense with reflexive verbs like saying I would take a bath you
> **[on-screen 03:20:32]**
> The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath e You would go out e We would have fun
**[03:20:32]** would go out and we would have fun these sentences use reflexive verbs and the
> **[on-screen 03:20:35]**
> The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath > (banharse) ¢ You would go out > (irse) e We would have fun > (divertirse)
**[03:20:36]** way that you would say them in Spanish is by putting the object pronoun before the conjugated verb May
> **[on-screen 03:20:41]**
> The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath > (banarse) e You would go out > (irse) ¢ We would have fun > (divertirse) ¢ Me banaria e Te irias ¢ Nos divertiriamos
**[03:20:43]** and practically however I don't
> **[on-screen 03:20:45]**
> Th nditionalAense ‘eflexive verb: e | woul b anarse) ¢ You woul (irse) e We would ~ (divertirse) e Me ban ° Te iri e No ertiriamos
**[03:20:45]** recommend using reflexive verbs because there's nothing much you can do with them but it is important to know how they work in the conditional the

91
docs/spanish-fundamentals/44-conditional-perfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
# 44. Conditional Perfect Tense
- **Time range:** 03:20:51 – 03:22:48 (duration 00:01:57)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=12051s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:20:51]**
> The Conditional Perfect
**[03:20:51]** conditional perfect tense in Spanish indicates what would have happened or
> **[on-screen 03:20:54]**
> The Conditional Perfect What would have happened or what one would have done
**[03:20:54]** what one would have done in English it's a tense that's not used often but when it is it's a simple concept because all we do is put the construction would have
> **[on-screen 03:21:01]**
> The Conditional Perfect In English: (would have + participle) | would have + [pa] | We would have + [pa] You would have + [pa] | Y’all would have + [pa] He would have + [pa] | They would have + [pa]
**[03:21:02]** and then we add any participle that we want after in Spanish however we have a
> **[on-screen 03:21:05]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have)
**[03:21:06]** slightly different concept that again uses the verb a but in the conditional perfect we use a conjugation that is equivalent to both of the words would have for the Y pronoun we have the word
> **[on-screen 03:21:14]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]
**[03:21:15]** abria which is a conjugation of a plus any participle that we want after for two we have abas for L we have abria for noos we have abos Vos Abri and AOS Abri as you can probably tell by looking at the chart the ending of all of these
> **[on-screen 03:21:30]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” » would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]
**[03:21:30]** conjugations of a perfectly correspond
> **[on-screen 03:21:32]**
> The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) ia ijamos ias fais ia ian
**[03:21:33]** to the ending pattern of verbs in the simple conditional and that is because the conditional perfect literally just
> **[on-screen 03:21:37]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” » would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]
**[03:21:37]** copies the ending that you would have for verbs in the conditional so it's really not that difficult to memorize as always try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 03:21:43]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos* [pa] habrias + [pa] ‘habrigi + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian *{[pa]
**[03:21:44]** conjugations because they're the least used ones in conversation in Spanish a way that the conditional perfect can be used effectively is by expressing an action that would have happened but did not saying something like
> **[on-screen 03:21:53]**
> Yo habria terminado mi trabajo
**[03:21:55]** y would mean I would have finished my
> **[on-screen 03:21:57]**
> Yo habria terminado mi trabajo | would have finished my job
**[03:21:57]** job with ABA being the conjugation that
> **[on-screen 03:21:58]**
> Yo habria terminado mi trabajo | would have finished my job
**[03:22:00]** matches the Y pronoun additionally I can
> **[on-screen 03:22:03]**
> Tu habrias disfrutado estar ahi
**[03:22:04]** to which means you would have enjoyed
> **[on-screen 03:22:06]**
> Tu habrias disfrutado estar ahi You would have enjoyed being there
**[03:22:06]** being there with abas matching the pronoun too or maybe we can say Aya
> **[on-screen 03:22:11]**
> Ella habria abierto las ventanas
**[03:22:11]** abria abto Las Ventanas meaning she would have opened the windows with abria
> **[on-screen 03:22:14]**
> Ella habria abierto las ventanas She would have opened the windows
**[03:22:16]** matching the pronoun Aya and with abierto being an irregular participle as always the same concept applies to any phrase that you want to say using the conditional perfect tense in Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:22:25]**
> The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]
**[03:22:25]** even though I did not present many examples in this video the conditional perfect is one of the least used tenses in Spanish mainly because no one uses it in actual conversation just like with the future perfect tense I did not present any sentences involving negatives reflexive verbs and object pronouns mostly because it's impossible to make a logical phrase using these ideas if anything the conditional perfect is a tense that is useful to know but not useful to utilize so that's

228
docs/spanish-fundamentals/45-que-lo-que.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
# 45. “Que” & “Lo que”
- **Time range:** 03:22:48 – 03:27:32 (duration 00:04:44)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=12168s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:22:48]**
> “Qué” & “Lo que” “What”
**[03:22:48]** that K and lo in Spanish both mean what but sometimes K can mean that without an
> **[on-screen 03:22:52]**
> “That” “What” (conjunction)
**[03:22:53]** accent as a conjunction however they cannot be used interchangeably because while K is the most used conjunction Lo has a bit of a different meaning indicating what in the beginning or middle of a sentence and I'll get to that in a bit first I'd like to discuss the word K while K can mean what with an accent without the accent it means that
> **[on-screen 03:23:09]**
> (T9 Q u e” 6 99 That (conjunction expressing a subordinate clause)
**[03:23:10]** as a conjunction meaning that it's expressing a subordinate clause and similarly it's used the same way in Spanish typically it's used in long sentences especially when we use a lot of Spanish ideas at once and so we can have phrases like I will use the phone
> **[on-screen 03:23:22]**
> | will use the phone that I bought
**[03:23:22]** that I bought with the word that being the conjunction in Spanish the sentence will literally and Visually be the
> **[on-screen 03:23:28]**
> | will use the phone that | bought Yo usaré el teléfono que yo compré
**[03:23:30]** same as you can see is used as that the same way in English technically speaking however the phrase in English can be said and written without the conjunction I'll use the phone I bought but
> **[on-screen 03:23:39]**
> | will use the phone | bought Yo usaré el teléfono que yo compré
**[03:23:40]** realistically we always have included
> **[on-screen 03:23:41]**
> | will use the phone that | bought Yo usaré el teléfono que yo compré
**[03:23:42]** especially in Spanish saying the sentence without the conjunction signifies an incomplete phrase and that's why the conjunction is needed and here are more sentences that incorporate intermediate Spanish concepts with K how would you say the phrase he wants the
> **[on-screen 03:23:53]**
> He wants the book that is on the shelf
**[03:23:54]** book that is on the
> **[on-screen 03:23:56]**
> He wants the book that is on the shelf El quiere el libro que esta en el estante
> **[on-screen 03:23:59]**
> He wants the book that is on the shelf El quiere el libro que esta en el estante
**[03:24:00]** subordinate clause and with the sentence literally following the same pattern as in Spanish how would you say the house
> **[on-screen 03:24:05]**
> The house that you see is big
**[03:24:06]** that you see is
> **[on-screen 03:24:08]**
> The house that you see is big La casa que tu ves es grande
**[03:24:08]** big is Grande this sentence was an easy one now now how would you say we went to
> **[on-screen 03:24:12]**
> We went to a restaurant that is expensive
**[03:24:12]** a restaurant that is
> **[on-screen 03:24:15]**
> We went to arestaurant that is expensive Nosotros fuimos a un restaurante que es caro
> **[on-screen 03:24:18]**
> They will do the job that they have
**[03:24:19]** they will do the job that they
> **[on-screen 03:24:22]**
> They will do the job that they have Ellos haran el trabajo que ellos tienen
> **[on-screen 03:24:24]**
> | have taken the medicine that the doctor gave me
**[03:24:25]** the medicine that the doctor gave
> **[on-screen 03:24:28]**
> | have taken the medicine that the doctor gave me Yo he tomado la medicina que el doctor me dio
**[03:24:32]** because it used the present perfect the past a direct object pronoun and the conjunction K if you got the sentence right then you did a good job and if not now you can learn how phrases work with the conjunction and here's one last sentence that's a bit tricky how would
> **[on-screen 03:24:44]**
> | see that that man is standing
**[03:24:44]** you say the phrase I see that that man
> **[on-screen 03:24:48]**
> | see that that man is standing Yo veo que ese hombre esta caminando
**[03:24:51]** complicated is because in English we have the word that which is used twice
> **[on-screen 03:24:54]**
> | see that that man is standing Yo veo que ese hombre esta caminando
**[03:24:55]** but with different meanings the first
> **[on-screen 03:24:57]**
> ieee | see that that man is standing Yo veo que ese hombre esta caminando
**[03:24:57]** that is a conjunction and the second that is a demonstrative adjective even though it's a tricky concept that English students have to deal with it's pretty normal in Spanish this idea just shows how English is simple because it repeats one word multiple times but with different meanings in other languages especially in Spanish you have other words for these cases but not in English that's how K as a conjunction Works in Spanish now we have the words Lo which mean what but not in the definite form even though many Educators give these words different definitions my explanation of Lo is very simple Lo in
> **[on-screen 03:25:26]**
> (T3 99 Lo que “What” (NOT as a question, used in the beginning or middle of a sentence)
**[03:25:26]** Spanish is used as what but not in question form and most of the time it's put in the beginning or middle of a sentence to visually show what I want to say here's a simple sentence consisting of the word quando which means when
> **[on-screen 03:25:38]**
> Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro
**[03:25:39]** qu when I was young I had a dog in this
> **[on-screen 03:25:41]**
> Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro When | was young, I had a dog
**[03:25:42]** sentence I'm using the word when not as
> **[on-screen 03:25:44]**
> Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro When | was young, | had a dog
**[03:25:44]** a question but as a conjunction especially in Spanish when it doesn't have an accent this sentence can still maintain its meaning even if you switch the phrases like saying I had a dog when
> **[on-screen 03:25:52]**
> Yo tenia un perro cuando yo era joven I had a dog when I was young
**[03:25:53]** I was young both in English and Spanish the conjunction when keeps its meaning and doesn't change to a question with this concept in mind this is literally and
> **[on-screen 03:26:02]**
> “Lo que” is used the SAME way
**[03:26:03]** exactly how lo is used in Spanish and here are some examples how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:26:07]**
> What | want is a house
**[03:26:07]** the phrase what I want is a house is now if you were to switch the
> **[on-screen 03:26:10]**
> What | want is a house Lo que yo quiero es una casa
**[03:26:12]** phrases and keep the meaning how would you do so a house is what I want is in
> **[on-screen 03:26:16]**
> What I want is a house A house is what | want Lo que yo quiero es una casa Una casa es lo que yo quiero
**[03:26:19]** both sentences what is used in the
> **[on-screen 03:26:20]**
> What I want is a house A house is what I want Lo que yo quiero es una casa Una casa es lo que yo quiero
**[03:26:20]** beginning or middle of the sentence the same way Lo is used in Spanish that's how lo Works in Spanish and hopefully I'm making this concept as easy as possible here are more sentences how
> **[on-screen 03:26:31]**
> You don‘t know what you want
**[03:26:31]** would you say you don't know what you
> **[on-screen 03:26:34]**
> You don‘t know what you want Tu no sabes lo que tu quieres
**[03:26:37]** sentence with what in the beginning what you want you don't know Lo
> **[on-screen 03:26:40]**
> You don‘t know what you want What you want, you don’t know Tu no sabes lo que tu quieres Lo que tu quieres, tu no sabes
**[03:26:42]** how would you say the phrase he has to
> **[on-screen 03:26:43]**
> He has to do what he needs to do
**[03:26:44]** do what he needs to
> **[on-screen 03:26:46]**
> He has to do what he needs to do El tiene que hacer lo que él necesita hacer
**[03:26:50]** needs to do he has to
> **[on-screen 03:26:51]**
> He has to do what he needs to do What he needs to do, he has to do El tiene que hacer lo que él necesita hacer Lo que él necesita hacer, él tiene que hacer
**[03:26:53]** do how would you say what they need is
> **[on-screen 03:26:55]**
> What they need is something to eat
**[03:26:56]** something to
> **[on-screen 03:26:58]**
> What they need is something to eat Lo que ellos necesitan es algo para comer
> **[on-screen 03:27:02]**
> What they need is something to eat Something to eat is what they need Lo que ellos necesitan es algo para comer Algo para comer es lo que ellos necesitan
**[03:27:02]** something to eat is what they need Al is how would you say I did not see what
> **[on-screen 03:27:06]**
> | did not see what you gave me
**[03:27:07]** you gave
> **[on-screen 03:27:09]**
> | did not see what you gave me Yo no vi lo que tu me diste
**[03:27:09]** me and now how would you rephrase it what you gave me I did not
> **[on-screen 03:27:13]**
> | did not see what you gave me What you gave me, | did not see Yo no vi lo que tu me diste Lo que tu me diste, yo no vi
**[03:27:14]** see Y and finally here's a generic phrase that I've said previously in the video how would you say to visually show
> **[on-screen 03:27:20]**
> To visually show what I want to say
**[03:27:21]** what I want to
> **[on-screen 03:27:23]**
> To visually show what | want to say Para visualmente mostrar lo que yo quiero decir
**[03:27:27]** be rephrased but it does show how lo can be used in other sentences too so that's

203
docs/spanish-fundamentals/46-understanding-the-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
# 46. Understanding the Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 03:27:32 – 03:35:21 (duration 00:07:49)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=12452s)
---
**[03:27:32]** that in this video and the videos after this one I'll be explaining the subjunctive in Spanish which is the last
> **[on-screen 03:27:35]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish
**[03:27:36]** most difficult concept ending all of my Topics in Spanish typically it's a concept that students students learn in intermediate Spanish before learning the future tenses however I decided to keep it until the end because of its difficulty and after I'm done with it I'll compile all of my Spanish videos into one long video that has every Spanish principle the reason why the subjunctive is so hard is because it has
> **[on-screen 03:27:55]**
> The subjunctive is difficult because it has the most variations
**[03:27:55]** a lot of variations more than any other tense in Spanish that have shown on this channel unlike the past tense which has
> **[on-screen 03:28:00]**
> The Past Tense (Variations): e Regular Past e Imperfect Past e Past Perfect
**[03:28:01]** three and the future tense which has a
> **[on-screen 03:28:02]**
> The Future Tense (Variations): e Regular Future e Future Perfect
**[03:28:03]** couple the subjunctive has a total of
> **[on-screen 03:28:04]**
> The Subjunctive (Variations): e Present Subjunctive e Past Subjunctive e Present Perfect Subjunctive e Past Perfect Subjunctive
**[03:28:04]** four variations that need to be shown individually in this video I'll only explain the principles of the subjunctive and individual after this one I'll explain each topic individually before learning how to make sentences in the subjunctive we need to understand its formation and the variations that it has as far as I know in the subjunctive there are only four ways that it can change there's the present subjunctive the past subjunctive the present perfect subjunctive and the past perfect subjunctive there also used to be a future subjunctive in Spanish which is now Obsolete and being replaced by the present subjunctive overall just know that these are the variations of the subjunctive I already made videos about the present and the past in Spanish and so some concepts are more useful than others however after this video I'll explain each tense separately because there's a lot to know in this video I will not focus on any of these tenses because I'll just explain how the subjunctive Works in general by presenting its fundamentals you might
> **[on-screen 03:28:55]**
> The subjunctive is amood that expresses the speaker’s attitude towards events, actions, and states that are uncertain/hypothetical
**[03:28:55]** have heard some teachers explaining the subjunctive as a mood that expresses the speaker's attitude towards events actions and states that are uncertain or hypothetical despite other Educators explaining the subjunctive differently I
> **[on-screen 03:29:06]**
> The iunctive i ood that exp Ss peaker’s attitude s events, actions, that are unc /hyp tical
**[03:29:06]** do not like any of these explanations because they tend to confuse students rather than make them understand the subject matter properly I recommend that all of you ignore these definitions because my definition of the subjunctive is far simpler but keep in mind that this explanation makes perfect sense to me I apologize if it doesn't make sense to you but it should help you understand the subjunctive better the easiest way
> **[on-screen 03:29:24]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase:
**[03:29:24]** to spot a subjunctive sentence is through this construction subject verb
> **[on-screen 03:29:27]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V
**[03:29:28]** plus that plus subject verb in Spanish the phrase will be subject verb plus K
> **[on-screen 03:29:31]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V S/V + que+S/V
**[03:29:32]** plus subject verb this is the type of phrase that you will see all the time which activates the subjunctive meaning that a sentence can start with any
> **[on-screen 03:29:39]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V S/V + que + S/V A sentence can start with ANY subject and ANY verb and continue with ANY subject and ANY verb
**[03:29:39]** subject and any verb and continue with any subject and any verb aside from Vos however this is where we need to pay close attention to the details in order to fully understand what activates the subjunctive and what doesn't just because a sentence has a subject verb plus ke plus a subject and a verb it does not mean that the phrase will be in the subjunctive mainly because we have
> **[on-screen 03:29:57]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE FIRST VERB IN THE SENTENCE
**[03:29:57]** to pay close attention to the first verb in the sentence in order to have a sentence that is activated in the subjunctive the first verb in the sentence conjugated with its pronoun
> **[on-screen 03:30:06]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V “ The first verb in the sentence UST bea verb of Permits Will, Emotion, Influence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial
**[03:30:06]** must be a verb of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial a simple way to remember this is by using the word weird the initial
> **[on-screen 03:30:14]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V * The first verb in the sentence MUST bea verb of Ponders THE Will, Emotion, !nfluence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial WEIRD
**[03:30:15]** letter of every category combines into the word weird so you must have a verb that comes from this list if a verb does not come from weird the subjunctive is not activated and here's what I mean we
> **[on-screen 03:30:25]**
> | believe that you ate
**[03:30:25]** can have a sentence like I believe that you ate which in Spanish would
> **[on-screen 03:30:29]**
> | believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste
**[03:30:29]** be in this case the phrase is not in the
> **[on-screen 03:30:31]**
> | believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste The phrase is NOT subjunctive because the verb “creer” doesn’t come from WEIRD; it’s verb that expresses an opinion
**[03:30:32]** subjunctive because the verb doesn't
> **[on-screen 03:30:33]**
> I believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste The phrase is NOT subjunctive because the verb “creer” doesn’t come from WEIRD; it’s verb that expresses an opinion
**[03:30:34]** come from weird it's simply a verb that expresses an opinion not to mention that the second verb in the phrase is conjugated properly therefore it's not in the subjunctive similarly we can say
> **[on-screen 03:30:43]**
> | know that you ate Yo sé que tu comiste
**[03:30:43]** I know that you ate which would be this sentence also doesn't activate
> **[on-screen 03:30:46]**
> | know that you ate Yo sé que tu comiste This sentence also is NOT subjunctive because “saber” means to know factually; therefore, it does NOT come from WEIRD
**[03:30:48]** the subjunctive because sa means to know
> **[on-screen 03:30:49]**
> | know that you ate Yo se que tu comiste This sentence also is NOT subjunctive because “saber” means to know factually; therefore, it does NOT come from WEIRD
**[03:30:50]** factually and therefore it does not come from weird in these cases you have to
> **[on-screen 03:30:53]**
> 1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V * The first verb in the sentence MUST bea verb of Print THE Will, Emotion, !nfluence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial WEIRD
**[03:30:54]** find verbs that activate the subjunctive and these have to be verbs of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial based on my experience in Spanish these are the most
> **[on-screen 03:31:03]**
> Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) will: Emotion: ¢ Preferir - to prefer ¢ Esperar - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to need © Gustar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ¢ Tener miedo - to be afraid Recommendation: Influence: * Aconesjar - to advise ¢ Desear-towish/todesire + Sugerir - to suggest ¢ Insistir (en) - to insist (on) —* Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial * Dudar - to doubt ¢ Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think
**[03:31:03]** common verbs that activate the subjunctive which means that they can begin with literally any subject in Spanish obviously I'm not including every verb on theist list but these are the most common verbs used to express the subjunctive if you see a sentence starting with any of these verbs and with any subject the sentence will be in the subjunctive if you see a sentence that doesn't start with any of these
> **[on-screen 03:31:21]**
> Verb t activate the ctive: (the firs! e sentence, con W.E.1.R.D) will: Emg ° Preferir - to pi - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to net ar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ner miedo - to be afraid amendation: Influence: esjar - to advise * Desear - to wi e to suggest * Insistir (e! (on) eh ar - to recommend bt/Disbelief/Denial ¢ Dudar - to doubt « Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think
**[03:31:22]** verbs or from verbs that don't come from weird it will not be in the subjunctive that's the first thing you should know about the subjunctive in Spanish the second thing you should know about the subjunctive is something that is related to the construction subject verb K subject verb in this typical phrase the
> **[on-screen 03:31:35]**
> 2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/V + que+S/V 7 The second verb MUST be modified in the most irregular way possible
**[03:31:35]** second verb must be modified in the most irregular way possible especially in the present and past subjunctive considering
> **[on-screen 03:31:41]**
> 2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/\V + que + S/V 7 * The second verb MUST be Verb coming modified in the from W.E.I.R.D most irregular way possible
**[03:31:42]** that the first verb comes from weird which activates the subjunctive the second verb in the sentence has to change in a completely different way unlike any other way that I've shown on this channel however I will not present this way in this video I'll present it in the videos after this one considering that there are four tenses of the subjunctive to begin with additionally this part of the phrase can literally
> **[on-screen 03:32:00]**
> 2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/V + que + S/V 7 * * The second verb . ANY subject/. MUST be Verb coming ANY verb modified in the from W.E.I.R.D most irregular way possible
**[03:32:01]** consist of any subject and any verb considering that I said that the second verb has to get modified in the most irregular way this means that you will have to not only memorize every conjugation of every verb but you will also have to understand how stem changing and irregular verbs are used in the second part of the phrase within every tense the pattern completely changes in the present subjunctive which is different from the past subjunctive and so on this is what makes the
> **[on-screen 03:32:22]**
> This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb ¢ You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun ¢ You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used ¢ You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another
**[03:32:23]** subjunctive the most difficult Concept in Spanish considering that you have a
> **[on-screen 03:32:26]**
> This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb ¢ You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun ¢ You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used ¢ You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another S/V + que + S/V
**[03:32:26]** subjunctive phrase mainly consisting of a subject verb K subject verb the second
> **[on-screen 03:32:30]**
> This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb * You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun * You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used * You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another S/V + que + S/V any S+anyV
**[03:32:30]** part of the phrase can literally begin with any subject and any verb that has to not only correspond to the subject but also be modified in a completely different way if you think about it then you have stem changing IR yo verbs and irregular verbs in general and on top of all of that you have four tenses that change each verb in a different way I apologize if it sounds too confusing but that's the best way that I can describe the subjunctive there are no examples in this video because I'm simply going over the principles of the subjunctive but I will provide many useful phrases in the videos after this one mainly consisting of one useful verb from each category of weird moreover there's a third concept you should know in the subjunctive and that is separate phrases that can still
> **[on-screen 03:33:06]**
> 3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive S/V + que+S/V
**[03:33:07]** activate the subjunctive which is different than subject verb k subject verb like I said previously just because the phrase begins with a subject verb K subject verb it doesn't automatically mean that the phrase is subjunctive
> **[on-screen 03:33:18]**
> 3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive [main clause] + [subordinate clause]
**[03:33:18]** sometimes we can have phrases that begin with a main clause and end with a subordinate clause in order to indicate what activates the subjunctive and these phrases can be S necessar Plus subject
> **[on-screen 03:33:27]**
> 3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive (IMC. + S.C.]), ¢ Es necesario que - It’s necessary that ¢ Es importante que - It’s important that e Es urgente que - It’s urgent that e Es bueno que - It’s good that e Es mejor que - It’s better that ¢ Es malo que - It‘s bad that e Es triste que - It’s sad that
**[03:33:28]** verb s important plus subject verb and so on obviously there are more sentences that activate the subjunctive using other Expressions conjunctions and even adjective Clauses but I will not talk about them in this video and future videos because it's simply too excessive and impractical what you should know are the most utilized expressions in the subjunctive just to understand how the subjunctive functions and of course there are sentences similar to these Expressions that do not activate the subjunctive like it's a fact that you
> **[on-screen 03:33:53]**
> it’s a fact that you ate Es un hecho que tu comiste
**[03:33:55]** ate this sentence looks like it's going to activate the subjunctive but it's
> **[on-screen 03:33:59]**
> it’s a fact that you ate Es un hecho que tu comiste This sentence is NOT subjunctive because the expression is simply a fact, not relating to W.E.!.R.D
**[03:33:59]** really not so make sure that you watch out for these ideas and so finally this is everything you should know and understand about the subjunctive in Spanish and this is why it's the most difficult Concept in Spanish at first in
> **[on-screen 03:34:10]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V
**[03:34:10]** order to activate the subjunctive you need to have a sentence that has a subject verb can subject verb or a general main Clause that supports a subordinate clause like s necess okay subject verb secondly if you were to use the first construction then the first verb in the sentence would have to be a
> **[on-screen 03:34:24]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.!.R.D
**[03:34:25]** verb of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial also known as weird if a verb does not come from weird the subjunctive is not activated however if it is activated the second verb of the
> **[on-screen 03:34:36]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, Influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.!.R.D 3). The second verb of the sentence ABSOLUTELY MUST be modified in the oddest way possible, depending on the tense that you want to utilize
**[03:34:36]** sentence absolutely must be modified in the oddest way possible depending on the tense that you want to utilize the second part of either phrase can consist
> **[on-screen 03:34:43]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, Influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.|.R.D 3). The second verb of the sentence ABSOLUTELY MUST be modified in the oddest way possible, depending on the tense that you want to utilize 4). The second part of either phrase can have ANY subject and ANY verb which UST be conjugated depending on the subject and the tense (present, past, present perfect, past perfect)
**[03:34:44]** of literally any subject and any verb and the verb must be conjugated the proper way depending on the subject and the tense whether it's in the present past present perfect or past perfect to recap what I've just said this is the reason why the subjunctive in Spanish is the most difficult concept hands down it has four tenses it must have a verb coming from weird or a general main Clause the second part can consist of any subject and any verb and the second verb has to get conjugated depending on the tense this is everything that you should know about the subjunctive in Spanish and in the videos after this one I'll go in depth and explain each variation as easily as I can in order to make your learning as easy as possible

337
docs/spanish-fundamentals/47-verbs-in-the-present-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
# 47. Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 03:35:21 – 03:44:33 (duration 00:09:12)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=12921s)
---
**[03:35:21]** in this video I'll explain how all types of verbs work in the present subjunctive in Spanish which is a continuation from
> **[on-screen 03:35:26]**
> The Subjunctive In Spanish
**[03:35:27]** the previous video where I talked about the principles of the subjunctive and understanding how it functions in these upcoming videos I'll be covering each tense of the subjunctive starting from the present all the way to the Past
> **[on-screen 03:35:36]**
> The Present Subjunctive:
**[03:35:37]** Perfect while showing useful sentences and explaining the concept of each tense the present subjunctive is the first tense that is learned conceptually but it's actually one of the hardest concepts of the subjunctive mainly because it has a lot of irregular verbs including irregular y verbs verbs ending
> **[on-screen 03:35:51]**
> The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general
**[03:35:52]** in k g and S stem changing and irregular verbs in general like I said in the previous video you will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb because
> **[on-screen 03:36:00]**
> The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general subject/verb/que/subject/verb
**[03:36:00]** the second part of the phrase subject verb K subject verb can have any pronoun and any verb however in order to activate the subjunctive the first verb
> **[on-screen 03:36:08]**
> The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general subject/verb/que/subject/verb WEIRD
**[03:36:08]** in the sentence would have to be a verb coming from weird which I showed in the previous video before showing sentences in the present subjunctive we need to understand how every type of verb functions in the present subjunctive in the second part of the sentence beginning with regular a r e r and i
> **[on-screen 03:36:20]**
> Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs:
**[03:36:22]** verbs all the way to irregular verbs in general regular a r e r and i verbs in the present subjunctive are conjugated similarly to negative two commands by
> **[on-screen 03:36:30]**
> Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: (similar to negative tu commands)
**[03:36:31]** changing the ending to the opposite type of the verb itself for regular a verbs
> **[on-screen 03:36:35]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) O amos as | ais a an
**[03:36:35]** you keep the same ending as you would in
> **[on-screen 03:36:36]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) Oo | amos as ais a an
**[03:36:37]** the present simple but instead of having an A in every conjugation you need to
> **[on-screen 03:36:41]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (present subjunctive) e |emos es éis e en
**[03:36:41]** change it to e taking the verb abl as an
> **[on-screen 03:36:43]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) hablo | hablamos hablas | hablais habla | hablan hablar - to speak
**[03:36:44]** example instead of keeping its form in the present simple we have to change only one vowel so that it matches the present subjunctive y means I speak in the present subjunctive to AES means you speak El means he speaks and so on that's how regular a verbs work in the present subjunctive for regular eer and
> **[on-screen 03:37:01]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) fe) emos/imos es éis/is e en
**[03:37:02]** I verbs you keep the same ending as you
> **[on-screen 03:37:03]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) fe) emos/imos es_ | éis/is e jen
**[03:37:04]** would in the present simple but instead of having an e or E we need to change
> **[on-screen 03:37:08]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present subjunctive) a amos as ais a jan
**[03:37:08]** the vowel to a taking the ver
> **[on-screen 03:37:10]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) como/vivo | comemos/vivimos comes/vives | coméis/vivis come/vive | comen/viven comer - to eat / vivir - to live
**[03:37:11]** and VI in the present subjunctive we have to change only one vowel yoa or Y via means I eat or I live toas or to Vivas means you eat or you live and so on that's how regular eer and I verbs work in the present subjunctive and if
> **[on-screen 03:37:26]**
> Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er & -ir verbs: e a es as e a emos amos éis ais en an
**[03:37:26]** you take a closer look you can probably tell that only one letter changes in these verbs so it's basically a switch
> **[on-screen 03:37:32]**
> Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er &-ir verbs: e a es as e a emos amos éis ais en an
**[03:37:32]** between the types of verbs that's how regular verbs function in the present subjunctive specifically in the second
> **[on-screen 03:37:36]**
> Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er & -ir verbs: e a es as e F cmos“ sNiqueisey OS els M.C.que/S/V als en an
**[03:37:37]** part of the phrase subject verb K subject verb or a main Clause plus subject verb now that I showed how regular verbs work in the present subjunctive you'll have to memorize this pattern because you will have to use it all the time whenever you want to say a sentence in the present subjunctive using any pronoun and any regular a eer or IR verb that's the first concept of the present subjunctive the second
> **[on-screen 03:37:57]**
> 2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands)
**[03:37:57]** concept of the present subjunctive is irregular yo verbs which are similar to nootro commands obviously I will not put every irregular yo verb on the list because you don't need all of them instead I'll give the most useful verbs which include cond
> **[on-screen 03:38:10]**
> 2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands) ¢ Conducir - to drive ¢ Decir - to say/tell e Hacer - to do/make ¢ Oir - to hear e Tener - to have ¢ Traer - to bring ¢ Venir - to come e Ver - to see
**[03:38:16]** will follow these irregular patterns but you don't need to know them what makes irregular y verbs more difficult than regular verbs is the way they're
> **[on-screen 03:38:22]**
> 2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands) ° Gonducir-te drive pay cLose ¢ Decir - to say/tell ATTENTION e Hacer - to do/make To How ° Oir - to hear => CONJUGATE e Tener - to have AND ¢ Traer - to bring MEMORIZE ¢ Venir - to come THEM e Ver - to see
**[03:38:23]** conjugated for every pronoun and the way that you have to memorize their pattern typically irregular yo verbs are only irregular in the yo pronoun in the present simple taking the verb conduc in
> **[on-screen 03:38:31]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) conduzco | conducimos conduces | conducis conduce | conducen conducir - to drive
**[03:38:32]** the present simple every word is conjugated normally except in the yo pronoun yo condus in the present
> **[on-screen 03:38:37]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzco conducir - to drive
**[03:38:38]** subjunctive however you will have to take the ending of of the conjugation of the yo pronoun and repeated across every
> **[on-screen 03:38:42]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzc | conduzc conduzc | conduzc conduzc | conduzc conducir - to drive
**[03:38:43]** pronoun additionally because cond is an IR verb we have to put the opposite
> **[on-screen 03:38:47]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzca | conduzcamos conduzcas | conduzcais conduzca | conduzcan conducir - to drive
**[03:38:48]** ending from A and E to a so that it corresponds to every pronoun in the present subjunctive conduc will look like this Y cond toas elusa and so on as you can see we took the irregular
> **[on-screen 03:39:01]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) conduzco conducir - to drive
**[03:39:01]** conjugation of the Y pronoun from the present simple and put it at the end of
> **[on-screen 03:39:04]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzca | conduzcamos conduzcas | conduzcais conduzca | conduzcan conducir - to drive
**[03:39:05]** every conjugation in the present subjunctive additionally we also change the vowel in the end from from A and E to a in order to maintain the proper conjugation of every pronoun that's the system of conjugating irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive and as I said in the previous video you will have to memorize every conjugation of every pronoun because any pronoun aside from
> **[on-screen 03:39:24]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzca | conduzcamos conduzcas contiuredis_ conduzca | conduzcan conducir - to drive
**[03:39:24]** votos can be used in the present subjunctive now that you hopefully
> **[on-screen 03:39:27]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive)
**[03:39:28]** understand this concept let's finish the rest of the irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive together let's take
> **[on-screen 03:39:33]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) decir - to say/tell
**[03:39:33]** the verb from what have shown how to conjugate the verb the in the present subjunctive in case you're having trouble remember to to take the
> **[on-screen 03:39:40]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) digo decir - to say/tell
**[03:39:40]** conjugation of the yo pronoun from the present simple apply the ending to every pronoun and change the vowel at the end to match the pronoun in the present subjunctive the will look like this
> **[on-screen 03:39:50]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) diga | digamos digas | digdis diga | digan decir - to say/tell
**[03:39:51]** Y and so on like I said previously you will have to memorize every conjugation of every pronoun after the we have the
> **[on-screen 03:39:58]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) hacer - to do/make
**[03:39:58]** verb how would you conjugate this verb in the present
> **[on-screen 03:40:03]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) haga | hagamos hagas | hagais haga | hagan hacer - to do/make
**[03:40:04]** toas and so on now how would you
> **[on-screen 03:40:06]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) oir - to hear
**[03:40:08]** o y o
> **[on-screen 03:40:10]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) oiga | oigamos oigas | oigais oiga | oigan oir - to hear
**[03:40:12]** to and so on how do you conjugate the
> **[on-screen 03:40:14]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) tener - to have
> **[on-screen 03:40:17]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) tenga | tengamos tengas | tengais tenga | tengan tener - to have
> **[on-screen 03:40:20]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) traer - to bring
> **[on-screen 03:40:24]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) traiga | traigamos traigas| traigdais traiga | traigan traer - to bring
> **[on-screen 03:40:28]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) venir - to come
> **[on-screen 03:40:30]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) venga | vengamos vengas | vengais venga | vengan venir - to come
**[03:40:30]** Yas Ela and so on and finally how do you
> **[on-screen 03:40:34]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) ver - to see
> **[on-screen 03:40:37]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) vea veamos veas veais vea vean ver - to see
**[03:40:41]** of how irregular y verbs function in the present subjunctive and like I say all the time you need to memorize all of these conjugations because any pronoun can be used in the present subjunctive of course there's other irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive but we don't need to cover all of them that's the second concept of the present subjunctive the third concept of the
> **[on-screen 03:40:57]**
> 3. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar: (they have a spelling change; think of “yo” from the past simple)
**[03:40:58]** present subjunctive is verbs that end in K G and S and these verbs have a spelling change in every conjugation an easy way to memorize them is by using the irregular conjugation of the yo pronoun from the past simple to make your learning much simp I'm going to use
> **[on-screen 03:41:10]**
> 3. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar: (they have a spelling change; think of “yo” from the past simple) e Marcar - to mark e Pagar - to pay e Organizar - to organize
**[03:41:10]** one verb from each category to show how the system functions let's take the verb marar in order to put this verb in the
> **[on-screen 03:41:15]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (past simple) marqué marcar - to mark
**[03:41:16]** present subjunctive we have to take its irregular form in the yo pronoun from the past simple and replicate it across
> **[on-screen 03:41:21]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) marqu | marqu marqu marqu marqu | marqu marcar - to mark
**[03:41:22]** every pronoun and then change the vowel
> **[on-screen 03:41:23]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) marque | marquemos marques | marquéis marque | marquen marcar - to mark
**[03:41:23]** at the end so that it matches the pronoun marar in the present subjunctive to and so on that's the spelling change that this verb has along with the vowel change in the end now let's take the
> **[on-screen 03:41:36]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) pagar - to pay
**[03:41:36]** verb pagar how would you conjugate this verb in the present subjunctive
> **[on-screen 03:41:42]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) pague | paguemos pagues | paguéis pague | paguen pagar - to pay
**[03:41:45]** that this verb has at last let's take
> **[on-screen 03:41:47]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) organizar - to organize
**[03:41:47]** the verb Oran how would you conjugate it in the present subjunctive or Oran Oran and so on
> **[on-screen 03:41:52]**
> Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) organice | organicemos organices | organicéis organice | organicen organizar - to organize
**[03:41:56]** that's the third concept of the present subjunctive the fourth concept of the
> **[on-screen 03:41:58]**
> 4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (they keep the same changes as in the present simple, except when changing the vowel in the end)
**[03:41:59]** present subjunctive is stem changing verbs which I think is the easiest mainly because they have the same changes as they do in the present simple except when changing the vowel in the end taking verbs like pensar and
> **[on-screen 03:42:09]**
> 4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (they keep the same changes as in the present simple, except when changing the vowel in the end) e Pensar (e>ie) - to think e Volver (o>ue) - to return
**[03:42:10]** the only difference between these verbs in the present simple and the present subjunctive is the ending stem changing verbs function the same way as in the present simple except with the vowel
> **[on-screen 03:42:18]**
> Stem-Changing Verbs: (present simple) pienso/vuelvo | pensamos/volvemos piensas/vuelves | pensais/volvéis piensa/vuelve | piensan/vuelven pensar - to think / volver - to return
**[03:42:19]** change at the end y becomes y y becomes
> **[on-screen 03:42:22]**
> Stem-Changing Verbs: (present subjunctive) piense/vuelva | pensemos/volvamos pienses/vuelvas | penséis/volvais piense/vuelva | piensen/vuelvan pensar - to think / volver - to return
**[03:42:23]** Y and the same idea applies to the rest of the conjugations into to any other stem changing verb however there are a
> **[on-screen 03:42:29]**
> 4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (verbs ending in -ir change their stem in nosotros & vosotros)
**[03:42:29]** few exceptions involving verbs ending in IR that change their stem in the noos and votos pronouns these verbs can go from E to e like ped from E to E like
> **[on-screen 03:42:37]**
> 4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (verbs ending in -ir change their stem in nosotros & vosotros) ¢ Pedir (ei) - to ask for (pidamos & pidais) ¢ Sentir (e>ie) - to feel (sintamos & sintais) ¢ Dormir (o>ue) - to sleep (durmamos & durmais)
**[03:42:41]** and from o to like there could be other verbs in the present subjunctive that follow these patterns but you don't need to know all of them that's how stem changing verbs work in the present subjunctive and now we get to irregular
> **[on-screen 03:42:51]**
> 5. Irregular Verbs In General: (they have little to no pattern to follow; there’s only 5 of them)
**[03:42:52]** verbs in general which have little to no pattern to follow at all so you will have to remember them as they are in this category there are only five verbs
> **[on-screen 03:42:59]**
> 5. Irregular Verbs In General: (they have little to no pattern to follow; there’s only 5 of them) e Estar - to be e Dar - to give e Ser - to be e Saber - to know e Ir- to go
**[03:43:00]** EST and in the present subjunctive the
> **[on-screen 03:43:03]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) esté | estemos estés | estéis esté | estén Estar - to be
**[03:43:03]** verb EST will look like this EST EST EST and so on what makes EST irregular in the present subjunctive is the presence
> **[on-screen 03:43:12]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) esté | estemos estés | estéis esté | estén Estar - to be
**[03:43:12]** of accents except noos nonetheless it's a simple verb to memorize after estar we have the verb Dar which looks like
> **[on-screen 03:43:17]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) dé | demos des | deis dé | den Dar - to give
**[03:43:20]** this and so on after we have the verb
> **[on-screen 03:43:23]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) sea seamos seas | seais sea sean Ser - to be
**[03:43:23]** which copies the same pattern as the
> **[on-screen 03:43:24]**
> Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) vea veamos veas veais vea vean ver - to see
> **[on-screen 03:43:26]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) sea seamos seas | seais sea sean Ser - to be
> **[on-screen 03:43:30]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) sepa | sepamos sepas | sepais sepa | sepan Saber - to know
**[03:43:31]** which has a pattern similar to its form in the past simple y to and so on and finally we have the
> **[on-screen 03:43:38]**
> Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) vaya | vayamos vayas | vayais vaya | vayan Ir - to go
**[03:43:38]** verb which by by far is the most irregular verb in the present subjunctive y to El and so on even though you can technically find a pattern in some of these verbs I recommend just memorizing them in one motion and right now I covered the fifth and final concept of the present subjunctive in this video in the video before this one I explained how the subjunctive Works in Spanish by talking about its tenses verbs and conjugations that you all have to know understand and memorize even though I did not present any sentences in this video I did give a sufficient amount of information in order to understand how the present subjunctive works and how all types of verbs function in it in the next video I'll only show phrases and sentences in order to fully finish the concept of the present subjunctive for your information there will not be any sentences involving negatives and reflexive verbs mainly because they're not that useful in the present subjunctive and also because there is no irregular concept with them so that's it in this video

305
docs/spanish-fundamentals/48-examples-in-the-present-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
# 48. Examples in the Present Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 03:44:33 – 03:51:07 (duration 00:06:34)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=13473s)
---
**[03:44:34]** I'll be presenting sentences that are only in the present subjunctive in my two previous videos I explained the subjunctive in Spanish along with the types of verbs that are used in the present subjunctive in case you don't remember the construction subject verb K
> **[on-screen 03:44:44]**
> subject/verb/que/subject/verb main clause que/subject/verb
**[03:44:45]** subject verb or a main Clause K subject verb is the typical phrase that you will see in the subjunctive however to activate the subjunctive the first verb
> **[on-screen 03:44:53]**
> WEIRD subject/verb/que/subject/verb main clause que/subject/verb
**[03:44:53]** must come from weird and these are the
> **[on-screen 03:44:54]**
> Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) Wilk Emotion: ¢ Preferir - to prefer ¢ Esperar - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to need © Gustar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ¢ Tener miedo - to be afraid Influence: Recommendation: * Desear - to wish/to desire * Aconsejar - to advise ¢ Insistir (en) - to insist (on) ¢ Sugerir - to suggest ¢ Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial: ¢ Dudar - to doubt « Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think
**[03:44:55]** most common weird verbs which I've shown in the previous videos instead of using every verb I'll be showing one useful
> **[on-screen 03:45:00]**
> Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) Will: Emotion: ¢ Querer - to want Esperar - to hope influence: Recommendation: © Desear - to wish/to desire ¢ Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial: © Dudar - to doubt
**[03:45:00]** sentence using a different pronoun and one verb from each category to demonstrate sentences in the present subjunctive let's take the following
> **[on-screen 03:45:06]**
> Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) ¢ Will - Yo quiero que sujeto/verbo ¢ Emotion - Tu esperas que sujeto/verbo e Influence - Ella desea que sujeto/verbo ¢ Recommendation - Recomendamos que sujeto/verbo ¢ Doubt/Disbelief/Denial - Ellos dudan que sujeto/verbo
**[03:45:07]** phrases y subject verb to verb and these are the sentences that I'll utilize throughout the video the first verbs in these cases all activate the present subjunctive and match their pronouns the second part however is any form of the subjunctive consisting of any subject and any verb but in this case it's in the present just to let you know when I'll be showing these sentences in context I'll use the system of conjugation for every type of verb that I showed in the previous video without actually saying what type of verb I'm using to make practice more legit in case you don't remember you can always watch the previous video and one last thing that I can add is that sometimes I'll be implementing other Spanish Concepts in a few main Clauses just to make practice more beneficial now let's begin with the following phrases and work backwards take a look
> **[on-screen 03:45:53]**
> Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol
**[03:45:53]** at this phrase y Estus espanol this phrase is already in Spanish with two
> **[on-screen 03:45:59]**
> Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol
**[03:45:59]** Estus being the subject and the verb and with estud being an AR verb that is conjugated for the two pronoun in the present subjunctive how would you say this phrase in English now here we have two options first if you want to visually translate the sentence then you can say I want
> **[on-screen 03:46:14]**
> Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol | want that you study Spanish
**[03:46:15]** that you study Spanish but it doesn't really make sense to say that even though it technically works on the other hand the second option is more logical in English but it doesn't work visually in Spanish I want you to study Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:46:24]**
> Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol | want that you study Spanish | want you to study Spanish
**[03:46:25]** using a complete infinitive to study while it doesn't matter which phrase you say because both are correct I'll focus
> **[on-screen 03:46:31]**
> Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol | want that you study Spanish | want you to study Spanish
**[03:46:31]** on both of them because we'll sometimes have cases when the two sentences can be applied making it logical and practical how would you say this phrase I want him
> **[on-screen 03:46:37]**
> | want him to use it
**[03:46:38]** to use it
> **[on-screen 03:46:41]**
> | want him to use it Yo quiero que éllo use
> **[on-screen 03:46:45]**
> | want that he uses it | want him to use it Yo quiero que él lo use
**[03:46:45]** want that he uses it how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:46:47]**
> | want that they win the game | want them to win the game
**[03:46:47]** one of these
> **[on-screen 03:46:51]**
> | want that they win the game | want them to win the game Yo quiero que ellos ganen el juego
> **[on-screen 03:46:53]**
> You hope that I buy the book
> **[on-screen 03:46:57]**
> You hope that | buy the book Tu esperas que yo compre el libro
**[03:47:01]** sense both in English and Spanish how
> **[on-screen 03:47:03]**
> You hope that he eats his food
**[03:47:03]** would you say this
> **[on-screen 03:47:06]**
> You hope that he eats his food Tu esperas que él coma su comida
> **[on-screen 03:47:09]**
> You hope that they read some books
> **[on-screen 03:47:12]**
> You hope that they read some books Tu esperas que ellos lean algunos libros
> **[on-screen 03:47:16]**
> She desires that you share it with her
> **[on-screen 03:47:19]**
> She desires that you share it with her Ella desea que tu lo compartas con ella
> **[on-screen 03:47:22]**
> She desires that we write more
> **[on-screen 03:47:26]**
> She desires that we write more Ella desea que escribamos mas
> **[on-screen 03:47:30]**
> We recommend that you drive this car We recommend you to drive this car
**[03:47:30]** how do you say one of these
> **[on-screen 03:47:34]**
> We recommend that you drive this car We recommend you to drive this car Te recomendamos que tu conduzcas este coche
**[03:47:38]** because we had to put a direct object
> **[on-screen 03:47:39]**
> We recommend that you drive this car We recommend you to drive this car Te recomendamos que tu conduzcas este coche
**[03:47:40]** pronoun in the beginning along with an irregular y verb in the present subjunctive how would you say one of
> **[on-screen 03:47:44]**
> We recommend that he drives with safety We recommend him to drive with safety
> **[on-screen 03:47:48]**
> We recommend that he drives with safety We recommend him to drive with safety A élle recomendamos que él conduzca con seguridad
> **[on-screen 03:47:52]**
> They doubt that he says much
> **[on-screen 03:47:55]**
> They doubt that he says much Ellos dudan que él diga mucho
**[03:47:58]** sense how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:47:59]**
> They doubt that you tell them that
> **[on-screen 03:48:02]**
> They doubt that you tell them that Ellos dudan que tu les digas eso
> **[on-screen 03:48:05]**
> | want that you do it
> **[on-screen 03:48:08]**
> | want that you do it Yo quiero que tu lo hagas
**[03:48:09]** how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:48:10]**
> | want that they make some food
> **[on-screen 03:48:14]**
> | want that they make some food Yo quiero que ellos hagan algo de comida
> **[on-screen 03:48:16]**
> You hope that we have what you need
> **[on-screen 03:48:20]**
> You hope that we have what you need Tu esperas que tengamos lo que tu necesitas
> **[on-screen 03:48:23]**
> You hope that he has something else
> **[on-screen 03:48:25]**
> You hope that he has something else Tu esperas que él tenga algo mas
> **[on-screen 03:48:28]**
> She desires that you come right now
> **[on-screen 03:48:31]**
> She desires that you come right now Ella desea que tu vengas ahora mismo
> **[on-screen 03:48:34]**
> She desires that we come tomorrow
> **[on-screen 03:48:37]**
> She desires that we come tomorrow Ella desea que vengamos manana
> **[on-screen 03:48:39]**
> They doubt that I see them
> **[on-screen 03:48:42]**
> They doubt that | see them Ellos dudan que yo los vea
> **[on-screen 03:48:44]**
> They doubt that you see me
> **[on-screen 03:48:47]**
> They doubt that you see me Ellos dudan que tu me veas
> **[on-screen 03:48:50]**
> We recommend that you practice every day We recommend you to practice every day
**[03:48:50]** you say one of these
> **[on-screen 03:48:54]**
> We recommend that you practice every day We recommend you to practice every day Te recomendamos que tu practiques todos los dias
> **[on-screen 03:48:57]**
> We recommend that he practices on the weekends We recommend him to practice on the weekends
> **[on-screen 03:49:01]**
> We recommend that he practices on the weekends We recommend him to practice on the weekends A él le recomendamos que él practique los fines de semana
> **[on-screen 03:49:05]**
> | want that he plays with his friends | want him to play with his friends
> **[on-screen 03:49:09]**
> | want that he plays with his friends | want him to play with his friends Yo quiero que el juegue con sus amigos
> **[on-screen 03:49:13]**
> | want that they play alone | want them to play alone
> **[on-screen 03:49:16]**
> | want that they play alone | want them to play alone Yo quiero que ellos juezuen solos
> **[on-screen 03:49:18]**
> | want that you analyze this phrase | want you to analyze this phrase
> **[on-screen 03:49:21]**
> | want that you analyze this phrase | want you to analyze this phrase Yo quiero que tu analices esta frase
> **[on-screen 03:49:24]**
> You hope that I can do it
> **[on-screen 03:49:27]**
> You hope that I can do it Tu esperas que yo pueda hacerlo
> **[on-screen 03:49:31]**
> You hope that I can do it Tu esperas que yo pueda hacerlo
**[03:49:31]** could have put the direct object pronoun before the conjugated verb what about
> **[on-screen 03:49:34]**
> You hope that they can study in silence
> **[on-screen 03:49:37]**
> You hope that they can study in silence Tu esperas que ellos puedan estudiar en silencio
> **[on-screen 03:49:41]**
> You hope that I understand you
> **[on-screen 03:49:44]**
> You hope that | understand you Tu esperas que yo te entienda
> **[on-screen 03:49:46]**
> You hope that they understand what you say
> **[on-screen 03:49:49]**
> You hope that they understand what you say Tu esperas que ellos entiendan lo que tu dices
**[03:49:53]** where I'll show some general main Clauses that have a subject and a verb after how would you say this
> **[on-screen 03:49:58]**
> It’s necessary that we are here
> **[on-screen 03:50:01]**
> It’s necessary that we are here Es necesario que estemos aqui
> **[on-screen 03:50:03]**
> It’s important that you give me it now
> **[on-screen 03:50:06]**
> It’s important that you give me it now Es importante que tu me lo des ahora
> **[on-screen 03:50:09]**
> It’s good that she is happy
> **[on-screen 03:50:11]**
> It’s good that she is happy Es bueno que ella sea feliz
> **[on-screen 03:50:13]**
> It’s bad that I know what it is
> **[on-screen 03:50:16]**
> It’s bad that I know what it is Es malo que yo sepa lo que es
**[03:50:19]** is this
> **[on-screen 03:50:20]**
> It’s sad that they go without saying goodbye
> **[on-screen 03:50:23]**
> It’s sad that they go without saying goodbye Es triste que ellos vayan sin decir adiés
**[03:50:27]** concept of the present subjunctive comes to an end even though the phrases in this video were sort of one-dimensional and sometimes not that relevant my goal was just to present the system of the present subjunctive at the end of the day it's up to you to make make any sentence that you want using any subject and any verb because this is how you're supposed to think whenever you learn new language Concepts even though some sentences did not make sense my goal was to give the idea of the present subjunctive and from there you could have said anything that you wanted and it will be the same idea for the next tenses of the subjunctive I could have extended the video by talking about the present subjunctive using different
> **[on-screen 03:50:59]**
> The Present Subjunctive with: 1. Expressions 2. Conjunctions 3. Adjective clauses
**[03:50:59]** Expressions conjunctions and adjective Clauses but I chose not to because it's
> **[on-screen 03:51:02]**
> The Pres ubj ive with: 1. ons 2.C ions 3. tive es
**[03:51:03]** an even trickier topic that will probably confuse you even more so that's that the past subjunctive in Spanish

338
docs/spanish-fundamentals/49-past-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
# 49. Past Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 03:51:07 – 03:58:33 (duration 00:07:26)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=13867s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:51:07]**
> The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive
**[03:51:08]** also known as the imperfect subjunctive
> **[on-screen 03:51:10]**
> The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive Speaks of multiple-clause sentences that express states and conditions, beginning with a W.E.I.R.D. verb
**[03:51:10]** speaks of multiple Clause sentences that Express States and conditions considering that you need a verb coming from weird in order to activate it in my opinion the past subjunctive is the second hardest topic of the subjunctive mainly because it has two conjugation
> **[on-screen 03:51:21]**
> The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive 1. Two conjugation patterns 2. Many irregular/stem-changing verbs
**[03:51:21]** patterns and a big list with exceptions that are irregular the past subjunctive works the same way as the present subjunctive which I explained in the previous videos but this time it's in the past or predate tense in the video I will cover every concept along with multiple phrases in the end for regular
> **[on-screen 03:51:36]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (past subjunctive) ara | aramos aras | arais ara | aran
**[03:51:36]** ar verbs you drop the ending of the verb and add the following endings Aras aramos being the only conjugation with an accent AR and Aran let's take
> **[on-screen 03:51:46]**
> Regular -ar verbs: (past subjunctive) hablara | hablaramos hablaras | hablarais hablara | hablaran hablar - to speak
**[03:51:46]** the verb a which is a regular AR verb how would you conjugate a in the past noos and AOS in case you need to conjugate any other regular AR verb in the past subjunctive now you know how now we have regular e r and ir verbs
> **[on-screen 03:52:04]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) iera iéramos ieras ierais iera ieran
**[03:52:06]** which follow the same conjugation pattern you drop the ending of the verbs and put the following conjugation with an accent and let's
> **[on-screen 03:52:18]**
> Regular -er & -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) comiera/viviera | comiéramos/viviéramos comieras/vivieras | comierais/vivierais comiera/viviera | comieran/vivieran comer - to eat / vivir - to live
**[03:52:18]** take the verbs and how would you conjugate them in the past subjunctive Y andas and two vivieras elier and El VI and so on in case you need to conjugate any other regular e or IR verb in the past subjunctive now you know how however now comes the big list that is
> **[on-screen 03:52:35]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive)
**[03:52:36]** full of exceptions which are both irregular and stem Chang in especially ir verbs of course I will not include every verb on the list because you don't need all of them but it is significant to know the most useful ones because there is no conjugation pattern to follow I recommend just memorizing them as they are in the list you have verbs
> **[on-screen 03:52:52]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) diera | diéramos dieras | dierais diera | dieran dar - to give
**[03:52:52]** like Dar meaning to give the meaning to
> **[on-screen 03:52:54]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) dijera | dijéramos dijeras | dijerais dijera | dijeran decir - to say/tell
**[03:52:54]** say or to tell AAR meaning to be a
> **[on-screen 03:52:56]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) estuviera | estuviéramos estuvieras | estuvierais estuviera | estuvieran estar - to be
> **[on-screen 03:52:57]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) hiciera | hiciéramos hicieras | hicierais hiciera | hicieran hacer - to do/make
**[03:52:57]** meaning to do or to make e and said
> **[on-screen 03:52:59]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) fuera |fuéramos fueras | fuerais fuera | fueran ir & ser - to go & to be
**[03:52:59]** meaning to go and to be and as you can see they follow the same pattern because
> **[on-screen 03:53:02]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) fuera |fuéramos fueras |fuerais fuera | fueran ir & ser - to go & to be
**[03:53:03]** in case you don't remember ir and s in
> **[on-screen 03:53:05]**
> Ser/Ir: (past simple) fui |fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue | fueron
**[03:53:05]** the past simple tense follow the same pattern in the past subjunctive however
> **[on-screen 03:53:08]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) fuera |fuéramos fueras | fuerais fuera | fueran ir & ser - to go & to be
**[03:53:09]** the pattern is somewhat similar next we
> **[on-screen 03:53:11]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) pudiera | pudiéramos pudieras | pudierais pudiera | pudieran poder - to can
**[03:53:11]** have P meaning to can p meaning to put
> **[on-screen 03:53:14]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) supiera | supiéramos supieras | supierais supiera | supieran saber - to know
**[03:53:14]** sa meaning to know ten meaning to have
> **[on-screen 03:53:15]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) tuviera | tuviéramos tuvieras | tuvierais tuviera | tuvieran tener - to have
**[03:53:16]** and ven meaning to come after you
> **[on-screen 03:53:17]**
> Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) viniera | viniéramos vinieras | vinierais viniera | vinieran venir - to come
**[03:53:18]** memorize these verbs there are stem
> **[on-screen 03:53:20]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive)
**[03:53:20]** changing ir verbs that have irregular stem changing patterns but I'm obviously not including every verb in this list you have verbs like pref meaning to
> **[on-screen 03:53:27]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) prefiriera | prefiriéramos prefirieras | prefirierais prefiriera | prefirieran preferir (ei) - to prefer
**[03:53:28]** prefer D meaning to sleep meaning to
> **[on-screen 03:53:29]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) durmiera | durmiéramos durmieras | durmierais durmiera | durmieran dormir (ou) - to sleep
> **[on-screen 03:53:30]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) condujera | condujéramos condujeras | condujerais condujera | condujeran conducir - to drive
**[03:53:31]** drive meaning to believe and meaning to
> **[on-screen 03:53:32]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) creyera | creyéramos creyeras | creyerais creyera | creyeran creer - to believe
> **[on-screen 03:53:33]**
> Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) oyera | oyéramos oyeras | oyerais oyera | oyeran oir - to hear
**[03:53:34]** hear these are all the types of verbs that you have to know understand and memorize with every pronoun and conjugation before making actual sentences we have to understand that the past subjunctive is used the same way as the present subjunctive except that it talks about actions events or conditions that already happened in the past this
> **[on-screen 03:53:51]**
> In the past subjunctive, any phrase UST bein the past simple or past imperfect, in order to be activated
**[03:53:51]** means that whenever we speak of the past subjunctive the entire phrase needs to be in the past simple or past imperfect in order to activate it just like in the present subjunctive the whole sentence is in the present simple and it's the same idea with the past every sentence in the past subjunctive must fully be in the past simple or past imperfect so make sure that you pay attention to each phrase now I can show you a few phrases and after you get the idea then you can make any sentence that you want take a
> **[on-screen 03:54:15]**
> Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo
**[03:54:15]** look at this phrase Y how would you say this phrase in English just like in the present subjunctive there's two options first you can visually translate the sentence and say I wanted that you speak with me
> **[on-screen 03:54:27]**
> Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo | wanted that you speak with me
**[03:54:28]** but if you want to sound logical then you can say I wanted you to speak with
> **[on-screen 03:54:31]**
> Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo | wanted that you speak with me | wanted you to speak with me
**[03:54:31]** me unlike the present subjunctive both phrases have the same form of the verb
> **[on-screen 03:54:34]**
> Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo | wanted that you speak with me | wanted you to speak with me
**[03:54:35]** which is actually in the past because the two phrases begin in the past this is why the past subjunctive is one of the hardest Concepts to understand because in Spanish you have one form of the sentence with a very odd conjugated verb but in English there are multiple options just like in the present subjunctive I will focus on both phrases because the two sentences can be applied similarly how would you say this
> **[on-screen 03:54:54]**
> We hoped that he spoke in the meeting
> **[on-screen 03:54:57]**
> We hoped that he spoke in the meeting Esperabamos que él hablara en la reunion
**[03:55:00]** working in the past tense we can have sentences that are either in the past simple or past imperfect which is why
> **[on-screen 03:55:05]**
> WEIRD verb We hoped that he spoke in the meeting Imperfect | Esperabamos que élhablara en la reunion
**[03:55:05]** you see the sentence starting with a verb coming from weird being in the perfect tense sometimes we have the past simple and sometimes the imperfect and it's up to you to decide which tense is correct to use how would you say this
> **[on-screen 03:55:15]**
> She decided that we eat something
> **[on-screen 03:55:19]**
> She decided that we eat something Ella decidio que comicramos algo
> **[on-screen 03:55:22]**
> You insisted that I run in the mornings
> **[on-screen 03:55:25]**
> You insisted that I run in the mornings Tu insististe que yo corricra por las mananas
> **[on-screen 03:55:28]**
> They recommended me that | write a letter They recommended me to write a letter
> **[on-screen 03:55:31]**
> They recommended me that | write a letter They recommended me to write a letter Ellos me recomendaron que yo escribiera una carta
> **[on-screen 03:55:34]**
> | needed you to receive this message | needed that you receive this message
> **[on-screen 03:55:36]**
> | needed you to receive this message | needed that you receive this message Yo necesitaba que tu recibieras este mensaje
**[03:55:39]** now let's try to use some of the irregular verbs how would you say this
> **[on-screen 03:55:42]**
> You were afraid that he gave you it
> **[on-screen 03:55:45]**
> You were afraid that he gave you it Tu tenias miedo de que él te lo diera
> **[on-screen 03:55:48]**
> He desired that we say something about that
> **[on-screen 03:55:51]**
> He desired that we say something about that El deseaba que dijéramos algo sobre eso
> **[on-screen 03:55:54]**
> We doubted that you were speaking
> **[on-screen 03:55:56]**
> We doubted that you were speaking Dudamos que tu estuvieras hablando
**[03:56:00]** we had the word dud which means we doubt
> **[on-screen 03:56:01]**
> We doubted that you were speaking We doubt sb We doubted Dudamos que tu estuvieras hablando
**[03:56:02]** and we doubted and so the meaning changes in context and also because we use the progressive tense that is you were speaking which uses the verb in the past how about one of
> **[on-screen 03:56:10]**
> They wanted you to do the bed They wanted that you do the bed
> **[on-screen 03:56:13]**
> They wanted you to do the bed They wanted that you do the bed Ellos querian que tu hicieras la cama
> **[on-screen 03:56:16]**
> | hoped that you went to school
> **[on-screen 03:56:20]**
> | hoped that you went to school Yo esperaba que tu fueras a la escuela
**[03:56:24]** from and but in this case we can tell that it's ear now how about this
> **[on-screen 03:56:28]**
> You wanted me to be happy
> **[on-screen 03:56:30]**
> You wanted me to be happy Tu querias que yo fuera feliz
**[03:56:34]** because it speaks of a permanent feeling even though the sentence in English doesn't really make sense when you visually usually translated into Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:56:40]**
> She hoped that | could find it
**[03:56:40]** how about this
> **[on-screen 03:56:43]**
> She hoped that | could find it Ella esperaba que yo pudiera encontrarlo
> **[on-screen 03:56:46]**
> She hoped that | could find it Ella esperaba que yo pudiera encontrarlo
**[03:56:47]** the object pronoun before the conjugated verb how about one of
> **[on-screen 03:56:49]**
> We needed you to put it here We needed that you put it here
> **[on-screen 03:56:52]**
> We needed you to put it here We needed that you put it here Necesitabamos que tu lo pusieras aqui
> **[on-screen 03:56:55]**
> They doubted that he knew what it was
> **[on-screen 03:56:58]**
> They doubted that he knew what it was Ellos dudaban que él supiera lo que era
> **[on-screen 03:57:01]**
> | hoped that they had a dog
> **[on-screen 03:57:03]**
> | hoped that they had a dog Yo esperaba que ellos tuvieran un perro
> **[on-screen 03:57:06]**
> You desired them to come here You desired that they come here
> **[on-screen 03:57:09]**
> You desired them to come here You desired that they come here Tu deseabas que ellos vinieran aqui
**[03:57:13]** with irregular stem changing verbs along with a few General main Clauses in the
> **[on-screen 03:57:17]**
> He was afraid that | preferred this book
**[03:57:17]** past how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:57:20]**
> He was afraid that | preferred this book El tenia miedo de que yo prefiriera este libro
**[03:57:24]** sense to say but I'm showing it just so you can understand irregular verbs in the past subjunctive how do you say
> **[on-screen 03:57:29]**
> We doubted that you slept well
> **[on-screen 03:57:32]**
> We doubted that you slept well Dudamos que tu durmieras bien
> **[on-screen 03:57:33]**
> They wanted me to drive with safety They wanted that | drive with safety
> **[on-screen 03:57:37]**
> They wanted me to drive with safety They wanted that | drive with safety Ellos querian que yo condujera con seguridad
> **[on-screen 03:57:39]**
> | hoped that you believed in me
**[03:57:39]** how about
> **[on-screen 03:57:42]**
> | hoped that you believed in me Yo esperaba que tu creyeras en mi
> **[on-screen 03:57:45]**
> You desired that | heard you
> **[on-screen 03:57:48]**
> You desired that | heard you Tu deseabas que yo te oyera
**[03:57:51]** main Clauses how do you say
> **[on-screen 03:57:52]**
> It was necessary that we went to the school
> **[on-screen 03:57:55]**
> It was necessary that we went to the school Era necesario que fuéramos a la escuela
> **[on-screen 03:57:57]**
> It was good that you spoke loud and clear
> **[on-screen 03:58:00]**
> It was good that you spoke loud and clear Estuvo bien que tu hablaras alto y claro
> **[on-screen 03:58:03]**
> It was sad that they had a bad night
> **[on-screen 03:58:06]**
> It was sad that they had a bad night Era triste que ellos tuvieran una casa pequena
**[03:58:10]** concept of the past subjunctive comes to an end just like I said in the previous videos even though some phrases didn't make sense to say my goal was just to present the system of the past subjunctive at the end of the day after you understand the idea it's up to you to make any sentence that you want using any subject and any verb in the past subjunctive not to mention that the past subjunctive in Spanish is a concept that is useful to understand and useful to utilize so that's that the present

161
docs/spanish-fundamentals/50-present-perfect-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
# 50. Present Perfect Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 03:58:33 – 04:02:29 (duration 00:03:56)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=14313s)
---
> **[on-screen 03:58:33]**
> The Present Perfect Subjunctive
**[03:58:33]** perfect subjunctive in Spanish talks
> **[on-screen 03:58:35]**
> The Present Perfect Subjunctive Talks about what someone has done or what has happened in the subjunctive form
**[03:58:35]** about what someone has done or what has happened in the subjunctive form just just like the regular present perfect the present perfect subjunctive is
> **[on-screen 03:58:40]**
> The Present Perfect: (conjugation of “haber”) he + [pa] | hemos + [pa] has + [pa] | habéis + [pa] ha + [pa] | han + [pa]
**[03:58:41]** formed using the verb a and the past participle expressing an action that recently has happened despite being part of the subjunctives in my opinion the present perfect subjunctive is one of the easiest topics to understand because the same conditions activated as in the normal present perfect unlike the present perfect the verb a in this case needs to be conjugated differently in the present perfect subjunctive instead of these conjugations you have these
> **[on-screen 03:59:02]**
> The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] | hayais + [pa] haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]
**[03:59:02]** ones yo a in the present perfect subjunctive would mean I have and then a past participle to a would mean you have El he has noos we have Vos a y'all have and AOS aan they have in the present perfect subjunctive I recommend focusing on all pronouns except votos because
> **[on-screen 03:59:21]**
> The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] haysis*[pal haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]
**[03:59:22]** they're very useful to know in Spanish just like the normal present subjunctive
> **[on-screen 03:59:25]**
> In the present perfect subjunctive, any sentence \ViUST bein some form of the present
**[03:59:25]** sentences in the present perfect subjunctive must all be in some form of the present because the action is occurring before it's expressed in the main clause in other words every verb within a phrase has to be in the present form and here's what I mean let's take
> **[on-screen 03:59:38]**
> | hope that you have slept well
**[03:59:38]** the sentence I hope that you have slept well how would you say it in
> **[on-screen 03:59:43]**
> | hope that you have slept well Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien
> **[on-screen 03:59:46]**
> | hope that you have slept well esperar Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien W.E.I.R.D verb activates Conjugation of past participle the subjunctive “haber”
**[03:59:48]** being a conjugation of a and Doro being the past participle the convenient part is that unlike the previous subjunctives that I've shown both in English and Spanish there's only one way to express the two sentences because all verbs in
> **[on-screen 03:59:58]**
> | hope that you have slept well esperar Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien W.E.I.R.D verb activates Conjugation of past participle the subjunctive “haber”
**[03:59:59]** the two phrases are in the present and they all have to remain as they do in English you can technically say I hope
> **[on-screen 04:00:04]**
> | hope that you slept well
**[04:00:04]** that you slept well but when you put
> **[on-screen 04:00:05]**
> | hope that you slept well Yo espero que tu dormiste bien
**[04:00:05]** this phrase in Spanish it will not
> **[on-screen 04:00:07]**
> | hope that you slept well Yo 4 bien
**[04:00:07]** activate the subjunctive because you have two different tenses I hope is in
> **[on-screen 04:00:10]**
> present past | hope that you slept well Yo 4 bien
**[04:00:11]** the present and you slept is in the past and these two forms do not allow the subjunctive to be activated which is why we have to include the present perfect
> **[on-screen 04:00:18]**
> | hope that you have slept well Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien
**[04:00:18]** you have slept now the sentence has one whole tense which allows for the subjunctive unlike the previous videos that I've done about the subjunctive in this video I will not present too many phrases because the present perfect subjunctive is one of the least used Topics in Spanish some of the sentences that you will see will randomly be made with verbs that come from weird and with a few phrases having a general main Clause so watch out for that how would you say this
> **[on-screen 04:00:41]**
> | am happy that he has said the truth
> **[on-screen 04:00:44]**
> | am happy that he has said the truth Yo estoy feliz de que él haya dicho la verdad
> **[on-screen 04:00:47]**
> We don’t believe that you have eaten a lot
> **[on-screen 04:00:49]**
> We don’t believe that you have eaten a lot No creemos que tu hayas comido mucho
> **[on-screen 04:00:52]**
> It's possible that we have done something bad
> **[on-screen 04:00:55]**
> It's possible that we have done something bad Es posible que hayamos hecho algo malo
> **[on-screen 04:00:58]**
> It's impossible that they have written a book
> **[on-screen 04:01:01]**
> It's impossible that they have written a book Es imposible que ellos hayan escrito un libro
> **[on-screen 04:01:04]**
> | hope that you have resolved the problem
> **[on-screen 04:01:08]**
> | hope that you have resolved the problem Yo espero que tu hayas resuelto el problema
> **[on-screen 04:01:11]**
> You hope that he has studied for the test
> **[on-screen 04:01:14]**
> You hope that he has studied for the test Tu esperas que él haya estudiado para la prueba
> **[on-screen 04:01:18]**
> It’s sad that he has not passed it
> **[on-screen 04:01:21]**
> It’s sad that he has not passed it Es triste que él no lo haya pasado
> **[on-screen 04:01:24]**
> It’s sad that he has not passed it Es triste que él no lo haya pasado
**[04:01:24]** because there's a negative and the direct object pronoun which are both placed before the conjugated verbs in case you don't remember the present perfect subjunctive functions the same way as the regular present perfect which means that the phrase a plus a past participle cannot be split apart this is is the reason why negatives and object pronouns are always placed before this
> **[on-screen 04:01:41]**
> It’s sad that he has not passed it Es triste que él no lo haya pasado Ney
**[04:01:42]** construction how would you say
> **[on-screen 04:01:43]**
> She doubts that we have come so fast
> **[on-screen 04:01:47]**
> She doubts that we have come so fast Ella duda que hayamos venido tan rapido
> **[on-screen 04:01:50]**
> They are worried that you have seen them
> **[on-screen 04:01:52]**
> They are worried that you have seen them Ellos estan preocupados de que tu los hayas visto
> **[on-screen 04:01:56]**
> They are worried that you have seen them Ellos estan preocupados de que tu los hayas visto
**[04:01:56]** object pronoun coming before the conjugated verb here's the last phrase
> **[on-screen 04:01:59]**
> It’s a shame that they have not given me it
**[04:01:59]** for the video how would you say
> **[on-screen 04:02:03]**
> It’s ashame that they have not given me it Es una lastima que ellos no me lo hayan dado
> **[on-screen 04:02:07]**
> It’s a shame that they have not given me it Es una lastima que ellos no me lo hayan dado
**[04:02:07]** because it had a negative and two object pronouns which were all put before the conjugative verb conversationally it will not be as difficult as this so this is the most that you have to know and understand with the present perfect subjunctive even though it's a subjunctive the present perfect has very minimal use in the subjunctive itself mainly because it's not used that often and like I always say it's a concept that is more useful to Know Than to use so that's that the past perfect

94
docs/spanish-fundamentals/51-past-perfect-subjunctive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
# 51. Past Perfect Subjunctive
- **Time range:** 04:02:29 – 04:05:30 (duration 00:03:01)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=14549s)
---
> **[on-screen 04:02:29]**
> The Past Perfect Subjunctive
**[04:02:29]** subjunctive in Spanish speaks about what
> **[on-screen 04:02:31]**
> The Past Perfect Subjunctive Speaks about what someone had done or what had happened in the subjunctive form
**[04:02:31]** someone had done or what had happened in the subjunctive form like the present
> **[on-screen 04:02:34]**
> The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] | hayais + [pa] haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]
**[04:02:34]** perfect subjunctive the past perfect subjunctive also uses the construction a plus a past participle but in this case the verb a has to be conjugated
> **[on-screen 04:02:41]**
> The Past Perfect Subjunctive: (Past/Imperfect Tense - Conjugation of “haber”) hubiera + [pa] | hubiéramos + [pa] hubieras + [pa] | hubierais + [pa] hubiera + [pa] | hubieran + [pa]
**[04:02:42]** differently because the past perfect subjunctive speaks of the imperfect past tense y UA in the past perfect subjunctive would mean I had and then a past participle to uas you had El U he noos we had y'all had andos they had in the past perfect subjunctive I recommend not focusing on these pronouns because
> **[on-screen 04:03:03]**
> The Past Perfect Subjunctive: (Past/Imperfect Tense - Conjugation of “haber”) hubiera + [pa] | hubié amg + [pal] hubieras + [pa] ‘hubied + [pa] hubiera + [pa] | hu¥ieran’\ [pa]
**[04:03:04]** they're not that useful in conversation just like the regular past perfect the past perfect subun indicates actions that had taken place before another action in the past additionally
> **[on-screen 04:03:13]**
> In the past perfect subjunctive, any sentence \iUST be in the past/imperfect form
**[04:03:13]** sentences in the past perfect subjunctive must all be in some form of the past because the action occurred before being expressed in the main clause in other words every verb within a phrase has to be in the imperfect form which is similar to the present perfect subjunctive where every verb within a phrase is in the present in this case we're working in the past and because the past perfect subjunctive is one of the least used Topics in Spanish and also because it's the final Spanish concept that I will cover I will present just a few sentences in this video the sentences that you will see will randomly be made with verbs that come from weird and with a few phrases having a general main Clause how would you say
> **[on-screen 04:03:45]**
> | doubted that you had arrived
> **[on-screen 04:03:47]**
> | doubted that you had arrived Yo dudaba que tu hubieras llegado
> **[on-screen 04:03:50]**
> You hoped that he had won the game
> **[on-screen 04:03:53]**
> You hoped that he had won the game Tu esperabas que él hubiera ganado el juego
> **[on-screen 04:03:56]**
> Was there anybody who had seen the movie?
> **[on-screen 04:03:59]**
> Was there anybody who had seen the movie? éHabia alguien que hubiera visto la pelicula?
**[04:04:03]** because it's put in question form along with using ABIA as the phrase there was in the imperfect tense how would you say
> **[on-screen 04:04:08]**
> There was no one who had slept
> **[on-screen 04:04:13]**
> There was no one who had slept No habia nadie que hubiera dormido
**[04:04:13]** no this sentence was a bit hard because we had to use double negatives in
> **[on-screen 04:04:17]**
> There was no one who had slept No habia nadie que hubiera dormido
**[04:04:17]** Spanish and also because it wasn't clear who the subject was in the phrase here's
> **[on-screen 04:04:21]**
> It was not true that I had called him
**[04:04:21]** the last example for this video how would you say it in
> **[on-screen 04:04:27]**
> It was not true that I had called him No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado
**[04:04:30]** hard because we had to use era as the
> **[on-screen 04:04:32]**
> It was not true that I had called him No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado
**[04:04:32]** imperfect tense of was and also because we had a direct object pronoun L coming
> **[on-screen 04:04:36]**
> It was not true that | had called him No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado
**[04:04:36]** before the construction a plus a past participle conversationally it will not be as difficult as this so it's a concept that is more useful to Know Than to use so that's that and here this is where the final Spanish concept and all of its fundamentals come to an end throughout all of the videos that I've done for the past few months I basically covered every Spanish principle and concept that one has to know when learning Spanish beginning with my
> **[on-screen 04:04:57]**
> The Spanish Language And Its Fundamentals
**[04:04:57]** Spanish fundamentals video all the way to now I demonstrated what is it like to learn the basis of any language before actively speaking it in this case Spanish like I've always said previously before learning to speak any language everyone has to know and understand the fundamentals of the language and that's exactly what I've shown over time all of my previous videos include every Spanish idea in order to understand how Spanish fully works as a language and once you've understood how to utilize these ideas you can speak the language any way you want once you understand what you know you can then focus on mastering the language using the method that fits you

13
docs/spanish-fundamentals/52-the-conclusion.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
# 52. The Conclusion
- **Time range:** 04:05:30 – 04:06:50 (duration 00:01:20)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=14730s)
---
**[04:05:30]** now that this long video is over I want to take a few seconds to explain what I've shown as someone who teaches themselves languages I've had my own ways of explaining information to myself which a lot of people don't really understand the whole point of every video that I've done including this long video too is to explain the system of how to think when learning new languages I completely understand that everyone has their own way of learning but like I've always said everyone has to know and understand the basis of any language my goal wasn't to teach how to speak Spanish because you can do so on your own but rather how to think in terms of speaking this video had everything that you needed to start to think in Spanish that is if it was your goal unlike other Educators that teach Spanish differently I chose to go with this format in order to not waste anyone's Time Each video was an explanation of a Spanish concept without any additional information before or after I completely understand that some formats were very fast and sometimes it was impossible to follow what I was saying but this was my way of explaining things without wasting time and I do really apologize for that for many people learning language Concepts very fast is unfitting annoying and potentially irritating and I completely understand that however because I tend to learn languages as a polyglot iend end up teaching them as a polyg and it's something that's very unfitting for many people and I'm really sorry if I went too fast in some Concepts anyhow thank
> **[on-screen 04:06:45]**
> Thank You So Much For Watching
**[04:06:45]** you for watching and I hope that your learning became the simplest it can be thank you

51
docs/spanish-fundamentals/EXTRACTION_REPORT.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
# Extraction Report
- Chapters processed: **52** / 52
- Rules: 168
- Examples (es/en pairs): 572
- Vocab items: 410
- Conjugation tables: 143
- Fill-in exercises: 370
## Chapter → Conjuga GrammarNote mapping
| Grammar Note | Chapters |
|-------------|----------|
| `accent-marks-stress` | 02 |
| `adjective-placement` | 08 |
| `commands-imperative` | 36, 37 |
| `comparatives-superlatives` | 34 |
| `conditional-if-clauses` | 43, 44 |
| `double-negatives` | 35 |
| `estar-gerund-progressive` | 06 |
| `future-vs-ir-a` | 13, 41 |
| `gustar-like-verbs` | 20 |
| `object-pronouns` | 17, 18, 19 |
| `por-vs-para` | 33 |
| `preterite-vs-imperfect` | 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40 |
| `reflexive-verbs` | 29, 30 |
| `relative-pronouns` | 45 |
| `saber-vs-conocer` | 23, 24 |
| `ser-vs-estar` | 05, 07, 38 |
| `subjunctive-triggers` | 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 |
| `tener-expressions` | 14 |
## Chapters not mapped to an existing GrammarNote
These represent topics that could become NEW GrammarNotes:
- **01** The Introduction — Author introduces the 4-hour compilation video as a stitched collection of every prior Spanish-fundamentals video on his
- **03** Conjugating Verbs (Present) — How to conjugate regular -ar/-er/-ir verbs in the present indicative by dropping the infinitive ending and adding one of
- **04** Articles — Definite (el/la/los/las) and indefinite (un/una/unos/unas) articles, gender/number agreement, and common exceptions like
- **09** Possessive Adjectives — Spanish possessive adjectives precede the noun and agree in number; only nuestro and vuestro also agree in gender. The a
- **10** Demonstrative Adjectives — Spanish demonstratives (este/ese/aquel) precede the noun and agree in gender and number. Neuter forms (esto/eso/aquello)
- **11** Useful Greetings & Farewells — A practical inventory of Spanish greetings, farewells, and polite phrases, with literal breakdowns explaining how each e
- **12** The Verb "Poder" — Poder ('to be able to / can') is a stem-changing verb (o → ue) in the boot forms. It pairs directly with an infinitive —
- **15** al & del — Spanish contracts a + el into al and de + el into del to eliminate the redundant vowel sound; these are the only two man
- **16** Prepositional Pronouns — Prepositional pronouns follow prepositions; only yo and tú change (to mí and ti), and con combines into conmigo and cont
- **21** Irregular Yo Verbs — A group of Spanish verbs are regular in every present-tense form except the yo form, which takes an irregular ending suc
- **22** Stem-Changing Verbs — Stem-changing verbs modify their internal vowel in all conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Four categories exist:
- **32** Stressed Possessive Adjectives — Stressed possessive adjectives (mío, tuyo, suyo, nuestro, vuestro) indicate ownership and follow the noun or ser; they a
- **39** Present Perfect Tense — The present perfect (pretérito perfecto) expresses what someone has done. It uses present-tense haber + past participle
- **42** Future Perfect Tense — The future perfect (futuro perfecto) expresses what will have happened by some point in the future. It uses future haber
- **52** The Conclusion — Closing remarks for the Spanish fundamentals series. The narrator emphasizes that the series teaches how to THINK in Spa

71
docs/spanish-fundamentals/README.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
# A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)
- **Source:** https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE
- **Duration:** 04:06:50
- **Chapters:** 52
- **Spoken cues:** 7006
- **On-screen slides captured (OCR):** 2184
## Chapters
| # | Title | Time | Spoken | On-screen |
|---|-------|------|--------|-----------|
| 01 | [The Introduction](01-the-introduction.md) | 00:00:00–00:01:04 | 33 | 3 |
| 02 | [Spanish Fundamentals](02-spanish-fundamentals.md) | 00:01:04–00:10:32 | 221 | 53 |
| 03 | [Conjugating Verbs (Present)](03-conjugating-verbs-present.md) | 00:10:32–00:16:23 | 165 | 25 |
| 04 | [Articles](04-articles.md) | 00:16:23–00:18:54 | 69 | 24 |
| 05 | [The Verb “Ser”](05-the-verb-ser.md) | 00:18:54–00:23:19 | 134 | 35 |
| 06 | [The Present Progressive](06-the-present-progressive.md) | 00:23:19–00:26:08 | 90 | 28 |
| 07 | [The Verb “Estar”](07-the-verb-estar.md) | 00:26:08–00:32:28 | 206 | 43 |
| 08 | [Descriptive Adjectives](08-descriptive-adjectives.md) | 00:32:28–00:35:52 | 115 | 36 |
| 09 | [Possessive Adjectives](09-possessive-adjectives.md) | 00:35:52–00:38:32 | 89 | 27 |
| 10 | [Demonstrative Adjectives](10-demonstrative-adjectives.md) | 00:38:32–00:40:50 | 71 | 18 |
| 11 | [Useful Greetings & Farewells](11-useful-greetings-farewells.md) | 00:40:50–00:43:53 | 93 | 49 |
| 12 | [The Verb “Poder”](12-the-verb-poder.md) | 00:43:53–00:47:03 | 96 | 34 |
| 13 | [The Verb “Ir”](13-the-verb-ir.md) | 00:47:03–00:52:38 | 184 | 57 |
| 14 | [The Verb “Tener”](14-the-verb-tener.md) | 00:52:38–00:59:03 | 195 | 60 |
| 15 | [“al” & “del”](15-al-del.md) | 00:59:03–01:00:34 | 44 | 16 |
| 16 | [Prepositional Pronouns](16-prepositional-pronouns.md) | 01:00:34–01:03:26 | 87 | 31 |
| 17 | [Direct Object Pronouns](17-direct-object-pronouns.md) | 01:03:26–01:09:18 | 175 | 57 |
| 18 | [Indirect Object Pronouns](18-indirect-object-pronouns.md) | 01:09:18–01:16:10 | 187 | 65 |
| 19 | [Combining DOPs & IOPs](19-combining-dops-iops.md) | 01:16:10–01:23:54 | 217 | 71 |
| 20 | [The Verb “Gustar”](20-the-verb-gustar.md) | 01:23:54–01:29:48 | 182 | 43 |
| 21 | [Irregular “Yo” Verbs](21-irregular-yo-verbs.md) | 01:29:48–01:32:59 | 97 | 30 |
| 22 | [Stem-Changing Verbs](22-stem-changing-verbs.md) | 01:32:59–01:36:52 | 108 | 28 |
| 23 | [The Verb “Saber”](23-the-verb-saber.md) | 01:36:52–01:39:51 | 98 | 20 |
| 24 | [The Verb “Conocer”](24-the-verb-conocer.md) | 01:39:51–01:43:05 | 100 | 27 |
| 25 | [Past Tense For Regular Verbs](25-past-tense-for-regular-verbs.md) | 01:43:05–01:48:08 | 139 | 27 |
| 26 | [Past Tense of “Ser” and “Ir”](26-past-tense-of-ser-and-ir.md) | 01:48:08–01:54:32 | 195 | 45 |
| 27 | [Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 1](27-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-1.md) | 01:54:32–02:01:56 | 203 | 78 |
| 28 | [Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 2](28-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-2.md) | 02:01:56–02:09:40 | 217 | 71 |
| 29 | [Reflexive Verbs](29-reflexive-verbs.md) | 02:09:40–02:15:49 | 183 | 58 |
| 30 | [Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs](30-reciprocal-reflexive-verbs.md) | 02:15:49–02:18:31 | 82 | 27 |
| 31 | [Imperfect Tense](31-imperfect-tense.md) | 02:18:31–02:25:22 | 201 | 57 |
| 32 | [Stressed Possessive Adjectives](32-stressed-possessive-adjectives.md) | 02:25:22–02:27:59 | 79 | 29 |
| 33 | [“Por” & “Para”](33-por-para.md) | 02:27:59–02:34:12 | 181 | 70 |
| 34 | [Comparatives & Superlatives](34-comparatives-superlatives.md) | 02:34:12–02:39:27 | 149 | 41 |
| 35 | [How Negatives Work](35-how-negatives-work.md) | 02:39:27–02:43:50 | 124 | 49 |
| 36 | [Familiar Tú Commands](36-familiar-t-commands.md) | 02:43:50–02:50:50 | 194 | 69 |
| 37 | [Nosotros Commands](37-nosotros-commands.md) | 02:50:50–02:57:26 | 185 | 65 |
| 38 | [Past Participles As Adjectives](38-past-participles-as-adjectives.md) | 02:57:26–03:01:52 | 117 | 44 |
| 39 | [Present Perfect Tense](39-present-perfect-tense.md) | 03:01:52–03:06:10 | 124 | 35 |
| 40 | [Past Perfect Tense](40-past-perfect-tense.md) | 03:06:10–03:09:41 | 98 | 30 |
| 41 | [Future Tense](41-future-tense.md) | 03:09:41–03:14:07 | 128 | 46 |
| 42 | [Future Perfect Tense](42-future-perfect-tense.md) | 03:14:07–03:16:45 | 74 | 21 |
| 43 | [Conditional Tense](43-conditional-tense.md) | 03:16:45–03:20:51 | 116 | 48 |
| 44 | [Conditional Perfect Tense](44-conditional-perfect-tense.md) | 03:20:51–03:22:48 | 59 | 17 |
| 45 | [“Que” & “Lo que”](45-que-lo-que.md) | 03:22:48–03:27:32 | 120 | 46 |
| 46 | [Understanding the Subjunctive](46-understanding-the-subjunctive.md) | 03:27:32–03:35:21 | 255 | 39 |
| 47 | [Verbs in the Present Subjunctive](47-verbs-in-the-present-subjunctive.md) | 03:35:21–03:44:33 | 248 | 69 |
| 48 | [Examples in the Present Subjunctive](48-examples-in-the-present-subjunctive.md) | 03:44:33–03:51:07 | 108 | 81 |
| 49 | [Past Subjunctive](49-past-subjunctive.md) | 03:51:07–03:58:33 | 155 | 82 |
| 50 | [Present Perfect Subjunctive](50-present-perfect-subjunctive.md) | 03:58:33–04:02:29 | 92 | 39 |
| 51 | [Past Perfect Subjunctive](51-past-perfect-subjunctive.md) | 04:02:29–04:05:30 | 81 | 20 |
| 52 | [The Conclusion](52-the-conclusion.md) | 04:05:30–04:06:50 | 43 | 1 |
## Raw artifacts
- [`raw/captions.en-orig.vtt`](raw/captions.en-orig.vtt) — original YouTube auto-captions
- [`raw/transcript.jsonl`](raw/transcript.jsonl) — cleaned timestamped cues
- [`raw/slides.jsonl`](raw/slides.jsonl) — OCR'd on-screen text per unique frame
- [`raw/chapters.json`](raw/chapters.json) — YouTube chapter boundaries

20
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/01-the-introduction.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# 01. The Introduction
- **Time range:** 00:00:00 – 00:01:04 (duration 00:01:04)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=0s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:00:00]**
> Conditi Compars.. rare 6 ove Onal aratiy, es red guee® Conjugations Tense Adjective, Petives & 6 ne e ° oxe™ ~o This Video Prepositions Direct & Indirect 1 Object wees Has EVERY Spanish ,°«. vers Concept You Need rast tense Por&Para Future Tense Negatives Reflexives Imperfect Tense
**[00:00:02]** principle and fundamental that you need in order to understand how Spanish operates as a language after watching this video you will have a clear basis of Spanish and understand how to use its ideas properly in essence this video is a long collection of all of my previous videos combined that show and explain each Spanish concept individually so that way you don't have to search each concept on its own everything that you need in Spanish is in this video aside from verbs like gust and the difference
> **[on-screen 00:00:25]**
> Verbs like “Gustar” “Qué” & “Cual”
**[00:00:26]** between c and qu I've decided to not
> **[on-screen 00:00:28]**
> Verbs star” “Quée’ ual”
**[00:00:28]** describe them because these are Spanish Concepts that do not need thorough explanations aside from that everything else is in this video some moments will have weird sentences like this concept is for a future video but that is because all of my videos are edited into one long video some parts will be slower quieter and maybe even faster than others and I do apologize for these moments like I said at the beginning this is a simple collection of all my previous videos combined so therefore I cannot go back and change them in any way what's in this video is the same across all of my previous videos and I will end the video with a short conclusion explaining why I showed these ideas as they are anyhow enjoy this is

270
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/02-spanish-fundamentals.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
# 02. Spanish Fundamentals
- **Time range:** 00:01:04 – 00:10:32 (duration 00:09:28)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=64s)
---
**[00:01:05]** my first official video on my channel
> **[on-screen 00:01:05]**
> The Spanish Language And Its Fundamentals
**[00:01:06]** that's going to go in depth with the aspects of a language that you would need to know to speak I chose to go with Spanish first because I'm learning it right now and I would even say that I
> **[on-screen 00:01:13]**
> Cd My Espanol: Intermediate - Advanced -> Reading & Writing Moderate -> Speaking Regular - Listening
**[00:01:14]** have an intermediate to an advanced level of Spanish in all aspects of reading and writing moderate speaking and a bit of listening though I'm not a native Spanish speaker I do have a substantial amount of knowledge when it comes down to the fundamentals of the language and by fundamentals I mean the
> **[on-screen 00:01:26]**
> Spanish Fundamentals: Words, phrases, and sentences
**[00:01:26]** first words phrases and sentences that you would need to know to start start speaking Spanish on a beginner level everybody has to start with the
> **[on-screen 00:01:32]**
> Everybody HAS TO START With The Fundamentals Alphabet, Words, Verbs, And Phrases
**[00:01:33]** fundamentals of the language understanding the basic syntax of the language the alphabet words verbs phrases and everything in between the
> **[on-screen 00:01:40]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:40]** Spanish alphabet is actually no different than the English alphabet following the same letters but there are a few differences like having an in
> **[on-screen 00:01:45]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:46]** which is an N with a squiggle over it having 27 letters instead of 26 like in
> **[on-screen 00:01:48]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk LL Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz 27 Letters
**[00:01:50]** English and also every letter is pronounced differently as someone who's
> **[on-screen 00:01:53]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
**[00:01:53]** learning Spanish you don't necessarily need to learn how to pronounce every letter of the alphabet what you do need to learn is how to use these letters in context however I will still pronounce them for you so that you can understand how the language is spoken a b c d e one spoken as a side note people sometimes like to include the letters CH
> **[on-screen 00:02:27]**
> The Spanish Alphabet: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh li Jj Kk LL Mm Nn Na Oo Pp Qq Pr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz ch&ll
**[00:02:27]** and Y making the alphabet have 29 letters but these are mainly sound letters that are used a lot less and something important to say about the sound yeah typically speaking if you're someone who is not of Spanish Heritage you will pronounce the sound as yeah two L's make a ye sound like yav which is
> **[on-screen 00:02:41]**
> ll —> ye llave —> key
**[00:02:42]** Spanish for key now I would like to
> **[on-screen 00:02:43]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals:
**[00:02:44]** speak about the words that you would need to know to say daily if you want to speak Spanish for now the biggest advice that I can give is to just memorize these words and keep them locked in your mind and whenever I say memorize this or memorize that it basically means that I simplified the context to its easiest form it cannot get any easier than this so it's not not going to be difficult to memorize these words and have them locked in your memory here's what I'm going to begin with accents question
> **[on-screen 00:03:04]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals: 1.Accents 2. Question words 3.Prepositional words & adverbs 4.Pronouns 5. Days of the week 6.Months 7.Seasons 8.Time words 9.Numbers
**[00:03:05]** words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers number one
> **[on-screen 00:03:12]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish:
**[00:03:12]** accents accents in Spanish essentially help to indicate which syllable of a word should be stressed out when spoken out loud the accents are placed above
> **[on-screen 00:03:18]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: a, é, i, 0, U
**[00:03:19]** vowels and whenever you say them you put the emphasis of the sound on that vowel here's an example and I'm using this example as an example you don't have to know the rules for now yo ablo in
> **[on-screen 00:03:27]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: Yo hablo ——-+! speak
**[00:03:28]** Spanish means I speak don't worry about the conjugation yo that's the pronunciation yo however ELO means he
> **[on-screen 00:03:35]**
> 1. Accents In Spanish: Yo hablo ——1 speak Elhabl6 ——~>He spoke El-> He El-> The
**[00:03:37]** spoke L with an accent mark means he because without the accent it means the article the masculine and also H's in Spanish are not pronounced so whenever you see a word beginning with a followed by a vowel just say the vowel as it is it's Noto Oro it's ablo ablo ablo ablo that's Accents in Spanish number two
> **[on-screen 00:04:00]**
> e 2. Question Words ¢ Where - Donde? ¢ When - Cuando? ¢ What - ¢Qué? e Why - éPor qué? © Who - ¢Quién? ¢ Which - gCual? ¢ How - ¢Como? ¢ How much/many - éCuanto/Cuanta/Cuantos/Cuantas?
**[00:04:01]** question words the best advice for these words is again just memorize them these are the question words and in Spanish they look like this where is d when is quando what is K why is for who is Ken which is kual how is and how much or how many is Quanto quanta quantos Quantas and also whenever you write a question
> **[on-screen 00:04:26]**
> e 2. Question Words ¢ Where - <Dénde? ¢ When - ¢Cuando? e What - ¢Qué? ¢ Why - ¢Por qué? © Who - Quién? ¢ Which - ;Cual? ¢ How - ¢Cémo? ¢ How much/many - ~Cuanto/Cuanta/Cuantos/Cuantas?
**[00:04:27]** with them you have to put an upside down question mark in the beginning this is a rule in the language and this is something good to remember if you see these words with accents the words are used as literal questions sometimes K
> **[on-screen 00:04:36]**
> que -> that "| wanted to say that I'm happy" "Yo Queria decir que estoy feliz"
**[00:04:37]** without an accent mark can mean that as in the sentence I wanted to tell you that I'm happy sometimes D without an
> **[on-screen 00:04:43]**
> donde -> where "This is where | came from" "Aqui es de donde yo vengo"
**[00:04:44]** accent mark can mean where I came from I'm not using it as a question I'm using it as a location additionally p means why because you can see the word being split and the emphasis is put on the K part however if you were to combine them together pronounced por this word means
> **[on-screen 00:04:58]**
> éPor qué? -> Why? Porque -> Because
**[00:05:00]** because por is why por is because the last thing to note is that some question words have genders and plurality for
> **[on-screen 00:05:06]**
> Gender & Plurality éQuienes? —_ Who? (plural)
**[00:05:07]** example if I ask kenes I'm asking about who as in multiple people instead of one person another example is how many if I
> **[on-screen 00:05:14]**
> Gender & Plurality éQuienes? — > who? (plural) . How many? ECuantas? —D (feminine)
**[00:05:14]** say Quantas I'm saying how many for them feminine because the ending ah is most of the time feminine in Spanish if I say quantos I'm saying how many for them masculine because the ending o is most of the time masculine in Spanish number
> **[on-screen 00:05:29]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs
**[00:05:29]** three prepositional words and adverbs prepositional words can be Fanboys such
> **[on-screen 00:05:32]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
**[00:05:33]** as for and nor but or yet so and as a bonus by for is para and is e nor is NI but is per make sure that you have one R
> **[on-screen 00:05:44]**
> pero -—> but perro ——> dog
**[00:05:45]** because two RS per this would be Spanish for dog or is O yet is used as still as
> **[on-screen 00:05:49]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
> **[on-screen 00:05:51]**
> Yet -> Still | studied for my test, yet I failed | studied for my test, but still | failed
**[00:05:52]** in the sentence I studied for my test yet I failed I studied for my test but still I failed this word is is actually
> **[on-screen 00:05:59]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs F.A.N.B.O.Y.S e For - Para e And-Y ¢ Nor- Ni ¢ But - Pero eoOr-O e Yet - Pero/Sin Embargo ¢ So - Asi que e By- Por
**[00:05:59]** used as Oro so is and by is now we have some
> **[on-screen 00:06:06]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs Adverbs e If -Si ¢ Then - Entonces ¢ Also - También ¢ From, of - De e With - Con °To-A e In, On-En e Each - Cada
**[00:06:06]** adverbs if is C no accent because with an accent you have C which means yes
> **[on-screen 00:06:12]**
> 3. Prepositions & Adverbs Adverbs e If -Si ¢ Then - Entonces ¢ Also - También ¢ From, of - De e With - Con °To-A e In, On-En e Each - Cada
**[00:06:12]** then is Inon also Isen of and from both mean de but the meaning changes in context with is Con to is a in and on is n and each is kada just make sure you know this information number four pronouns I'll use this 2 X3 chart to First explain their position of order in English in English you have I you he you
> **[on-screen 00:06:34]**
> 4. Pronouns l We You all You Y'all He They
**[00:06:36]** can also include she but I'll say he just to put up some space we the pronoun in the fifth position is actually you all or y'all English doesn't have this pronoun but I will still included because Spanish has it and finally they
> **[on-screen 00:06:48]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo /|Nosotros/as Tu |Vosotros/as El/Ella/Usted |Ellos/as/Ustedes
**[00:06:48]** these are the pronouns in Spanish yo to with an accent because without the
> **[on-screen 00:06:52]**
> Tu —> YOu Tu — > Your
**[00:06:52]** accent it means to which is your L you
> **[on-screen 00:06:55]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo /|Nosotros/as Tu |Vosotros/as El/Ella/Usted |Ellos/as/Ustedes
**[00:06:55]** can also say a or andad actually means you formal like when you're talking to a professional person noos is masculine and noas is feminine these pronouns have genders vosotros is you all masculine and votas is you all feminine and AOS is they masculine AAS is they feminine andus is you all formal try not focusing
> **[on-screen 00:07:16]**
> 4. Pronouns Yo | Nosotros Tu |V Os El fe)
**[00:07:16]** on these pronouns because you will rarely use them in conversation make sure you know the main ones like yo to El andos number five days of the week
> **[on-screen 00:07:23]**
> 5. Days of the Week ¢ Monday - Lunes e Tuesday - Martes ¢ Wednesday - Miércoles e Thursday - Jueves e Friday - Viernes e Saturday - Sabado e Sunday - Domingo
**[00:07:25]** Monday is Lunes Tuesday is mares Wednesday is m is Sab Domingo you don't have to capitalize these words in Spanish as you do in English number six months once
> **[on-screen 00:07:37]**
> 6. Months ¢ enero - January ¢ febrero - February © marzo - March ¢ abril - April ¢ mayo - May ¢ junio - June e julio - July * agosto - August * septiembre - September ¢ octubre - October ¢ noviembre - November ¢ diciembre - December
**[00:07:38]** again you don't have to capitalize these feo abil Mayo jul AO sept OCT number seven seasons
> **[on-screen 00:07:52]**
> 7. Seasons ¢ verano - summer e otono - autumn/fall e invierno - winter ¢ primavera - spring
**[00:07:55]** Verano in Prima number eight time words
> **[on-screen 00:07:58]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:07:59]** and some of these have genders such as second which ISO Ora this can also mean
> **[on-screen 00:08:05]**
> Second —? Position "’m in second place" "Estoy en segundo lugar"
**[00:08:06]** second as an a position I'm in second place but the meaning changes in context
> **[on-screen 00:08:10]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana ¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:10]** minute which is or you can say Unos or
> **[on-screen 00:08:14]**
> Unos minutos Sp Some/A Few Unas minutas Minutes
**[00:08:15]** unas which both mean some or a few minutes hour is a week is month is mes
> **[on-screen 00:08:19]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:24]** year is ano make sure you put the because without it you have ano which is anus yesterday is a today is oi and
> **[on-screen 00:08:29]**
> 8. Time Words ¢ Second - Segundo/a e Minute - Minuto/a e Hour - Hora e Week - Semana e¢ Month - Mes e Year - Ano e Yesterday - Ayer ¢ Today - Hoy ¢ Tomorrow - Mahana
**[00:08:32]** tomorrow is Manana Manana can also mean
> **[on-screen 00:08:34]**
> . ——7 tomorrow manana — > morning
**[00:08:35]** morning but the meaning changes in context and last one number nine numbers
> **[on-screen 00:08:37]**
> 9. Numbers e1-uno e 11- once e 2-dos ¢ 12-doce e 3-tres e 13 -trece e 4- cuatro ¢ 14 -catorce e 5-cinco ¢ 15 - quince ° 6-seis ¢ 16 - dieciséis e 7- siete ¢ 17 - diecisiete ° 8-ocho ¢ 18 - dieciocho e 9-nueve ¢ 19 - deicineuve ° 10 - diez ¢ 20 - veinte
**[00:08:39]** now I'm not going to write every single number down because this will be a long video but I'll give the syntax of how to say numbers and from there you can say numbers on your own past 20 because all you do is take V and
> **[on-screen 00:09:08]**
> veinte veintid6s, veintitrés, etc
**[00:09:09]** then add any number you want to it but it has to be written as one word like V or V and so on 30 is TR e and whatever
> **[on-screen 00:09:16]**
> 9. Numbers ¢ 30 - treinta (y dos) e 40 - cuarenta e 50 - cincuenta e 60 - sesenta e 70 - setenta ¢ 80 - ochenta e 90 - noventa e 100 - cien ¢ 1000 - mil ¢ 1000000 - mill6n
**[00:09:18]** number you want like tros 40 mil and 1 million the last concept is
> **[on-screen 00:09:33]**
> 9. Numbers (& Positions) ° 1st - primero/a ¢ 2nd - segundo/a e 3rd - tercero/a e 4th - cuarto/a e 5th - quinto/a ° 6th - sexto/a ¢ 7th - séptimo/a ¢ 8th - octavo/a ¢ 9th - noveno/a e 10th - décimo/a
**[00:09:34]** positions of numbers and these have genders first is primo or Prima second is SEO Ora it can also mean second as in time I already covered
> **[on-screen 00:09:49]**
> — ‘oom cuarto SD. quarter (1/4) of time
**[00:09:51]** quarter of the time but the meaning again changes in context
> **[on-screen 00:09:54]**
> 9. Numbers (& Positions) ¢ 1st - primero/a ¢ 2nd - segundo/a e 3rd - tercero/a e 4th - cuarto/a e 5th - quinto/a ° 6th - sexto/a ¢ 7th - séptimo/a ¢ 8th - octavo/a ¢ 9th - noveno/a e 10th - décimo/a
**[00:09:55]** kto SE SE septimo Septima octavo octava noen noena deimo deima there is no point of learning numbers beyond that and it's actually a concept I'll cover in a future video so for now I want to say
> **[on-screen 00:10:10]**
> The Spanish Fundamentals: 1.Accents 2.Question words 3.Prepositional words and adverbs 4.Pronouns 5. Days of the week 6.Months 7.Seasons 8.Time words 9.Numbers
**[00:10:10]** that this is it for this video what I covered in this video is the fundamentals that you would need to start speaking Spanish they all begin here and of course if you don't memorize all of them you can always use a translator to translate the word that you forgot and then it will be locked in your mind accents question words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers

132
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/03-conjugating-verbs-present.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
# 03. Conjugating Verbs (Present)
- **Time range:** 00:10:32 – 00:16:23 (duration 00:05:51)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=632s)
---
**[00:10:32]** Spanish has a lot of verbs and a lot of
> **[on-screen 00:10:33]**
> Spanish Verbs And Conjugations
**[00:10:34]** conjugation for those verbs and in this video I'll go in depth and explain how this fundamental actually works I like to call this the primary fundamental of Spanish because it's the first system of the language where you'll need to think in terms of translation unlike memorization from the previous video
> **[on-screen 00:10:47]**
> Verb Conjugation Changing the form of a verb so that it fits its corresponding pronouns
**[00:10:47]** conjugation basically means that you're modifying a verb so that it fits the pronoun that you're writing the verb into and speaking of pronouns here's
> **[on-screen 00:10:53]**
> Spanish Pronouns: Yo Nosotros/as To Vosotros/as El Ellos/as
**[00:10:53]** their syntax in case you forgot from the previous video I'd also like to focus not just on important verbs that you have to know and how to conjugate but also on which pronouns to concentrate on the most because some pronouns are used way more often than others like yo to
> **[on-screen 00:11:05]**
> Spanish Pronouns: Yo Nosotros wi Tu otros/as A El Ellos/a
**[00:11:05]** and L are used way more often than noos Vos and AOS I'd first like to present what the idea of verb conjugation looks like in English to give you a base that you can relate to the reason why English
> **[on-screen 00:11:14]**
> to eat (present) leat | We eat You eat | Y'all eat Heeats | They eat
**[00:11:15]** is a very easy language is because it has a very minimal syntax and it doesn't really have a lot of variety in terms of conjugation if I want to use the verb to eat it will look like this in English and keep in mind that this is just a present form and also that the way you
> **[on-screen 00:11:25]**
> Determining Verbs Determining Verbs In English: In Spanish: Starts with the preposition "to" Has to end with -ar -er or -ir e toeat e hablar ¢ to walk ¢ comer ¢ to tell e vivir
**[00:11:26]** figure out verbs in English is by the preposition to to eat to walk to tell to do whatever but in Spanish in order to determine if a word is a verb it has to end in a r e r or I but let's focus on English for a second in English you say
> **[on-screen 00:11:39]**
> to eat (present) leat | We eat You eat | Y'all eat Heeats | They eat
**[00:11:40]** I eat you eat he eats you can also say she or it eats but we're focusing on pronouns that you would use realistically we eat you all eat there reason no you all in English but I will still include it because Spanish has it and then they eat looking at the syntax there's really n much in terms of conjugation because eat stays eat for 80% of the pronouns and you only add an s in the he pronoun because that's the syntax of the language in Spanish there
> **[on-screen 00:12:03]**
> Verbs In Spanish: e ar ending ° er ending e ir ending
**[00:12:03]** are verbs ending in a r e r and I like abl and V here are the meanings and
> **[on-screen 00:12:07]**
> Verbs In Spanish: e hablar - to speak ¢ comer - to eat e vivir - to live
**[00:12:09]** let's start with verbs ending in a r the
> **[on-screen 00:12:10]**
> -ar ending verbs: Oo amos as ais a an
**[00:12:11]** way that conjugation Works in Spanish is by dropping off the ending of the verb like abl and then you add the corresponding conjugation that fits the pronoun unlike the two conjugations that you have in English Spanish has six of them to conjugate simple verbs ending in a r you first drop the ending of the verb and then apply the ending that corresponds with the pronoun for y you put o for to you put as for l or aad you put a for noos or noas but again we're focusing on the pronouns you'll use the most when speaking so for noos you put Amos for Vos you put ice with an emphasis on the a ice and for AOS you put an let's use the verb abl which is a
> **[on-screen 00:12:49]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo | hablamos hablas hablais habla hablan
**[00:12:50]** verb you use a lot when you speak how would you conjugate the verb abl in the yo form you take a drop the ending and you add o so you get ablo the the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it for two you get AAS for l or a you get abla for noos you get aamos for vosotros you get abl and for AOS you get ablan try not concentrating on these
> **[on-screen 00:13:14]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo hablamos 4 hablas hab ais A habla ablan
**[00:13:14]** pronouns because the sentences that you can make with them are very minimal all we have to know for now is how to conjugate verbs ending in a r using every pronoun but you don't necessarily need to make a thousand sentences with them if you were to make phrases as examples try focusing more on these
> **[on-screen 00:13:26]**
> hablar - to speak: hablo y| hablamos V, me [me 7\ abla | -hablan
**[00:13:27]** pronouns one important thing to note is that the same system for conjugation
> **[on-screen 00:13:29]**
> The Same System Works For ALMOST Every -ar Verb
**[00:13:30]** works for almost every AR verb out there but I will not focus on all of them because there is no point plus there are verbs like gustar and pensar that are
> **[on-screen 00:13:37]**
> The Same System Works For ALMOST Every -ar Verb e Pensar e Gustar
**[00:13:38]** topics for future videos and also I don't like giving examples whenever I show the First Fundamental of Spanish because I believe that when you're learning the beginning you can generate examples on your own by simply translating new vocabulary that you encounter in your personal life plus as I said as long as you know how to conjugate verbs you're good to go because by learning how to say yo ablo
> **[on-screen 00:13:54]**
> Yo hablo: ¢ Yo hablo espanol e Yo hablo ruso e Yo hablo contigo
**[00:13:55]** you can already say many sentences like yo ablo Espanol y or you already said a few sentences with the words yo and you can probably say more based on whatever you want to say next up there are verbs ending in
> **[on-screen 00:14:07]**
> -er ending verbs \e] emos es éis e en
**[00:14:08]** eer and these verbs follow a similar syntax as verbs ending with a r for y you drop the ending of the verb and you put o for to you put s for l or a you put e for noos you put Emos foros you put Ace with an emphasis on the E Ace and for AOS you put n using the verb K
> **[on-screen 00:14:29]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos comes coméis come comen
**[00:14:29]** as an example how would you conjugate the verb K in the Y form you take K drop the ending and add o so you get KO this
> **[on-screen 00:14:37]**
> como — like "like | told him yesterday"
**[00:14:37]** word can also mean like as in the sentence like I told him yesterday but the meaning changes in context for two
> **[on-screen 00:14:43]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos comes coméis come comen
**[00:14:43]** you get k for L you get k for noos Kos foros and AOS com as I said again try not concentrating on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 00:14:55]**
> comer - to eat: como comemos [come comes eis A come omen
**[00:14:56]** because the phrases that you can make with them are mainly pointless there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single e verb because you'll never use all of them I'm just using a useful verb like in order to show you how to conjugate regular e verbs the last
> **[on-screen 00:15:08]**
> -ir ending verbs: fo) imos es is e en
**[00:15:08]** concept is verbs ending in IR for yo you drop the ending of the verb and put o for to you put s for L you put e for noos you put imos for vosotros you put is with an emphasis on the E is and for AOS you put n you might also notice that the
> **[on-screen 00:15:26]**
> -er -ir ending verbs: Oo es e en
**[00:15:27]** pronouns y to L and AOS all use the same syntax as verbs ending in e which makes the language more convenient using the
> **[on-screen 00:15:34]**
> vivir - to live: vivo vivimos vives vivis vive viven
**[00:15:34]** verb VI as an example for the Y pronoun you take VI drop the ending and add o so you get Vivo for two you get Viv for L you get VI for noos you get Vios Vos VI AOS VI as I said again there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single IR verb because you'll never use all of them so for now I want to say that this
> **[on-screen 00:15:57]**
> Spanish The fundamentals of -ar -er -ir verb conjugation
**[00:15:58]** is it for this video I could have made it a longer video where I gave examples and maybe quizzed you on some of the topics that I show today but I prefer not to I choose to end the concept here because I believe that this is a sufficient amount of information that one would need to know in order to understand verbs better in this video I just explained the fundamental of a r ER R and IR verb conjugation later you can start making sentences using different verbs and expressing any thought that you have in mind in Spanish this is the main fundamental of Spanish Spanish has

127
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/04-articles.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
# 04. Articles
- **Time range:** 00:16:23 – 00:18:54 (duration 00:02:31)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=983s)
---
**[00:16:24]** two types of Articles definite and
> **[on-screen 00:16:25]**
> Definite: Indefinite:
**[00:16:25]** indefinite articles definite articles
> **[on-screen 00:16:27]**
> Definite: Indefinite: the "the" book
**[00:16:27]** speak of the articles the in English and it's also known as the article that specifies something such as the book
> **[on-screen 00:16:33]**
> Definite: Indefinite: the a, an, some "the" book "a" book
**[00:16:33]** indefinite articles speak of a and or some also known as articles that generalize things like a book in Spanish both types of Articles have gender and plurality the definite article the in
> **[on-screen 00:16:42]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——-> the(m &s) la ——> the(f&s)
**[00:16:43]** Spanish is L the masculine and singular and La feminine and singular a Libro
> **[on-screen 00:16:48]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———- > the book
**[00:16:48]** means the book and we know that this article is masculine because the ending
> **[on-screen 00:16:51]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———> the book
**[00:16:52]** of the noun that follows the article is masculine most nouns in Spanish that end
> **[on-screen 00:16:54]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el libro ———-> the book KRY
**[00:16:55]** in o tend to be masculine so we have to put the masculine definite article L likewise we do the same with the
> **[on-screen 00:17:00]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) ellibro ———-> the book la piscina ———> the pool RK’
**[00:17:00]** feminine article Laina means the pool we know this article is feminine because it corresponds with the noun after it which is feminine most souns in Spanish that end in a tend to be feminine so we have to put the feminine definite article La
> **[on-screen 00:17:12]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——-> los la ——> las
**[00:17:12]** if we want to pluralize the Articles L becomes Los and La becomes l so Los
> **[on-screen 00:17:17]**
> Spanish Definite Articles: (the) el ——> los libros —— the books la —> las piscinas —— the pools
**[00:17:17]** libros would be the books and Nas would be the pools indefinite articles look
> **[on-screen 00:17:21]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) un —-> a/an(m&s) una ——> a/an(f &s)
**[00:17:22]** like this in Spanish un is a or n masculine and singular and una is a or n feminine and singular un Libro would be
> **[on-screen 00:17:30]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) unlibro ©—~ abook una piscina —— a pool
**[00:17:30]** a book and una Pina would be a pool also
> **[on-screen 00:17:33]**
> un libro - a book uno libro - one book
**[00:17:33]** it's really important not to say uno Libro because if we say that we're saying one book instead of a book we're
> **[on-screen 00:17:39]**
> un libro - a book Und libre~si= book
**[00:17:39]** working with articles not numbers so if
> **[on-screen 00:17:41]**
> Spanish Indefinite Articles: (a, an, some) un > unos libros ——; some books una——> unas piscinas ——- some pools
**[00:17:41]** we want to pluralize them we say Unos lios some books and unas some pools there are however a few strange words in Spanish and we need to cover those to such as class and car they both end with
> **[on-screen 00:17:52]**
> la(s) clase(s) ——— the class(es) la(s) carne(s) ——>, the meat(s)
**[00:17:53]** e but they actually use the feminine article La so la class is the class and La car is the meat other words may end in D such Asad and unad and those also
> **[on-screen 00:18:03]**
> la(s) ciudad(es) —> the city(ies) la(s) universidad(es) ————> the university(ies)
**[00:18:04]** use the feminine article La soad is the City and LA Universidad is the University you might also find words ending inion which is the English version of words ending in t n and these words also tend to use the feminine
> **[on-screen 00:18:15]**
> la(s) accidén(es) ——— the action(s)
**[00:18:15]** article La so la Aion is the action at last you might find a few exceptions like prma and prog and you would think that these words are feminine because they end in a but actually they end in Ma and words that end in MA in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:18:27]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——— the program
**[00:18:28]** use the masculine article L Elma is the problem and El prog is the program two
> **[on-screen 00:18:34]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——-, the program dia agua
**[00:18:34]** more common words is Dia and AUA and you want to say that those are feminine because they end in a but they actually use the masculine article l l is the day
> **[on-screen 00:18:41]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——_, the program el dia ———> the day el agua ——— > the water
**[00:18:42]** and L AUA is the water there's also this
> **[on-screen 00:18:44]**
> el problema ———> the problem el programa ——1 the program el dia ——— the day el agua ——— > the water foto
**[00:18:45]** word photo and this word actually uses the feminine article LA because photo is
> **[on-screen 00:18:48]**
> el problema ——— the problem el programa ——-, the program el dia ——— the day el agua ———> the water la foto
**[00:18:49]** short for photographia it ends in a so
> **[on-screen 00:18:50]**
> el problema ———> the problem el programa ——., the program el dia ———> the day el agua ——— > the water la fotografia ——— the photograph
**[00:18:52]** you want to put La in the beginning the

180
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/05-the-verb-ser.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
# 05. The Verb “Ser”
- **Time range:** 00:18:54 – 00:23:19 (duration 00:04:25)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1134s)
---
**[00:18:54]** verb ser in Spanish means to be as in being or existing and it syntax looks
> **[on-screen 00:18:58]**
> to be/exist I am We are You are | Y'all are He is They are
**[00:18:58]** like this in English I am you are he or she it is we are yall are English doesn't have this pronoun but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and they are part of the reason why English is an easy language is because the conjugation of these verbs stays the same for most pronouns R is the same for
> **[on-screen 00:19:13]**
> to be/exist I am We are You are Y'all are He is They are
**[00:19:14]** we they and you but they change for I and he in Spanish however you have six
> **[on-screen 00:19:18]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:19:19]** different conjugations for each pronoun and actually the verb ser is an irregular verb meaning that you cannot conjugate it like regular verbs and its syntax completely changes in every pronoun it looks like this in I can give is to just memorize these conjugations because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with them but also try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 00:19:44]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy (Nosotros) Somos iNeres | ose Vosotros) sois (Tu) eres | ( m ) (El) es | (Ellos) sc
**[00:19:44]** pronouns because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation however s is not used the same as it's
> **[on-screen 00:19:48]**
> The verb ser is NOT used the same as in English
**[00:19:49]** used in English you might have heard
> **[on-screen 00:19:51]**
> How teachers teach ser: e Who are you and from where, always use the verb ser e Permanent traits about oneself
**[00:19:51]** teachers use nursery rhymes to describe this verb saying who are you and from where always use the verb ser or some teachers might also say that the verb ser is applied for permanent traits about oneself I however don't like these
> **[on-screen 00:20:02]**
> How teachers teach ser: e Wiie-are you and from-where, e Permanen ae, eabout oneself
**[00:20:02]** explanations whatsoever because they tend to confuse students rather than make them understand the subject matter properly so this is going to be an easier explanation of what to do with the verb ser the verb ser mainly applies to
> **[on-screen 00:20:11]**
> What ser applies to: 1. Name, nationality, birthplace 2. Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5. When and where are events 6. Time and date
**[00:20:12]** these uses your name nationality and place of origin occupation physical traits generalizations when and where are events taking place and time and date number one your name nationality
> **[on-screen 00:20:21]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace:
**[00:20:22]** and place of origin if you want to say your name in Spanish you will say yoy
> **[on-screen 00:20:26]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace: Yo soy Alex
**[00:20:26]** and then your name if you want to say your Spanish and you are from Spain you
> **[on-screen 00:20:30]**
> 1. Name, nationality, birthplace: Yo soy Alex Yo soy espanol Yo soy de Espana
**[00:20:31]** say the conjugation so is used here because you're talking about yourself and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns based on whichever conjugation you want to work with number two occupation if you want to say that
> **[on-screen 00:20:40]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor
**[00:20:41]** he is a professor you would say LS
> **[on-screen 00:20:43]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es profesor
**[00:20:44]** Professor also you don't have to put an
> **[on-screen 00:20:45]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es tif profesor
**[00:20:46]** indefinite article like un before Professor because it's a rule in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:20:50]**
> 2. Occupation: He is a professor El es profesor
**[00:20:50]** so you would just say LS Professor he is a professor the same principle applies to the rest of the conjugations and whichever occupation you decide to say
> **[on-screen 00:20:57]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful
**[00:20:57]** number three physical iCal traits if you want to say you are beautiful you will say toes Bonito or Bonita depending on
> **[on-screen 00:21:01]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful Tu eres bonito/a
**[00:21:03]** the person and the reason you use said is because it's a trait that applies to the person all the time by saying you are beautiful to Edis Bonito you're saying that the person is beautiful always he was born beautiful he's beautiful now and he will die beautiful number four generalizations if you want
> **[on-screen 00:21:16]**
> 4. Generalizations It is important to work
**[00:21:17]** to say it is important to work you would
> **[on-screen 00:21:20]**
> 4. Generalizations It is important to work Es importante trabajar
**[00:21:20]** say in Spanish there is no notion of starting a sentence with the word it so you'll immediately start it with is s important number five when and where are
> **[on-screen 00:21:28]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is in the club
**[00:21:29]** events taking place if you want to say the party is in the club you would say
> **[on-screen 00:21:32]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is in the club La fiesta es en el club
**[00:21:32]** La Festa is in club similarly you can
> **[on-screen 00:21:34]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is at six La fiesta es a las seis
**[00:21:35]** say the party is at six which would be La Festa is the rule here is to always include alas if the number is plural or
> **[on-screen 00:21:41]**
> 5. When and where are events The party is at six La fiesta es a las seis
**[00:21:42]** more than one and speaking of time it's the last most important use of the verb ser time and date you can say a simple sentence like it's Friday which would be
> **[on-screen 00:21:48]**
> 6. Time and dates It's Friday Es viernes
**[00:21:49]** a generalization and time and it would be svetness however when you start to speak of time as in a clock this is where the syntax gets slightly tricky if
> **[on-screen 00:21:57]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es launa de la tarde
**[00:21:57]** you want to say it's 1 p.m. the sentence would be de it begins with s but throws
> **[on-screen 00:22:01]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es la una de la tarde
**[00:22:02]** the definite article LA because it uses una as a feminine number so it's the one
> **[on-screen 00:22:06]**
> 6. Time and dates It's one PM Es la una de la tarde It’s the one in/of the afternoon
**[00:22:07]** in the afternoon or of the afternoon make sure that you include the article LA but primarily focus on the S because when you include numbers that are more
> **[on-screen 00:22:13]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM Son las dos de la tarde
**[00:22:14]** than one the amount of time becomes plural if you want to say it's 2 p.m. you would say because now we have plurality now
> **[on-screen 00:22:20]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM 2 or more are ay non-singular numbers Son las dos de la tarde
**[00:22:21]** the sentence is in plural because we have a non- singular digit so instead of saying s for one you would say son for for two and pluralize La for last and then you'd
> **[on-screen 00:22:31]**
> 6. Time and dates It's two PM 2 or more are J non-singular numbers Son las dos de la tarde It's the two in the afternoon
**[00:22:31]** say it's the two in the afternoon the same principle applies to other numbers of time such as or de so these are the
> **[on-screen 00:22:36]**
> 6. Time and dates It's three/four PM Son las tres/cuatro de la tarde
> **[on-screen 00:22:39]**
> What ser applies to: 1. Name, nationality, birthplace 2. Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5. When and where are events 6. Time and date
**[00:22:39]** uses of the verb in Spanish and as a matter of fact the easiest way to remember them is to always remember that the verb ser applies to factual
> **[on-screen 00:22:46]**
> ser is applied to FACTUAL STATEMENTS
**[00:22:47]** statements about oneself in case you weren't paying close attention everything that I've listed in this video were examples that apply factually about yourself by saying so Alex I'm
> **[on-screen 00:22:54]**
> Soy Alex - Factual Soy bonito - (some would say) Factual Es lunes - Factual Son las dos de la tarde - Factual
**[00:22:56]** factually stating that my name is Alex and I can not change that fact if I say soy Bonito I'm factually stating that I'm a beautiful person in general by saying es Lunes I'm factually stating that it's manday today by saying I'm factually stating that it's 2 in the afternoon right now everything that I've listed in this video were factual statements and now you
> **[on-screen 00:23:13]**
> Soy Alex - Factual Soy bonito - (some would say) Factual Es lunes - Factual Son las dos de la tarde - Factual ser is applied to permanent traits
**[00:23:13]** understand why some teachers in schools say that the verb ser applies to permanent traits because these are all factual statements the present

142
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/06-the-present-progressive.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
# 06. The Present Progressive
- **Time range:** 00:23:19 – 00:26:08 (duration 00:02:49)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1399s)
---
**[00:23:19]** progressive in Spanish is the English
> **[on-screen 00:23:20]**
> English Present Progressive: ¢ Verbs/Infinitives ending in -ing
**[00:23:21]** version of verbs ending in ing or as they're formally called infinitives infinitives are verbs that are placed
> **[on-screen 00:23:25]**
> Infinitive Verbs placed after conjugated verbs that don't change form or slightly get modified
**[00:23:26]** after already conjugated verbs and so they don't change or slightly get modified with the present progressive if
> **[on-screen 00:23:31]**
> to talk | am talking
**[00:23:31]** you want to use the verb to talk you would say I am talking by adding an ing to the infinitive I is the subject m is
> **[on-screen 00:23:37]**
> to talk _ | am talking — Sub; + attive bjecy conjugated infin verb "to be" for wit the | pronoun
**[00:23:38]** the conjugated verb to be for the I pronoun and talking is the infinitive that gets the ing added to it both in
> **[on-screen 00:23:43]**
> English & Spanish Present Progressive A continuous action being done in real time
**[00:23:43]** English and Spanish the present progressive indicates that an action is being done right now which means that there's progress happening in the present however the ing version of English looks different in Spanish at
> **[on-screen 00:23:53]**
> Spanish Present Progressive:
**[00:23:53]** first if you want to start a sentence in the present progressive in Spanish you would begin by saying your esto which
> **[on-screen 00:23:58]**
> Spanish Present Progressive: Yo estoy L I am
**[00:23:58]** means I am esto is actually an irregular
> **[on-screen 00:23:59]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be estoy
**[00:24:01]** conjugation of the yo pronoun said from the verb estar which means to be there
> **[on-screen 00:24:05]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:24:05]** are different conjugations for this verb with different pronouns but the topic of this verb is for a future video in Spanish you have verbs ending in a r e r
> **[on-screen 00:24:10]**
> Spanish Verb Endings e ar ending e er ending e ir ending
**[00:24:12]** and I but their infinitive version of the present progressive is actually quite easy to remember for verbs ending
> **[on-screen 00:24:17]**
> Spanish Present Progressive ar ending Remove the ending and add -ando
**[00:24:17]** in AR you would want to remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending Ando using the verb abl in the
> **[on-screen 00:24:22]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak
**[00:24:23]** present progressive you would say youro
> **[on-screen 00:24:24]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak Yo estoy hablar
**[00:24:25]** remove the ending and then add Ando as
> **[on-screen 00:24:26]**
> Spanish Present Progressive hablar - to speak Yo estoy hablando
**[00:24:27]** the ending of the infinitive so this way
> **[on-screen 00:24:29]**
> Spanish Present Progressive Yo estoy hablando | am speaking
**[00:24:29]** you get EST which means I am speaking the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in any infinitive that you want to use but keep in mind that
> **[on-screen 00:24:37]**
> The Verb "Estar" - to be (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:24:37]** there are six different conjugations for the verb estar which apply to their corresponding pronouns and as I said again the verb estar is for a future video for verbs ending in e r and I
> **[on-screen 00:24:44]**
> Spanish Present Progressive er and ir ending Remove the ending and add -iendo
**[00:24:46]** remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending e Endo using and in the
> **[on-screen 00:24:49]**
> Spanish Present Progressive comer - to eat vivir - to live
**[00:24:50]** present progressive you would say esto
> **[on-screen 00:24:52]**
> Spanish Present Progressive comer - to eat vivir - to live Yo estoy comiendo Yo estoy viviendo
**[00:24:53]** and Y EST viendo which is I am eating
> **[on-screen 00:24:55]**
> Spanish Present Progressive Yo estoy comiendo Yo estoy viviendo I am eating I am living
**[00:24:56]** and I am living the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and any infinitive that you want to use but once again remember to use the right conjugation of each pronoun at last you might encounter a few exceptions in Spanish where modifying some infinitives might require a bit more modification to make the verb sound better when spoken for instance you might see the verb which means to read and you would want
> **[on-screen 00:25:15]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leiendo
**[00:25:15]** say but this would be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that
> **[on-screen 00:25:19]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leiendo
**[00:25:19]** says you cannot have three vowels next to each other so you have to modify one of them with a consonant to eliminate the repetitive pronunciation when the word is said so instead of saying Le Endo you would
> **[on-screen 00:25:28]**
> leer - to read: Yo estoy leyendo I am reading
**[00:25:28]** say which means I am reading and the same concept applies to any pronoun you want to use you might also find this verb D which means to sleep and you would want to say y esto but because
> **[on-screen 00:25:37]**
> dormir - to sleep: Yo estoy dormiendo
**[00:25:38]** dormir is a stem changing verb you have to change the stem of the verb to make its pronunciation sound better so instead of saying yo you would
> **[on-screen 00:25:46]**
> dormir - to sleep: Yo estoy durmiendo I am sleeping
**[00:25:46]** Sayo which means I am sleeping and the same idea applies to the rest of the pronouns there is however another stem
> **[on-screen 00:25:51]**
> decir - to say: Yo estoy deciendo
**[00:25:52]** changing verb in Spanish like which means to say you would want to Sayo but Spanish says that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better so instead of saying Endo you would Sayo which would mean I am saying and
> **[on-screen 00:26:04]**
> decir - to say: Yo estoy diciendo I am saying
**[00:26:05]** once again the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns the verb estar

220
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/07-the-verb-estar.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
# 07. The Verb “Estar”
- **Time range:** 00:26:08 – 00:32:28 (duration 00:06:20)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1568s)
---
**[00:26:09]** in Spanish means to be as in being or existing unlike the weird conjugations
> **[on-screen 00:26:12]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:26:13]** with the verb the verb EST actually
> **[on-screen 00:26:14]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:15]** follows the normal syntax of conjugating regular ar verbs and it looks like this in Spanish to EST or EST EST EST and estan before I explain the primary uses of the verb EST I first need to note a few important things about this verb just visually looking at its syntax you can probably tell that the conjugation for the yo pronoun is irregular because
> **[on-screen 00:26:37]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:38]** it ends with a Y and this is done specifically to not get it confused with the demonstrative adjective esto esto
> **[on-screen 00:26:43]**
> estoy - (I) am esto - this (n)
**[00:26:44]** means this in the neutral form whenever you're referring to something and you don't know what it is you will always
> **[on-screen 00:26:48]**
> estoy - (I) am esto - this (n) éQué es esto? What is this?
**[00:26:48]** say kesto indicating what is this without knowing if the object you're referring to is masculine or feminine
> **[on-screen 00:26:54]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:26:54]** another important thing to note with estar is that the pronouns to L and AOS all have accents on the A and this is also done on purpose because if you were
> **[on-screen 00:27:02]**
> estas - These (f) esta - This (f)
**[00:27:02]** to remove the accents you would have different words these words pronounced estas and esta mean these and this feminine but with the accent they mean
> **[on-screen 00:27:09]**
> estas - These (f) esta - This (f) estas - (You) are esta - (He/She) is
**[00:27:10]** you are and he or she is so it's really
> **[on-screen 00:27:13]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas (Vosotros) estais (El) esta (Ellos) estan
**[00:27:13]** important to put accents on them and put the emphasis on the a as always try not
> **[on-screen 00:27:17]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas Wosotros estais (El) esta (Ellos) esta
**[00:27:17]** focusing on these conjugations because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation now the most
> **[on-screen 00:27:21]**
> What estar applies to:
**[00:27:22]** important thing to note about the verb estar is that even though it means to be as in being its uses are completely different from the verb ser which I explained in one of my previous videos the verb estar mainly applies to these uses the present progressive location
> **[on-screen 00:27:33]**
> What estar applies to: 1. Present progressive 2. Location (spatial relationship) 3. Health, conditions, and emotions
**[00:27:34]** and health conditions and emotions number one the present progressive the
> **[on-screen 00:27:37]**
> 1. Present Progressive
**[00:27:38]** present progressive is something that I explained in the video before this one so you should be familiar with the syntax but now this is where we can start using the conjugations that apply to other pronouns for instance if you
> **[on-screen 00:27:47]**
> 1. Present Progressive He is running —— El esta corriendo You are thinking ——> Tu estas pensando
**[00:27:47]** want to say that he is running you would use the conjugated verb estar for the he pronoun which would be if you want to say you are thinking you would say to EST both of these verbs are actions that are happening right now which explains why the verb EST is used here and the same principle applies to any pronoun and verb that you want to use in the present progressive number
> **[on-screen 00:28:06]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is)
**[00:28:06]** two location and whenever I speak of location I speak of spatial relationships relative to where something or someone is as of this moment you might have heard the saying
> **[on-screen 00:28:15]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? ——-4 Where are you?
**[00:28:15]** don't EST which means where are you the reason why the verb EST is used here is because the question is asking where one is right now and if you're answering this question you will likewise use the
> **[on-screen 00:28:23]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? Yo estoy en lacasa (in the house)
**[00:28:24]** verb estar by saying yo esto in whichever location you want to say using location with a can also indicate where something or someone is relative to a different object when asking don't EST you can also reply
> **[on-screen 00:28:35]**
> e 2. Location (spatial relationship relative to where someone or something is) éDonde estas (tu)? Yo estoy al lado de la casa (to the next of the house)
**[00:28:36]** with which would mean I am next to the house or to the next of the house and the reason why St is used here is because it uses a location in relation to something else the same principle applies to any pronoun verb and location you want to use and the last usage to
> **[on-screen 00:28:49]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions
**[00:28:49]** know what the verb estar is health conditions and emotions and this is by far the trickiest use of the verb estar because it's the number one concept that most students struggle with with whenever I refer to conditions and emotions I'm talking about adjectives
> **[on-screen 00:29:00]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Conditions and emotions refer to something that is being felt in the current moment and NOT a physical trait
**[00:29:01]** that people use to refer to something that they feel right now and not a physical trait you might remember me
> **[on-screen 00:29:06]**
> 3. Physical traits You are beautiful Tu eres bonito/a
**[00:29:06]** saying that the verb ser is used for physical traits and while that's true the conditions and emotions of people
> **[on-screen 00:29:10]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Conditions and emotions refer to something that is being felt in the current moment and NOTa physical trait
**[00:29:11]** and sometimes objects primarily refer to something that somebody feels rather than being a factual statement looking at this example both the words Alto and
> **[on-screen 00:29:17]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall I am happy
**[00:29:19]** Feliz are adjectives but one is a
> **[on-screen 00:29:21]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall I am happy tall is a factual happy is an emotion and physical trait that changes over time
**[00:29:21]** factual and physical trait while the other is an emotion that changes over time while the verb ser refers to factual statements part of which includes physical traits which are factual about oneself the adjective is using the conjugation s because the verb ser refers to factual statements LS Alto he is tall is a factual statement because you cannot change that fact however once you start including emotions this is where you need to have a different sense of being because by saying yiz I am happy I'm indicating
> **[on-screen 00:29:46]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El es alto Yo estoy feliz He is tall I am happy tall is a factual happy is an emotion and physical trait that changes over time happy indicates having a feeling of happiness that will change, rather than a fact
**[00:29:46]** that I'm feeling happy and that my feeling will change in time rather than this being a factual statement about me
> **[on-screen 00:29:51]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz
**[00:29:51]** if you were to switch them and say and this is where the meaning in both sentences completely Chang changes by saying Alto you're basically saying
> **[on-screen 00:30:00]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz He is feeling tall
**[00:30:00]** that he is feeling tall rather than him factually being tall which would be an
> **[on-screen 00:30:03]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz s feelin l
**[00:30:03]** incorrect use of the verb EST because the verb estar refers to conditions and
> **[on-screen 00:30:06]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions Elesta alto Yo soy feliz estar refers to conditions and emotions that actively change over time
**[00:30:07]** emotions that actively change over time Alto means tall and masculine which is an adjective that refers to a physical and factual trait about oneself rather than a Feeling by saying y fiz I'm
> **[on-screen 00:30:16]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz
**[00:30:17]** saying that I am happy as in I am a
> **[on-screen 00:30:19]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo soy feliz lama happy person in general
**[00:30:19]** happy person in general I was born happy I'm happy now and I will die happy all of this being a false statement because
> **[on-screen 00:30:24]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yo.soy feliz lama py person in general
> **[on-screen 00:30:25]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions El esta alto Yosoy feliz lama py pers6n in general happiness is a feeling that changes which doesn’t allow the verb ser to be used
**[00:30:25]** happiness is a feeling that changes over time it doesn't allow the verb ser to be used here so instead you would want
> **[on-screen 00:30:30]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions ser estar El es alto Yo estoy feliz N\ / physical and factual conditions and traits about oneself emotions that change over time
**[00:30:30]** to look carefully at the difference between physical and factual traits about oneself and conditions and emotions that change over time and with conditions and emotions you might find
> **[on-screen 00:30:38]**
> 3. Health/Conditions/Emotions I am good - Yo estoy bien You are busy - Tu estas ocupado The doors are open - Las puertas estan abiertas
**[00:30:38]** these phrases and adjectives to be the most practical and 99% of the time they all use the verb estar because all of these conditions are emotions that change over time and don't remain factual I am good esto BN indicates that I'm feeling good rather than me being a good person in general you are busy estas okup indicates that you are busy as of this moment and you will not be busy in the future which doesn't allow the statement to be factual about you hence EST is used the doors are open this means that the doors are open now but the recondition will probably change in the future and also you might have noticed that the ending of some of these adjectives end in o or as and that is because adjectives in Spanish have gender and plurality and as a matter of fact I will describe the concept of adjectives in the video after this one hopefully I'm making myself as clear as possible with what to do with the verb estar and in case you still don't understand the concept the verb estar
> **[on-screen 00:31:26]**
> Estar mainly applies to uses that are happening right now, and so they will change in the future
**[00:31:26]** mainly applies to uses that are happening right now at this moment and they're most likely to change in the future just like I listed examples in my set video the uses of the verb estar likewise have a connective pattern across all examples that are used in this video there are other uses of the verb estar like weather expressions but
> **[on-screen 00:31:40]**
> 4. Weather expressions esta nublado - it is cloudy
**[00:31:41]** they're not as important as the primary
> **[on-screen 00:31:42]**
> 4. ther expressions esta n do - itis
**[00:31:43]** uses in this video the present
> **[on-screen 00:31:44]**
> Estar mainly applies to uses that are happening right now, and so they will change in the future 1. Present progressive 2. Location 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:44]** progressive location and conditions and emotions are the primary uses of the verb estop and all of these uses have a connection and that is they're happening right now by saying eloro I'm saying
> **[on-screen 00:31:52]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:54]** that he is running right now but he will not be running in the future by saying y
> **[on-screen 00:31:57]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location e yo estoy en la casa - | am in the house right now 3. Conditions and emotions
**[00:31:58]** esta I'm saying that I'm in the house right now but I will not be in the future by saying to EST ok I'm saying
> **[on-screen 00:32:02]**
> 1. Present progressive e él esta corriendo - he is running right now 2. Location ¢ yo estoy en la casa - | am in the house right now 3. Conditions and emotions e tu estas ocupado - you are busy right now
**[00:32:04]** that you are busy right now but you will not be in the future when you really think about it it makes sense why Spanish has two verbs for being or to be because half the time you utilize verbs that describe you factually and these can never change but on the other half of the time you're describing yourself
> **[on-screen 00:32:16]**
> Ser Estar sermlanen vemborar
**[00:32:17]** using traits that apply for the moment and now you might also understand why some teachers say that the verb ser applies to permanent traits while estar refers to Temporary traits because some conditions last forever while other happen right now Spanish has many

170
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/08-descriptive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
# 08. Descriptive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:32:28 – 00:35:52 (duration 00:03:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1948s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:32:28]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives:
**[00:32:28]** different types of adjectives and in this video I would like to explain how descriptive adjectives work in context and by descriptive adjectives I mean adjectives that physically or
> **[on-screen 00:32:35]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: adjectives that physically or conditionally describe something or someone
**[00:32:36]** conditionally describe something or someone in Spanish all adjectives have
> **[on-screen 00:32:38]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: e alto/a(s) - tall ¢ bajo/a(s) - short ¢ bonito/a(s) - beautiful e feo/a(s) - ugly
**[00:32:39]** gender and plurality with the exceptions
> **[on-screen 00:32:41]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: facil/faciles - easy ¢ dificil/dificiles - difficult ¢ importante(s) - important e inteligente(s) - intelligent/smart
**[00:32:41]** of a few words that have a neutral ending but still follow plurality
> **[on-screen 00:32:44]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: e alto/a(s) - tall ¢ bajo/a(s) - short ¢ bonito/a(s) - beautiful e feo/a(s) - ugly
**[00:32:44]** adjectives ending in O are masculine adjectives ending in a are feminine and
> **[on-screen 00:32:48]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: facil/faciles - easy ¢ dificil/dificiles - difficult e importante(s) - important e inteligente(s) - intelligent/smart
**[00:32:48]** neutral adjectives vary based on whoever the subject is of the sentence if you want to say that you are tall and
> **[on-screen 00:32:52]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful
**[00:32:53]** beautiful you would say y Alto I Bonito
> **[on-screen 00:32:54]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful Yo soy alto y bonito (m)
**[00:32:56]** if you're referring to someone that's masculine and ala ionita would refer to
> **[on-screen 00:32:58]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am tall and beautiful Yo soy alto y bonito (m) Yo soy alta y bonita (f)
**[00:32:59]** someone who is feminine if you were to
> **[on-screen 00:33:00]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: They are ugly (m)
**[00:33:00]** say that they are ugly and masculine you would say AOS fos because now there are
> **[on-screen 00:33:04]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: They are ugly (m) Ellos son feos (m)
**[00:33:05]** multiple people which generates plurality if you were to work with
> **[on-screen 00:33:07]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: These classes are easy
**[00:33:08]** adjectives that have a neutral ending and say a sentence like these classes are easy you would say estas classes fil
> **[on-screen 00:33:12]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: These classes are easy Estas clases son faciles
**[00:33:14]** by adding an Es at the end of the adjective to fit the plurality of the sentence if you were to say we are
> **[on-screen 00:33:17]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are intelligent Nosotros somos inteligentes
**[00:33:18]** intelligent you would say no intentes because the ending of the adjective matches the plurality of the sentence the same exact principle applies to any pronoun and adjective you would like to use however taking simple sentences like
> **[on-screen 00:33:28]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The boy is smart El chico es inteligente
**[00:33:30]** the boy is smar in might make learning too impractical because you're generating sentences that are too easy to say or sentences that are not said as often as others if you were to instead say the smart boy this is where the
> **[on-screen 00:33:40]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy
**[00:33:41]** syntax would start changing positions in the sentence you would want to say El intell Cho the smart boy but this would
> **[on-screen 00:33:45]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El inteligente chico
**[00:33:47]** be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that says you have to put
> **[on-screen 00:33:50]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El inteligente chico
**[00:33:50]** nouns before adjectives in order to determine the subject from something else so instead of saying El int Cho you would say El Cho int which technically
> **[on-screen 00:33:56]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente
**[00:33:58]** would translate as the boy smart but
> **[on-screen 00:33:59]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente The boy smart
**[00:34:00]** logically speaking it means the boy that is smart but this is not included in
> **[on-screen 00:34:02]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: The smart boy El chico inteligente The boy that is smart
**[00:34:03]** Spanish because it doesn't need to in English whenever you're describing
> **[on-screen 00:34:05]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: This important video - Este video importante The difficult lesson - La lecci6n dificil
**[00:34:06]** subjects you put adjectives before nouns but in Spanish you have to put adjectives after nouns because it's a rule in the language and once again the same principle applies to any noun and adjective you want to use there is
> **[on-screen 00:34:15]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives:
**[00:34:15]** however an important rule to consider whenever you're referring to adjectives that are used factually and physically about oneself and an adjective that is a condition that changes over time in English you may have sentences like I am
> **[on-screen 00:34:25]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: | am short I am tired
**[00:34:25]** short and I am tired and both of these
> **[on-screen 00:34:27]**
> English Descriptive Adjectives: | am short | am tired
**[00:34:27]** sentences use the same conjugated form of the verb to be in this case I am because in English we don't care about the continuation of the sentence as long as we use the properly conjugated form of to be to match the corresponding pronoun in Spanish however you have to
> **[on-screen 00:34:37]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am short I am tired Yo soy bajo Yo estoy cansado
**[00:34:38]** watch out for these things because these sentences contain two senses of being
> **[on-screen 00:34:41]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: | am short | am tired Yo soy bajo Yo estoy cansado ser (physical and estar (emotion factual trait) that changes)
**[00:34:41]** one using a physical and factual trait about yourself while the other expresses an emotion that you feel which will change in the future and with descriptive adjectives the same rule
> **[on-screen 00:34:47]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: La chica hermosa - The beautiful girl La chica es hermosa - The girl is beautiful El hombre relajado - The relaxed man El hombre esta relajado - The man is relaxed
**[00:34:48]** applies for both adjectives that apply factually and conditionally the only challenge is figuring out whether to use S or estar with physical traits and conditions and emotions la Osa the beautiful girl can also be said asosa the girl is beautiful which uses said to factually describe the subject the relaxed man can also be as the man is relaxed which uses the verb to express the emotional condition of the subject and with these being
> **[on-screen 00:35:15]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: ser: estar: ° alto/a(s) ¢ aburrido/a(s) © bajo/a(s) ® cansando/a(s) ¢ bonito/a(s) ¢ enfermo/a(s) ° feo/a(s) listo/a(s) facil/faciles ° seguro/a(s) ¢ dificil/dificiles © preparado/a(s) ¢ importante(s) e relajado/a(s) e inteligentes(s) ° triste(s)
**[00:35:15]** physical traits that are used with s and these being conditions that are used with estar these are all commonly used descriptive adjectives that you can use to construct sentences on a daily basis all you simply do is choose any pronoun you want to use select any AD and then remember which verb to use when describing something or somebody for
> **[on-screen 00:35:30]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: He is smart
**[00:35:30]** example if you want to say that he is smart you would say LS intell because
> **[on-screen 00:35:33]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: He is smart El es inteligente
**[00:35:34]** the word s is the correctly conjugated form of said of the he pronoun being used to express a factual statement
> **[on-screen 00:35:39]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are sad
**[00:35:39]** likewise if you want to say we are sad you would say noos estamos tristes and
> **[on-screen 00:35:42]**
> Spanish Descriptive Adjectives: We are sad Nosotros estamos tristes
**[00:35:44]** you would use EST as the conjugated form of the wi pronoun because EST is used for emotions that change over time and you would also pluralize trist because you have plurality in the sentence

140
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/09-possessive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
# 09. Possessive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:35:52 – 00:38:32 (duration 00:02:40)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2152s)
---
**[00:35:52]** possessive adjectives in Spanish indicate that something is being possessed by somebody or is in the own hands of somebody the English version of
> **[on-screen 00:35:57]**
> English Possessive Adjectives: my our your y'all's his/her/its | their
**[00:35:58]** this would be my your his her or it our Ys English doesn't have this adjective but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and finally there in
> **[on-screen 00:36:07]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:07]** Spanish these possessive adjectives look like this me with no accent because with
> **[on-screen 00:36:11]**
> mi - my (adjective) mi - me (pronoun)
**[00:36:11]** the accent you'll have a direct object pronoun me to with no accent because
> **[on-screen 00:36:14]**
> tu - your (adjective) tu - you (pronoun)
**[00:36:15]** with the accent you have the pronoun you
> **[on-screen 00:36:17]**
> su - his, her, their
**[00:36:17]** Su and this adjective can simultaneously mean his her or there and you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally noest vestro VRA
> **[on-screen 00:36:24]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:26]** when the interesting things about possessive adjectives in Spanish is that the adjectives nestro and vestro are the
> **[on-screen 00:36:31]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu vuestro/a su su
**[00:36:31]** only adjectives that have gender if you're referring to something masculine in Spanish and you want to use the hour adjective you would say nestro and then
> **[on-screen 00:36:36]**
> our cat nuestro gato
**[00:36:37]** whatever the follow-up is you can do the
> **[on-screen 00:36:38]**
> our cat nuestro gato our rose nuestra rosa
**[00:36:38]** same with nestra using feminine words and you can replicate this concept using
> **[on-screen 00:36:41]**
> y‘all's cat vuestro gato y‘all's rose vuestra rosa
**[00:36:42]** the vestro adjective however I recommend
> **[on-screen 00:36:43]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi nuestro/a tu V o/a su su
**[00:36:44]** not focusing on these adjectives because they're not used as often as the other ones in Spanish and also all of these possessive adjectives have plurality and the way that you pluralize them is by simply adding an S at the end of every
> **[on-screen 00:36:53]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mis nuestro/as tus vuestro/as sus SUS
**[00:36:53]** adjective and with plurality you can only use it when you're referring to noun that are not singular for example if you want to say my car you would say m cooche but saying my cars would be M cooches if you want to say your dog you would say two perro and saying your dogs would be twoos however using the Sue
> **[on-screen 00:37:08]**
> your dogs tus perros
> **[on-screen 00:37:09]**
> su - his, her, their
**[00:37:09]** adjective is where the syntax gets a bit tricky and like I said again this adjective can mean his her and there it can be pluralized and you can only tell the difference between them in context
> **[on-screen 00:37:18]**
> | talk with his friend
**[00:37:18]** you can have a sentence in English like I talk with his friend and in Spanish the sentence would be Yu Amigo in
> **[on-screen 00:37:22]**
> | talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:24]** English understanding the adjective is very easy because who have an adjective
> **[on-screen 00:37:26]**
> I talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:27]** that specifies who it is in this case it's masculine in Spanish however it
> **[on-screen 00:37:30]**
> | talk with his friend Yo hablo con su amigo
**[00:37:30]** would be difficult to tell if Su refers to his her or their a tip that I can give to not get these confused is to always specify who is the subject within the sentence that you're saying you can
> **[on-screen 00:37:39]**
> | talk with John and with his father
**[00:37:39]** say a sentence like I talk with Jon and with his father and in Spanish the sentence would
> **[on-screen 00:37:44]**
> | talk with John and with his father Yo hablo con John y con su padre
**[00:37:44]** be and in this context you would know that the adjective Su is masculine and indicates his because JN is a masculine name likewise you can have a sentence
> **[on-screen 00:37:51]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother
**[00:37:52]** like I talk with Emma and with her mother and in Spanish the sentence would be you Emma
> **[on-screen 00:37:56]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother Yo hablo con Emma y con su madre
**[00:37:57]** and in this context we know that Su is
> **[on-screen 00:37:59]**
> | talk with Emma and with her mother Yo hablo con Emma y con su madre
**[00:37:59]** feminine and indicates her because Emma is feminine at last you can have a
> **[on-screen 00:38:02]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends
**[00:38:02]** sentence that utilizes two adjectives and you can pluralize them both like I talk with my parents and with their friends and in Spanish it would
> **[on-screen 00:38:09]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends Yo hablo con mis padres y con sus amigos
**[00:38:11]** be is pluralized because padis is a plural noun and sus is also pluralized
> **[on-screen 00:38:15]**
> | talk with my parents and with their friends Yo hablo con mis padres y con sus amigos
**[00:38:16]** because of Amigos but it mainly refers to the adjective there because of my parents's friends which is they friends
> **[on-screen 00:38:21]**
> Spanish Possessive Adjectives: mi(s) nuestro/a(s) tu(s) | vuestro/a(s) su(s) su(s)
**[00:38:21]** using the system is actually quite useful to keep these possessive adjectives in the back of your mind because the sentences that you can make with them are practical and Limitless and once again the same principle applies to any sentence you want to say using these adjectives demonstra of

97
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/10-demonstrative-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
# 10. Demonstrative Adjectives
- **Time range:** 00:38:32 – 00:40:50 (duration 00:02:18)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2312s)
---
**[00:38:32]** adjectives in Spanish are adjectives that are used to indicate a specific word or precisely determine what something is in English it's very easy
> **[on-screen 00:38:37]**
> English Demonstrative Adjectives: This That
**[00:38:38]** to decide on these adjectives because you have only two primary words that determine something and these words are this and that and if you want to pluralize them this becomes these and
> **[on-screen 00:38:45]**
> English Demonstrative Adjectives: This —— These That—— Those
**[00:38:46]** that becomes those in Spanish you have
> **[on-screen 00:38:48]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives:
**[00:38:48]** the same concept along with a bit more variety gender and plurality in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:38:52]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) este ese esta esa
**[00:38:52]** this would be Estee masculine and esta feminine and that would be ESS masculine and Essa feminine it's really tempting
> **[on-screen 00:39:00]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) esto eso esta esa
**[00:39:00]** to say esto or ESO because the feminine version ends in a so you want to put an
> **[on-screen 00:39:04]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) esto eso esta esa
**[00:39:05]** O for the masculine adjectives however Spanish does have these words esto and ESO but these are adjectives that have the neuter gender meaning that you don't know if these adjectives refer to something masculine or feminine roughly 80% of the time you would use these
> **[on-screen 00:39:17]**
> éQue es esto? éQue es eso?
**[00:39:17]** words in sentences like kesto or keso meaning what is this or what is that these are simple sentences to remember whenever you decide to speak Spanish Additionally you could also use these
> **[on-screen 00:39:26]**
> This is for everybody Esto es para todos
**[00:39:27]** words for making sentences that have generalizations such as this is for everybody EST esos and the same concept
> **[on-screen 00:39:32]**
> That is for everybody Eso es para todos
**[00:39:32]** applies to ESO in any continuation that you want to say overall you just have to
> **[on-screen 00:39:35]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) este ese esta esa
**[00:39:36]** remember that Estee and are masculine and esta Anda are feminine if you want to pluralize them both EST and esta become estos and estas and and Esa
> **[on-screen 00:39:44]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: this (m & f) that (m & f) estos ese estas esa
**[00:39:47]** become esos and esas Visually looking at the syntax the plurality for esta and Esa is very simple because all you do is put an S at the end of the adjectives but for Estee and the ending changes to estos and esos and that's the only tough part to remember and also remember to not put accents on
> **[on-screen 00:40:01]**
> NO ACCENTS FOR ESTA & ESTAS
**[00:40:02]** esta and estas because if you do you
> **[on-screen 00:40:04]**
> NO ACCENTS FOR ESTA & ESTAS esta - this (f) esta - (he/she) is estas - these (f) } estas - (you) are
**[00:40:04]** will have different words additionally Spanish also has these words AEL and AA both of which mean that as in something that's over there if you want to pluralize them AEL becomes AOS and AA becomes AAS even though this demonstrative adjective is used less than the others it's actually helpful to say in some cases but moreover it's important to just know these words and understand when to use them regarding
> **[on-screen 00:40:25]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: este/os ese/os esta/s esa/s
**[00:40:25]** examples you you can use Estee and ESS with masculine nouns like Estee Libro
> **[on-screen 00:40:29]**
> este libro - this book (m & s) esta casa - this house (f & s)
**[00:40:29]** and esta you can use ESS and Essa with feminine nouns likeo and esaa and if you
> **[on-screen 00:40:33]**
> este libro - this book (m & s) esta casa - this house (f & s) ese curso - that course (m &s) esa mesa - that table (f & s)
**[00:40:35]** want to pluralize any of them you would have estos libros estas kasas esos csos
> **[on-screen 00:40:38]**
> estos libros - these books (m & p) estas casas - these houses (f & p) esos cursos - those courses (m & p) esas mesas - those tables (f & p)
**[00:40:40]** and esas mesas using these demonstrative
> **[on-screen 00:40:42]**
> Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives: este/os ese/os esta/s esa/s
**[00:40:42]** adjectives you can actually make many sentences with them especially when you're trying to determine something and once you have enough practice you'll find these words to be very useful and practical you've probably heard many

238
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/11-useful-greetings-farewells.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
# 11. Useful Greetings & Farewells
- **Time range:** 00:40:50 – 00:43:53 (duration 00:03:03)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2450s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:40:50]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells:
**[00:40:51]** phrases in Spanish used for greetings and farewells some of which are useful and some of which are kind of pointless and in this video I'd like to present to you what phrases are the best to use when saying greetings and farewells in Spanish bi Veno is probably the most
> **[on-screen 00:41:02]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido
**[00:41:03]** popular greeting there is which literally translates as welcome if you
> **[on-screen 00:41:06]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido welcome
**[00:41:06]** break the word apart you'll get bienn in
> **[on-screen 00:41:08]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bien / venido
**[00:41:08]** venido bienn means well and venido means
> **[on-screen 00:41:09]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bien / venido well come
**[00:41:11]** come which is a form of speech taken
> **[on-screen 00:41:12]**
> Spanish Present Perfect: haber venido to have come
**[00:41:13]** from the present perfect Abed Veno to have come and if you take that word Veno
> **[on-screen 00:41:17]**
> Spanish Present Perfect: haber venido to have come
**[00:41:17]** and combine it with B you get bi Veno
> **[on-screen 00:41:18]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido it's well to have come
**[00:41:20]** it's well to have come or wellcome and
> **[on-screen 00:41:21]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenido welcome
**[00:41:22]** if you're referring to more than one person you can also say bi venos buenos
> **[on-screen 00:41:25]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: bienvenidos welcome
**[00:41:26]** Das literally translat as good days and the ending of Buenos perfectly corresponds to the ending of Das because it's pluralized in masculine but mainly speaking buenos dias is used more as
> **[on-screen 00:41:36]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: buenos dias good morning
**[00:41:36]** good morning rather than good days you
> **[on-screen 00:41:38]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: buenas noches goodnight
**[00:41:38]** also have this phrase bu noes which is literally good nights or good night when
> **[on-screen 00:41:42]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells:
**[00:41:42]** beginning a conversation in Spanish a person might begin the conversation by immediately saying kapasa which
> **[on-screen 00:41:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa?
**[00:41:47]** translates as what's going on because
> **[on-screen 00:41:49]**
> pasar - to go on/ to happen
**[00:41:49]** the verb Pasar can actually mean to go or to happen whenever somebody says
> **[on-screen 00:41:53]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa? What's going on?
**[00:41:53]** kasasa they're literally saying what's going on or what's happening what's
> **[on-screen 00:41:56]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQueé pasa? What's going on? What's happening?
> **[on-screen 00:41:57]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening?
**[00:41:57]** happening can also be rephrased asando
> **[on-screen 00:41:59]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:00]** using the present progressive and we know that it's the present progressive
> **[on-screen 00:42:03]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:03]** because it's using a conjugation of EST
> **[on-screen 00:42:05]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What's happening? éQue esta pasando?
**[00:42:05]** and adds Ando at the end of the infinitive and as a matter of fact it's
> **[on-screen 00:42:08]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: What is happening? éQué esta pasando?
**[00:42:08]** the same way the sentence Works in English you can say or maybe if you want to get fancy you can sayal ketal literally translates
> **[on-screen 00:42:15]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal?
**[00:42:16]** as what's such or what's the matter but
> **[on-screen 00:42:17]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal? What's such? What's the matter?
**[00:42:18]** the meaning is mainly how are you and
> **[on-screen 00:42:20]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: éQué tal? How are you?
**[00:42:20]** the number one phrase that probably everybody heard when learning Spanish is K estas or KO estas which Lally translat
> **[on-screen 00:42:24]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: How are you? éCoOmo estas (tu)?
**[00:42:26]** as how are you and with this phrase we know to use the verb estar to ask
> **[on-screen 00:42:29]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: How are you? ~Como estas (tu)?
**[00:42:30]** someone about their well-being because the verb estar mainly applies to actions and emotions that are happening right now and so they're most likely to change in the future by answering this question
> **[on-screen 00:42:38]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: ~Como estas (tu)?
**[00:42:38]** you would say something like esto
> **[on-screen 00:42:40]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: ~Como estas (tu)? (Yo) estoy bien
**[00:42:40]** because you're indicating that you're feeling good or feeling well which explains why your answer will also use a conjugation of estar at last there's
> **[on-screen 00:42:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: (Muchas) Gracias Thank you (very much)
**[00:42:47]** gracias or muchas gracias which means thanks or thank you very much and if you want to sound polite you'll reply with
> **[on-screen 00:42:53]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: (Muchas) Gracias Thank you (very much) De nada
**[00:42:53]** Danada which means of nothing indicating
> **[on-screen 00:42:54]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada Of nothing
**[00:42:55]** thank you very much and there is no need
> **[on-screen 00:42:57]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada Of nothing No need to thank me
**[00:42:57]** to thank me but overall denada is mainly
> **[on-screen 00:42:59]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: De nada You are welcome
**[00:42:59]** used as you're welcome if you're leaving
> **[on-screen 00:43:01]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Adios / Chau
**[00:43:01]** the conversation you might say something like adios or chiao both of which mean
> **[on-screen 00:43:06]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Adios / Chau Goodbye
**[00:43:06]** by or goodbye but the word adios can actually be broken down into two words a
> **[on-screen 00:43:11]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Dids
**[00:43:11]** and dios which literally translates as
> **[on-screen 00:43:13]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Dios To God
**[00:43:13]** to God when Spanish was first originating as a language the expression to God meant to have a good farewell as in to God you go but the meaning changed
> **[on-screen 00:43:19]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: A/ Didés To God you go
**[00:43:20]** over time which resulted simply in goodbye there's also this phrase aista
> **[on-screen 00:43:23]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista
**[00:43:25]** which is constructed using a preposition
> **[on-screen 00:43:26]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista
**[00:43:27]** article and a noun and it literally translates as until the view or until
> **[on-screen 00:43:30]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista Until the view/next time
**[00:43:31]** the next time I see you or more of a sophisticated and modern meaning would be see you later see you later can also
> **[on-screen 00:43:35]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta la vista See you later
**[00:43:36]** be said as aao which actually translates
> **[on-screen 00:43:37]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: See you later Hasta luego
**[00:43:39]** as until later you might have also seen
> **[on-screen 00:43:40]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta pronto
**[00:43:40]** this phrase ASA Pronto which translates
> **[on-screen 00:43:43]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hasta pronto Until soon
**[00:43:43]** as until soon but its Advanced definition means see you soon and finally hola means hello or hi po means
> **[on-screen 00:43:47]**
> Spanish Greetings & Farewells: Hola - Hello/Hi Por Favor - Please Perdon - I'm sorry
**[00:43:49]** please and pdon is a polite way of saying I'm sorry the verb p in Spanish

160
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/12-the-verb-poder.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
# 12. The Verb “Poder”
- **Time range:** 00:43:53 – 00:47:03 (duration 00:03:10)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2633s)
---
> **[on-screen 00:43:53]**
> Poder - to can/be able to:
**[00:43:54]** means to can or to be able to but it's mainly used as to can in English the
> **[on-screen 00:43:58]**
> To can: Ican | Wecan You can | Y'all can He/She/It can | They can
**[00:43:58]** syntax of this verb is very easy to remember because can literally stays can
> **[on-screen 00:44:01]**
> To can: Ican | Wecan You can | Y'all can He/She/It can | They can
**[00:44:02]** for the following six pronouns in
> **[on-screen 00:44:04]**
> Poder - to can/be able to:
**[00:44:04]** Spanish however you have six different conjugations for this verb and it also falls into the category of stem changing verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish is actually a topic for a future video but as far as the verb ped goes stem changing basically means that you have to take the stem of the verb and modify it in a way so that it sounds better when the word is said out loud the verb
> **[on-screen 00:44:20]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (0 -> ue)
**[00:44:20]** P falls into the o to U category which means that you'll take the stem of p po
> **[on-screen 00:44:26]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (0 -> ue) po
**[00:44:26]** and then change it to pu however this
> **[on-screen 00:44:27]**
> Stem-changing verb: "poder" (o -> ue) pue
**[00:44:28]** principle only applies to the yo to L
> **[on-screen 00:44:30]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo (Tu) puedes (El puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:31]** and AOS pronouns and the ending of all
> **[on-screen 00:44:32]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo (Tu) puedes (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:32]** of them correctly follows the regular syntax of verbs ending in erer for the
> **[on-screen 00:44:36]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:36]** noos and vosotros pronouns the stem changing rule does not apply because Spanish says that these pronouns sound good enough when they're normally conjugated overall you just have to know that the stem changing rule applies to the Y to L and AOS pronouns another way
> **[on-screen 00:44:49]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Tu) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:44:49]** to remember this is by looking at the shape of the 2x3 chart and seeing that
> **[on-screen 00:44:52]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El).puede | (Ellos)spueden
**[00:44:52]** it's shaped like a boot and so only pronouns within the boot will apply to the stem ch changing rule anything else
> **[on-screen 00:44:57]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos < (Tu) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis x (El).puede | (Ellos)spueden
**[00:44:57]** outside of the boot will not use the stem changing Rule and every stem changing verb that you will encounter when learning Spanish will almost never use the stem changing rule for the noos and Vos pronouns the pronunciation goes
> **[on-screen 00:45:06]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:45:07]** as follows y PUO I can to pues you we can and AOS they can as always try
> **[on-screen 00:45:23]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Tu) puedes ) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:45:23]** not focusing on these pronouns because the phrases that you can make with them are not that useful the only thing you should know about them is that they don't apply the stem changing rule fundamentally the verb p in Spanish is actually one of the most useful and practical verbs that there are because it's a universal verb that we subconsciously use in many sentences typically the way the verb to can is used in English is by starting a sentence with a pronoun and can such as
> **[on-screen 00:45:44]**
> To can in English: I can
**[00:45:44]** I can and then we immediately follow it up with an infinitive in case you don't
> **[on-screen 00:45:46]**
> To can in English: I can (infinitive)
**[00:45:47]** remember an infinitive is a verb that's
> **[on-screen 00:45:48]**
> Infinitive Verb placed after an already conjugated verb that doesn't change or slightly gets modified
**[00:45:49]** placed after an already conjugated verb that doesn't change or slightly gets modified in this case we can say a
> **[on-screen 00:45:53]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:45:54]** sentence like I can't speak span Spanish which will use I can and then speak will
> **[on-screen 00:45:58]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:45:58]** be the infinitive that's left untouched and then you can plug in any language
> **[on-screen 00:46:01]**
> To can in English: | can speak Spanish
**[00:46:02]** you want in the end and in this sentence alone I've used can three times we can say a sentence like I can speak Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:46:06]**
> To can in English: We can say a sentence like | can speak Spanish You can plug in any language
**[00:46:08]** and you can plug in any language in
> **[on-screen 00:46:09]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish
**[00:46:09]** Spanish I can speak Spanish would be y
> **[on-screen 00:46:12]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:13]** ESP PUO is the correctly conjugated form
> **[on-screen 00:46:14]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:15]** of of the yo pronoun a is the infinitive
> **[on-screen 00:46:17]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:18]** that doesn't change form in espol is the
> **[on-screen 00:46:20]**
> Poder in Spanish: | can speak Spanish Yo puedo hablar espanol
**[00:46:20]** language at the end of course saying y ESP doesn't actually mean that you can speak because saying one phrase from memorization does not indicate that you've mastered the language in order for you to get better you can actually use the verb P to make many sentences that don't necessarily have to relate to languages if you want to say a sentence like you can learn English you will
> **[on-screen 00:46:37]**
> Uses of poder: You can learn English Tu puedes aprender inglés
**[00:46:39]** say if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:46:41]**
> Uses of poder: They can call by phone
**[00:46:42]** they can call by phone you will
> **[on-screen 00:46:44]**
> Uses of poder: They can call by phone Ellos pueden llamar por telefono
**[00:46:45]** say overall is probably one of the most
> **[on-screen 00:46:46]**
> Poder - to can/be able to: (Yo) puedo | (Nosotros) podemos (Td) puedes | (Vosotros) podéis (El) puede | (Ellos) pueden
**[00:46:48]** convenient and helpful verbs there is not only in Spanish and English but in other languages in general by understanding how to conjugate pod and knowing what phrases to use it with you'll be able to generate any phrase that you want almost instantly but this of course requires a bit more practice and examples that you can generate on your way the verb ear in Spanish means

285
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/13-the-verb-ir.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
# 13. The Verb “Ir”
- **Time range:** 00:47:03 – 00:52:38 (duration 00:05:35)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=2823s)
---
**[00:47:04]** to go which is actually one of the trickiest and hardest verbs to work with but in this video I'll simplify its principle to its most understandable way at first there are a few rules you should know about the verb to go in English so that you can utilize its principle and apply it to Spanish the very first thing you should know about the verb to go is that it can use the
> **[on-screen 00:47:17]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive
**[00:47:18]** present simple and the present progressive which actually generates two different meanings in context for instance saying I go indicates that I'm
> **[on-screen 00:47:24]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general)
**[00:47:24]** a person who likes to go in general whereas saying I'm going means that I'm
> **[on-screen 00:47:27]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now)
**[00:47:28]** going right now and so my action will change in the future the reason why I'm mentioning this is because in English these two phrases generate completely different meanings however because the verb IR is irregular in Spanish it does
> **[on-screen 00:47:37]**
> To go in English: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now) to go -ir/ iris irregular and doesn't use the present progressive in Spanish
**[00:47:38]** not have a notion of the present progressive and therefore its principle uses both the present simple and the present progressive in unison and it's something I'll cover in a few minutes from now the second thing you should know about the verb to go is that there's a big difference between using to go as to go and to go to for instance
> **[on-screen 00:47:50]**
> To go in English: to go to goto
**[00:47:52]** I can say a sentence like I go there or
> **[on-screen 00:47:53]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I'm going with my friends
**[00:47:54]** I'm going with my friends and these phrases don't have the preposition to because these are generic phrases that Express ambiguity on the other hand I can say phrases like I'm going to the
> **[on-screen 00:48:02]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class
**[00:48:02]** store or I'm going to the class which uses the preposition two to indicate a
> **[on-screen 00:48:06]**
> To go in English: to go to goto I go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class
**[00:48:06]** specific destination Additionally you can include infinitives with the preposition two and these sentences are actually used way more often than the other ones you can say phrases like I'm
> **[on-screen 00:48:14]**
> To go in English: to go to goto | go there I’m going to the store I'm going with my friends I’m going to the class I’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:48:14]** going to do my homework or I'm going to read this book which utilize the preposition two with an infinitive which indicates an action that will be done in the close future overall the syntax of
> **[on-screen 00:48:22]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'allgo he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:23]** to go is easy to remember in English
> **[on-screen 00:48:25]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'all go he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:25]** because go says go for five pronouns and
> **[on-screen 00:48:27]**
> to go in English: Igo | wego yougo | y'all go he/she/it goes | they go
**[00:48:27]** only adds an es s for the he she it pronoun however learning this verb in Spanish requires a bit more thinking and Analysis I first the verb to go in
> **[on-screen 00:48:34]**
> ir- to go (irregular verb)
**[00:48:35]** Spanish means ir and it's actually a very strange an irregular verb because it's a mono cabric verb mono cabric
> **[on-screen 00:48:39]**
> ir - to go (irregular verb) MONOSYLLABIC VERB
**[00:48:40]** verbs in Spanish basically means that the word has only one syllable and so the language does not allow a normal conjugation pattern to be used with these words if you want to conjugate a
> **[on-screen 00:48:47]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: hablar comer vivir
**[00:48:48]** verb in Spanish it has to end in a r e r or I you have to drop the ending and
> **[on-screen 00:48:52]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: habl com viv
**[00:48:52]** then add the ending that corresponds to
> **[on-screen 00:48:53]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: A verb MUST end in -ar -er or -ir: hablo - | speak comes - you eat vivimos - we live
**[00:48:54]** every pronoun similarly the same can be
> **[on-screen 00:48:56]**
> Conjugated verbs in Spanish: Infinitives in the present progressive: hablar - hablando (speaking) comer - comiendo (eating) vivir - viviendo (living)
**[00:48:56]** done with infinitives that slightly get modified in the present progressive such as adding Ando if a verb ends in a r or eendo if the verb ends in e or I because
> **[on-screen 00:49:05]**
> ir- to go iris an irregular verb because it's monosyllabic
**[00:49:05]** IR is a monosyllabic verb Spanish does not allow this verb to use any of the following principles that I just covered so instead it decides to use a different
> **[on-screen 00:49:11]**
> ir- to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (Vosotros) vais (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:49:12]** modification pattern that completely doesn't correspond with the verb e itself and speaking of monosyllabic verbs that follow irregular patterns I've actually covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is
> **[on-screen 00:49:21]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy (Nosotros) somos (Td) eres | (Vosotros) sois (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:49:21]** the verb ser the verb ser is a monic verb so it's irregular following a conjugation
> **[on-screen 00:49:25]**
> ser - to be/exist (Yo) soy | (Nosotros) somos (Tu) eres | (Vosotros) sois (El) es (Ellos) son
**[00:49:26]** pattern that doesn't relate to the word s itself whereas with the verb estar you
> **[on-screen 00:49:28]**
> estar - to be/exist (Yo) estoy | (Nosotros) estamos (Tu) estas | (Vosotros) estais (El) esta | (Ellos) estan
**[00:49:29]** do have conjugations that follow the normal syntax of verbs ending in a r that drop the ending and then add the corresponding ending to every pronoun nonetheless the verb has the same
> **[on-screen 00:49:36]**
> ir- to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (Vosotros) vais (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:49:37]** Principle as the verb ser where its conjugations don't relate to the verb technically speaking it does not even have an ending and therefore you cannot drop its ending or add endings that correspond to every pronoun both in the present simple and the present progressive which might explain why Spanish creates a completely different syntax for this verb the pronunciation goes as follows yo I go to vas you go l or a said he goes noos v We Go Vos v y go and AOS van there you go with the verb ear I recommend that you actually focus on every pronoun besides Vos
> **[on-screen 00:50:08]**
> ir - to go (Yo) voy | (Nosotros) vamos (Tu) vas (ypaarresivalg (El) va (Ellos) van
**[00:50:08]** because the phrases that you can make with them will be very useful and practical the first rule that I've
> **[on-screen 00:50:12]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive Igo I am going
**[00:50:12]** mentioned with to go in the beginning of the video was that it can be used as I go and I am going which creates
> **[on-screen 00:50:17]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now)
**[00:50:17]** different meanings in context however as I said with the verb ear Spanish doesn't
> **[on-screen 00:50:21]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now) ir can't be used with the present progressive which changes its meaning in context
**[00:50:21]** allow this verb to be used in the present progressive which changes the meaning of its context by making it use
> **[on-screen 00:50:25]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now) ir uses both the present simple and the present progressive at the same time
**[00:50:25]** the present simple and the present progressive at the same time in other words whenever you decide to use IR in a sentence like saying y this phrase
> **[on-screen 00:50:32]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now) Yo voy
**[00:50:32]** simultaneously means I go and I am going
> **[on-screen 00:50:34]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive | go (in general) Lam going (right now) iN Yo voy S)
**[00:50:35]** and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in English both phrases have different meanings but in Spanish it means the same thing which is also part of the reason why Spanish students struggle with this verb whenever they learn English more than
> **[on-screen 00:50:46]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) I am going (right now) iN Yo voy SI
**[00:50:46]** less I am going is more of a sophisticated way of speaking in context so basically y voy is used more as I'm
> **[on-screen 00:50:51]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in general) Lam going (right now), iN Yo voy
**[00:50:52]** going rather than I go and you can make
> **[on-screen 00:50:53]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go (in genéral) I am going (right now) Yo voy
**[00:50:54]** sentences like I go go there or I'm
> **[on-screen 00:50:55]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends
**[00:50:56]** going with my friends which in Spanish would be Y and yig which shows that vo
> **[on-screen 00:50:58]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:01]** stays vo in both sentences in Spanish
> **[on-screen 00:51:02]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive I go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
> **[on-screen 00:51:04]**
> ir - to go: present simple present progressive | go there I'm going with my friends Yo voy alli Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:04]** but in English you have I go and I am going and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and here we get
> **[on-screen 00:51:09]**
> ir - to go: to go to goto
**[00:51:09]** to the last rule of ir which is something I've mentioned at the beginning of the video and that is the difference between to go and to go to in English you can have phrases like I'm
> **[on-screen 00:51:16]**
> ir - to go: to go to goto | go there - Yo voy alli I’m going to the store | go with my friends - I'm going to the class Yo voy con mis amigos
**[00:51:16]** going to the store or I'm going to the class both of which use the preposition two to indicate a specific destination likewise you can use the preposition two with infinitives like I'm going to do my
> **[on-screen 00:51:25]**
> ir - to go: to go to go to I go there - Yo voy alli I’m going to the store | go with my friends - I'm going to the class Yo voy con mis amigos '’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:51:25]** homework or I'm going to read this book which indicates an action that you will do eventually the way that this principle Works in Spanish is by using a conjugation of ir like yoy and then
> **[on-screen 00:51:33]**
> ir - to go: to go to Yo voy
**[00:51:34]** adding the preposition a at the end which literally means to if you want to say I'm going to the store or I'm going
> **[on-screen 00:51:39]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store I'm going to the class
**[00:51:40]** to the class you will say y Al
> **[on-screen 00:51:42]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy ala tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase
**[00:51:44]** or and with these sentences you're using
> **[on-screen 00:51:46]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase
**[00:51:46]** the preposition to to specify destination on the other hand you can do the same with infinitives like saying I'm going to do my homework or I'm going
> **[on-screen 00:51:52]**
> ir - to go: to goto I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase I’m going to do my homework I’m going to read this book
**[00:51:53]** to read this book which will be your
> **[on-screen 00:51:55]**
> Ir - to go: to go to I'm going to the store - Yo voy a la tienda I'm going to the class - Yo voy a la clase I’m going to do my homework - Yo voy a hacer mi tarea I’m going to read this book - Yo voy a leer este libro
**[00:52:00]** preposition to by applying it to the verb itself and the same principle applies to any pronouns you want to use but keep in mind the difference between to go and to go to if you want to say a
> **[on-screen 00:52:08]**
> Examples with ir - to go: You're going to work
**[00:52:08]** phrase like you're going to work you will say to which will use the
> **[on-screen 00:52:10]**
> Examples with ir - to go: You're going to work Tu vas a trabajar
**[00:52:12]** preposition too if you want to say he
> **[on-screen 00:52:13]**
> Examples with ir - to go: He goes to my house
**[00:52:13]** goes to my house you will
> **[on-screen 00:52:15]**
> Examples with ir - to go: He goes to my house El vaamicasa
**[00:52:15]** say if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:52:17]**
> Examples with ir - to go: We go there with everybody
**[00:52:18]** we go there with everybody you'll
> **[on-screen 00:52:20]**
> Examples with ir - to go: We go there with everybody Nosotros vamos alli con todos
**[00:52:21]** say which does not use the preposition too if you want to say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 00:52:24]**
> Examples with ir - to go: They're going to the university
**[00:52:25]** the going to the university you will
> **[on-screen 00:52:27]**
> Examples with ir - to go: They're going to the university Ellos van a la universidad
**[00:52:27]** say overall I would say that the verb is
> **[on-screen 00:52:29]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (Yo) voy (a) | (Nosotros) vamos (a) (Tu) vas (a) | (Vosotros) vais (a) (EU) va (a) | (Ellos) van (a)
**[00:52:30]** an extremely useful verb in Spanish even more so than and AER especially when you're trying to communicate with people who speak Spanish and tell them what you're trying to do or where you go the

298
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/14-the-verb-tener.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
# 14. The Verb “Tener”
- **Time range:** 00:52:38 – 00:59:03 (duration 00:06:25)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3158s)
---
**[00:52:38]** verb T in Spanish means to have and it's
> **[on-screen 00:52:39]**
> tener - to have )) (Nosotros) (Td) (Vosotros) (i) (Ellos)
**[00:52:41]** actually a handy verb to use both in English and Spanish but its concept is a bit tricky to use in Spanish and in this video I'll explain this verb as efficiently as possible in English the
> **[on-screen 00:52:49]**
> To have in English I have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:49]** syntax of the have is easy to remember
> **[on-screen 00:52:51]**
> To have in English | have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:51]** because have stays have for five pronouns and only changes to has in the
> **[on-screen 00:52:53]**
> To have in English | have We have You have Y'all have He/She/It has | They have
**[00:52:54]** he she it pronoun so that it sounds better for these pronouns like I said in my IR video the verb T likewise has tricky uses that are not that complicated with ir there's a big
> **[on-screen 00:53:03]**
> Ir- to go to go to go to
**[00:53:03]** difference between saying to go and to go to to go means to go somewhere in
> **[on-screen 00:53:06]**
> Ir- to go to go to go to (in general) (do something)
**[00:53:07]** general whereas to go to indicates that one will do something in the near future
> **[on-screen 00:53:11]**
> To have in English to have to have to
**[00:53:11]** the verb to have both in English and Spanish has the same concept of to have and to have to to have indicates that
> **[on-screen 00:53:16]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something)
**[00:53:16]** one owns or possesses something whereas to have two demonstrates that one has to do something in the close future for instance I can say a sentence like I
> **[on-screen 00:53:24]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) | have a dog
**[00:53:24]** have a dog which doesn't use the preposition two because I literally own something but on the other hand I can say I have to leave which uses the
> **[on-screen 00:53:30]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J I have a dog I have to leave
**[00:53:31]** preposition two because it indicates an
> **[on-screen 00:53:32]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:53:32]** action that will be done by me in the close future with the addition of using
> **[on-screen 00:53:35]**
> To have in English to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog I have to leave
**[00:53:36]** an infinitive leave after two and in Spanish the verb T works the same exact way with a bit more variety at first the
> **[on-screen 00:53:42]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing)
**[00:53:42]** verb T is actually a stem changing verb meaning that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better when the word is said just like with the verb po the St changing rule will only apply
> **[on-screen 00:53:49]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos
**[00:53:51]** in the two L and AOS pronouns in this case the verb T falls into to the E to e
> **[on-screen 00:53:54]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos e->ie
**[00:53:56]** category meaning that you take T and
> **[on-screen 00:53:57]**
> Tener - to have (stem-changing) ONLY applies to tu, él, and ellos e->ie te -> tie
**[00:53:58]** change it to T and this St will only
> **[on-screen 00:54:01]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:01]** apply in the two L and AOS pronouns noos and vosotros will not use the stem changing rule because Spanish says that these words sound good enough when they're normally said the ending of all
> **[on-screen 00:54:09]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:09]** conjugations perfectly follows the syntax of verbs ending in e r but the trickiest thing to remember with the conjugations of T is that the yo pronoun is also irregular by technicality you would want to say yo but Spanish says
> **[on-screen 00:54:20]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tieno (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:21]** that this word sounds bad when said so instead you would Sayo y Tango means I
> **[on-screen 00:54:24]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:26]** have and that's the syntax of the yo
> **[on-screen 00:54:27]**
> Tener - to have ia irregular (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:27]** pronoun being irregular to TS you have L he has noos we have Vos y'all have and AOS they have with the verb ten I recommend that you focus on all pronouns except vosotros because the
> **[on-screen 00:54:42]**
> Tener - to have (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes (Wostros}taneis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:54:43]** sentences that you can make with them are very useful just like I said in the
> **[on-screen 00:54:46]**
> Tener - to have to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) J | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:54:46]** beginning of the video there's a big difference between using to have as to have and to have to to have indicates that one possesses something like I have a dog and to have two means that said
> **[on-screen 00:54:54]**
> Tener - to have to have to have to (own or possess (do something) something) | have a dog | have to leave
**[00:54:55]** one has to do something such as I have to leave following an infinitive after the preposition two both of these sentences work the same exact way in Spanish but there's one slight difference that many people especially students fail to acknowledge and that is the preposition too you might remember
> **[on-screen 00:55:07]**
> Ir (a) - to go (to) Yo voy a la escuela I'm going to the school
**[00:55:07]** me saying that with the verb you'll need to put the preposition a after a conjugation of like I'm going to the school which uses as to with the verb you might think the
> **[on-screen 00:55:18]**
> Tener - to have (to) Yo tengo a salir I have to leave
**[00:55:19]** similarly use the preposition a such as I have to leave but this would be
> **[on-screen 00:55:24]**
> Tener -toh (to) Yote salir ave to leave
**[00:55:24]** wrong in Spanish what you instead have to do is instead of using the preposition a you have to use as to
> **[on-screen 00:55:28]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo a salir
**[00:55:30]** instead of saying yo you would
> **[on-screen 00:55:33]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir
**[00:55:33]** say which would mean I have to leave I
> **[on-screen 00:55:35]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir | have to leave
**[00:55:36]** literally don't know why Spanish does that but I do know that yo I have to indicates a modern meaning like I must
> **[on-screen 00:55:41]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir | have to leave
> **[on-screen 00:55:42]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Yo tengo que salir Y J I must | have to leave J
**[00:55:43]** rather than I have to so whenever you say you're basically saying I have to leave or I must leave and the same principle applies to any pronoun you want to use with the verb you have to
> **[on-screen 00:55:51]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to)
**[00:55:52]** use as two in order to indicate something something that you have to do with the verb e you have to use the preposition a as to in order to indicate something that you're going to do in English you can say I have to do my
> **[on-screen 00:56:02]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my homework
**[00:56:02]** homework or I'm going to do my homework
> **[on-screen 00:56:04]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework
**[00:56:04]** and in both phrases the preposition two
> **[on-screen 00:56:06]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework
**[00:56:06]** stays to however if you want to say these phrases in Spanish you will say
> **[on-screen 00:56:11]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework Yo tengo que Yo voy a hacer mi hacer mi tarea tarea
**[00:56:13]** or and as you can see Spanish uses as
> **[on-screen 00:56:15]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) Ir (a) - to go (to) | have to do my I'm going to do my homework homework Yo tengo que Yo voy a hacer mi hacer mi tarea tarea
**[00:56:16]** the preposition to with the verb and as the preposition to with the verb ear in English it stays the same but in Spanish it changes and the amazing and useful part of about phrases like this is that if you forget how to conjugate one of these verbs you can always refer to the other one to express the same sentence and that's actually a very skillful hack to remember whenever you speak Spanish just know that if you see K after a conjugation of it means to have to and if you see an a after a conjugation of it means to go to if you want to say a
> **[on-screen 00:56:41]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": You have to pay
**[00:56:41]** sentence like you have to pay you will say using the KE preposition if you want
> **[on-screen 00:56:44]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": You have to pay Tu tienes que pagar
> **[on-screen 00:56:46]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": He has a cat
**[00:56:46]** to say he has a cat you will
> **[on-screen 00:56:48]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": He has a cat El tiene un gato
**[00:56:48]** say without adding the preposition if
> **[on-screen 00:56:51]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": We have aclass tomorrow
**[00:56:51]** you want to say we have a class tomorrow
> **[on-screen 00:56:54]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": We have aclass tomorrow Nosotros tenemos una clase manana
**[00:56:55]** if you want to say they have to read the
> **[on-screen 00:56:56]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": They have to read the books
**[00:56:57]** books you'll
> **[on-screen 00:56:58]**
> Examples with "tener (que)": They have to read the books Ellos tienen que leer los libros
**[00:56:59]** say in case you want to practice with
> **[on-screen 00:57:01]**
> Tener (que) - to have (to) (Yo) tengo | (Nosotros) tenemos (Tu) tienes | (Vosotros) tenéis (El) tiene | (Ellos) tienen
**[00:57:01]** more examples I recommend that you also say these sentences using the verb so that you know to use the preposition a with and with the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it especially when you start generating examples on your own so overall the verb tet is a very useful verb in Spanish both in terms of possession and future actions before I end the video I would actually like to cover one last concept with the verb T and that's something that's sound very practical to use but it's something very very important to know and that is that the verb T can sometimes Express sentences with beings as in to be you might remember my videos
> **[on-screen 00:57:30]**
> Ser Estar T T Permanent Temporary
**[00:57:31]** where I talked about the verbs s and estar both of which express permanent and temporary states of being and while I did those videos there was something very specific I did not mention in both of those videos such as expressions with
> **[on-screen 00:57:42]**
> Ser Estar Permanent Temporary age, temperature, hunger +more
**[00:57:42]** age temperature hunger and maybe a few
> **[on-screen 00:57:44]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old e lamcold e 1am hungry
**[00:57:44]** more as a reference consider these phrases in English I am 19 years old I am cold and I'm hungry if I were to tell you to say these phrases in Spanish you would probably say something like y d an
> **[on-screen 00:57:53]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e |!am cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:57:55]** y EST and EST and that's if you used and
> **[on-screen 00:57:57]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e I am cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:57:59]** EST correctly some of you might make arguments that using and EST is the right way to go because by saying I'm factually stating this about myself which is why is used and for phrases like EST or esto amre I'm using AAR because I'm indicating that I'm feeling cold or hungry right now and my feeling will change in the future as crazy as it sounds Spanish says that you cannot use the verbs s and estar because
> **[on-screen 00:58:21]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo 36y 19 afhos * I am cold - Yo astey frio ¢ I am hungry - Yo estoy hambre These expressions indicate HAVING a fact about oneself, NOT being oneself
**[00:58:21]** these are expressions that indicate having a fact about oneself rather than actually being that one self instead of
> **[on-screen 00:58:26]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo soy 19 ahos e I am cold - Yo estoy frio e |!am hungry - Yo estoy hambre
**[00:58:26]** using soy or esto with these Expressions you will need to use and in this case yo
> **[on-screen 00:58:31]**
> In English: ¢ 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e I am cold - Yo tengo frio ¢ |am hungry - Yo tengo hambre
**[00:58:31]** instead of saying EST anos you'll say Tango DS anos because actually I'm
> **[on-screen 00:58:36]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e lamcold - Yo tengo frio e 1am hungry - Yo tengo hambre | have the age of 19, I'm NOT being 19
**[00:58:37]** indicating that I have the age of 19 rather than me being 19 by saying tangoo or Tango amre I'm indicating that I have
> **[on-screen 00:58:44]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e |lamcold - Yo tengo frio e 1am hungry - Yo tengo hambre | have the age of 19, I'm NOT being 19 | have a feeling of cold/hunger, I'm NOT being cold or hungry
**[00:58:44]** a feeling of cold and I have a feeling of hunger these Expressions technically are not permanent nor temporary which doesn't allow you to use the verb ser or EST so instead you have these
> **[on-screen 00:58:53]**
> In English: e 1am 19 years old - Yo tengo 19 ahos e I am cold - Yo tengo frio e |!am hungry - Yo tengo hambre You have these expressions/feelings, you're NOT being in these expressions/feelings
**[00:58:53]** feelings rather than being being in these feelings of course tet uses other feelings like these ones but they're not
> **[on-screen 00:58:58]**
> e I am hot - Yo tengo calor e |am careful - Yo tengo cuidado e I am afraid - Yo tengo miedo ¢ | am thirsty - Yo tengo sed e | am lucky - Yo tengo suerte These expressions all indicate to have these feelings
**[00:58:58]** as important as the other ones in conversation and the same concept applies to any pronouns you want to use Spanish has two types of prepositional

87
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/15-al-del.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
# 15. “al” & “del”
- **Time range:** 00:59:03 – 01:00:34 (duration 00:01:31)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3543s)
---
**[00:59:04]** phrases that when combined eliminate repetition of sound and that is Al and Del Al is a combination of the words A
> **[on-screen 00:59:09]**
> al del ael to the (m)
**[00:59:10]** and L meaning to the masculine and Del
> **[on-screen 00:59:13]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:13]** is comprised from the and L meaning from the or of the masculine Spanish combines these words to eliminate the Redundant sound of the same vowel when they're said saying a sounds a bit weird so
> **[on-screen 00:59:21]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:23]** Spanish combines the words and forms the word Al and that's the same thing with
> **[on-screen 00:59:25]**
> al del ael de el to the (m) of/from the (m)
**[00:59:26]** Del because saying is redundant Al and
> **[on-screen 00:59:29]**
> al => ael del — deel
**[00:59:29]** can be used both in context when you're only using the masculine definite article in case you want to use the feminine definite article La you don't have to combine the words together so you'll simply say Allah or de as an example you can say a sentence like I
> **[on-screen 00:59:41]**
> | want to go to the bathroom
**[00:59:42]** want to go to the bathroom and in Spanish it would
> **[on-screen 00:59:45]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir ael bano
**[00:59:45]** be but because Bo is a masculine word
> **[on-screen 00:59:47]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir a el bano
**[00:59:48]** Spanish has to combine the preposition two with the masculine article so you
> **[on-screen 00:59:52]**
> | want to go to the bathroom Yo quiero ir al bano
**[00:59:53]** Al I want to go to the bathroom if you were to instead use a feminine word like
> **[on-screen 00:59:58]**
> | want to go to the class Yo quiero ir a la clase
**[00:59:58]** you would simply say without needing to combine the preposition with the article likewise the same method can be used with Del if you want to say from thee or of thee for instance you can say he is from the
> **[on-screen 01:00:08]**
> He is from the market
**[01:00:10]** market which would be LS and he is from
> **[on-screen 01:00:11]**
> He is from the market El es del mercado
**[01:00:13]** the class would simply be LS de if you
> **[on-screen 01:00:15]**
> He is from the class El es de laclase
**[01:00:16]** want to use as of the it would be useful to use it in a question like what do you
> **[on-screen 01:00:20]**
> What do you suppose of the market?
**[01:00:20]** suppose of the market and in Spanish it
> **[on-screen 01:00:23]**
> What do you suppose of the market? éQué supones del mercado?
**[01:00:23]** be and of course the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say in Spanish but keep in mind that
> **[on-screen 01:00:28]**
> to the — al (a + el) of/from the del (de + el)
**[01:00:28]** whenever you say to the or of thee you simply have to combine the words so that they sound better when they're said Al and now there are pronouns after

145
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/16-prepositional-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
# 16. Prepositional Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:00:34 – 01:03:26 (duration 00:02:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3634s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:00:34]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions:
**[01:00:35]** prepositions which are also known as prepositional pronouns and they're put after prepositional words such as of on
> **[on-screen 01:00:41]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: ° of eon e from e to e for e with
**[01:00:41]** from to for with and more and in English
> **[on-screen 01:00:44]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In English: me us you | allof you him/her/it | them
**[01:00:44]** they look like this me you him her it us all of you and them in English there is no pattern to follow with any of these pronouns because some of them completely change while some stay the same such as
> **[on-screen 01:00:55]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In English: me | us you all of you him/her/it | them
**[01:00:55]** you keeping the same form as the regular pronoun you contextually you can use these prepositional pronouns and put them after prepositions like what about
> **[on-screen 01:01:02]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: e What about me? e This is on you e This is from him ¢ Take it to her e This is for us e We go with them
**[01:01:02]** me this is on you this is from him take it to her this is for us we go with them and of course you don't necessarily have to use these phrases in Spanish however the same idea also works for prepositional pronouns and actually their syntax is a lot easier to understand in Spanish in Spanish you
> **[on-screen 01:01:17]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: mi nosotros/as ti vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:18]** have me with an accent t l or a noos Vos and AOS or just by looking at the syntax you probably find it very strange that the he we y'all and they pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:01:28]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: mi nosotros/as ti vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:29]** haven't changed because when compared to
> **[on-screen 01:01:31]**
> Prepositional Pronouns: Pronouns: mi nosotros/as yO | nosotros/as ti vosotros/as tu | vosotros/as éVella | ellos/ellas éV/ella | ellos/ellas
**[01:01:31]** their normal pronoun form they stayed the same because Spanish decided to not change their form and keep their form as their regular pronoun form aside from me and you and telling the difference between pronouns and prepositional pronouns in Spanish can be done by simply looking if the word is after a preposition you can have a simple
> **[on-screen 01:01:45]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us
**[01:01:45]** sentence like this is for us and in Spanish the phrase would be EST es noos
> **[on-screen 01:01:49]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us Esto es para nosotros
**[01:01:50]** and as you can see noos is placed after
> **[on-screen 01:01:52]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This is for us Esto es para nosotros
**[01:01:53]** the preposition para keeping its form and not changing unlike English which uses us and completely changes the form whereas in Spanish it stays the same and simpler to understand nonetheless you can sometimes have sentences when you'll have the same pronoun and prepositional pronoun like they go with them which
> **[on-screen 01:02:06]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: They go with them
**[01:02:07]** would be AOS Vanos and at first looking
> **[on-screen 01:02:08]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: They go with them Ellos van con ellos
**[01:02:10]** at this phrase is very weird because we have the word AOS not changing form but actually AOS in the beginning is they and AOS in the end is them because it's place after the preposition with but once again these are just the rules of Spanish and you can make many more examples like life is easy for
> **[on-screen 01:02:24]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: Life is easy for her La vida es facil para ella
**[01:02:26]** her or you can go with
> **[on-screen 01:02:28]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: You can go with us Tu puedes ir con nosotros
**[01:02:29]** us or you can have a tricky example like this gift is from him EST is with the
> **[on-screen 01:02:33]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él
**[01:02:35]** ending being not to be confused with
> **[on-screen 01:02:37]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él del
**[01:02:38]** like I said in the beginning of the video Del is of the or from the
> **[on-screen 01:02:40]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: This gift is from him Este regalo es de él of/fromthe €< del
**[01:02:42]** masculine which uses the definite article L but the L means from him because L doesn't change in Spanish when it's used as a prepositional pronoun even though it's a rare instance you can still encounter these things when you learn Spanish at last there's one rule
> **[on-screen 01:02:53]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions:
**[01:02:54]** that you have to remember with the prepositional pronouns in Spanish specifically relating to the preposition
> **[on-screen 01:02:57]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with
**[01:02:58]** con which is with it's the only preposition in Spanish where if you
> **[on-screen 01:03:01]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: con nosotros/as con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:01]** place these prepositional pronouns after K they will keep their form but with me
> **[on-screen 01:03:04]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: con mi con nosotros/as conti con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:05]** and T you have to combine K with the pronouns which would be kigo and kigo so
> **[on-screen 01:03:08]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: conmigo | con nosotros/as contigo | con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:10]** whenever you use prepositional pronouns with K like do you want to go with me
> **[on-screen 01:03:13]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Do you want to go with me?
**[01:03:13]** you will
> **[on-screen 01:03:14]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Do you want to go with me? éQuieres ir conmigo?
**[01:03:14]** sayig and you can reply with yes I do
> **[on-screen 01:03:17]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Yes, | do want to go with you
**[01:03:17]** want to go with you
> **[on-screen 01:03:18]**
> Pronouns After Prepositions: con - with Yes, | do want to go with you Si, quiero ir contigo
**[01:03:18]** see and in case you use the other prepositions with K you don't have to
> **[on-screen 01:03:22]**
> Prepositional Pronouns In Spanish: conmigo | con nosotros/as contigo | con vosotros/as con él/ella | con ellos/as
**[01:03:22]** modify them as you do with me and T and that's as far as pronouns after prepositions go direct object pronouns

268
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/17-direct-object-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
# 17. Direct Object Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:03:26 – 01:09:18 (duration 00:05:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3806s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:03:26]**
> Direct Object Pronouns:
**[01:03:27]** in Spanish are pronouns that take the form of a direct object within a sentence in order to avoid repeating a noun in the sentence as an example take a look at this sentence in English I buy
> **[on-screen 01:03:34]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: | buy acar
**[01:03:35]** a car I is the subject buy is the verb
> **[on-screen 01:03:36]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: a verb ye ee | Yecy ~ > | buy acar
**[01:03:38]** and car is the object that's directly stated in the sentence however most of the time we change the object from a noun to a pronoun whenever we speak instead of saying I buy a car we can say
> **[on-screen 01:03:47]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: -— I sins a car “ I buy it “nanan
**[01:03:47]** I buy it and now it becomes a direct object pronoun rather than a direct object noun and you have to remember that a direct object pronoun is one of a
> **[on-screen 01:03:54]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: & ere icon —_ I oy a car “ I buy it “anal When a sentence has only one direct object
**[01:03:54]** sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugative verb in English the phrase I
> **[on-screen 01:03:59]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: verb bec * a, > | buy acar ee Ge, -“ I buy it — * [ ~
**[01:03:59]** buy a car has a subject a verb and only one direct object that's a noun the phrase I by it likewise has a subject a verb and one object that's a pronoun and this is where you get the name direct object pronoun and that's basically how direct object pronouns work in English but the most important rule to remember is that a sentence has to have only one
> **[on-screen 01:04:15]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: verb bec a | é eg | buy acar we Seo, > Sy | b . ee C uy it eu an A sentence has to have only one direct object following a verb in English, regardless if it’s singular or plural
**[01:04:16]** direct object typically following a verb in English regardless if it's singular or plural and these direct object pronouns look like this in English me
> **[on-screen 01:04:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In English: me | us you | all of you him/her/it | them
**[01:04:23]** you him her it us all of you and them in Spanish direct object pronouns work the same exact way with a bit more variety and they all share one rule that has to be applied most of the time and that is direct object pronouns in Spanish have
> **[on-screen 01:04:34]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish:
**[01:04:35]** to come before a verb rather than after a verb in Spanish direct object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:04:38]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish: me | nos te os lo/la | los/las
**[01:04:39]** look like this or La no and or the first thing you should know about these pronouns is that the lo la Los and L pronouns are the
> **[on-screen 01:04:49]**
> Placed Before a conjugated verb Direct Object Pronouns In Spanish: me | nos te | os lo/la | los/las
**[01:04:51]** only pronouns that have gender and plurality while the other pronoun nouns May refer to me you us and all of you lo la Los and L can also mean it or them as an object or a person Lo can mean him or
> **[on-screen 01:05:02]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: ¢ lo - him/it (m) e la - her/it (f) ¢ los - them (m) (object or person) ¢ las - them (f) (object or person)
**[01:05:03]** it masculine La can mean her or it feminine Los can mean them masculine as in an object or a person and last can mean them feminine object or person once again you have to remember that these pronouns come before a conjugative verb
> **[on-screen 01:05:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy a car
**[01:05:16]** consider this phrase in Spanish y i buy a car in English if you want to replace the object noun with an object pronoun you would say I buy it putting the it
> **[on-screen 01:05:24]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy it
> **[on-screen 01:05:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - I buy it ,
**[01:05:26]** after by in Spanish however you cannot
> **[on-screen 01:05:27]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro un coche - | buy it
**[01:05:27]** do that so instead you put the object pronoun before the conjugative verb in this case considering that cooch is a masculine word we need to use lo as the pronoun you would want to say y but
> **[on-screen 01:05:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo compro lo - | buy it
**[01:05:38]** Spanish says that you have to put this pronoun before the verb so instead you will say yo I buy it I don't know why
> **[on-screen 01:05:42]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Yo lo compro - | buy it
**[01:05:44]** Spanish does that but it's something that has to be known and of course you can generate many more examples in Spanish and I even recommend that you do so because direct object pronouns in Spanish is a topic that I've personally seen many students struggle with you can have phrases like I want the books yier
> **[on-screen 01:05:55]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | want the books - Quiero los libros
**[01:05:57]** Los libros with los libros being them masculine and you can instead say I want
> **[on-screen 01:06:02]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | want them - Quiero los libros
**[01:06:02]** them which in Spanish would be y you can also say something like they have a
> **[on-screen 01:06:06]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They have a house - Ellos tienen una casa
**[01:06:07]** house but you can instead say they have it which would be AOS you can have
> **[on-screen 01:06:11]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They have it - Ellos la tienen
**[01:06:12]** simpler sentences like I love you which
> **[on-screen 01:06:14]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | love you
**[01:06:14]** uses a pronoun immediately without needing to modify a noun for a pronoun so the sentence would simply be I love
> **[on-screen 01:06:20]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | love you - Yo te amo
**[01:06:21]** you you can repeat this concept with another pronoun that doesn't to get modified like NOS you can say you watch
> **[on-screen 01:06:26]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You watch us - Td nos miras
**[01:06:26]** us which would be to no me us and the same concept can basically be applied to any sentence you want to say however
> **[on-screen 01:06:32]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases:
**[01:06:32]** there are more things you should know about direct object pronouns specifically relating to people and using pronouns like him and her you can have a sentence like she watches John
> **[on-screen 01:06:39]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches John - Ella mira John
**[01:06:40]** and you would want to say a but Spanish says that whenever you have a connection with a person you have to put a personal preposition a before the person's name
> **[on-screen 01:06:46]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches John - Ella mira a John
**[01:06:48]** so you would simply say a a she watches John there is no English equivalent for this construction but you can instead
> **[on-screen 01:06:54]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches him
**[01:06:54]** say she watches him which would be a and
> **[on-screen 01:06:56]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: She watches him - Ella lo mira
**[01:06:57]** the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say but keep in mind the personal preposition a before you say a person's name the last concept you
> **[on-screen 01:07:03]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases:
**[01:07:03]** should know with direct object pronouns in Spanish is that all of these pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:07:05]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: These pronouns can also be attached to infinitives
**[01:07:06]** can also be placed after infinitives which actually makes your thinking process think a bit better and more similar to English than to anything else take this phrase for instance I can see
> **[on-screen 01:07:13]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you
**[01:07:14]** you in Spanish you would want to
> **[on-screen 01:07:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: I can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver
**[01:07:16]** say and this sentence actually has no mistakes however there's a different way to say this phrase and that is by
> **[on-screen 01:07:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver
**[01:07:22]** attaching the direct object pronoun to the INF you can say but you can also
> **[on-screen 01:07:27]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: | can see you - (Yo) te puedo ver | can see you - (Yo) puedo verte
**[01:07:27]** say I can see you it doesn't matter which phrase you say because in case you forget how to say one phrase you can always say the other you can have examples like they want to buy the
> **[on-screen 01:07:34]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy the books Ellos quieren comprar los libros
**[01:07:36]** books lios with los libros being the
> **[on-screen 01:07:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy the books Ellos quieren comprar los libros
**[01:07:39]** masculine pronoun which would
> **[on-screen 01:07:41]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They want to buy them Ellos los quieren comprar Ellos quieren comprarlos
**[01:07:43]** or you can also use direct object pronouns when speaking in the near future such as I'm going to read it or I
> **[on-screen 01:07:48]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it
**[01:07:49]** have to read it which can be said as Yol
> **[on-screen 01:07:51]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it (Yo) lo voy a leer (Yo) lo tengo que leer
**[01:07:52]** and Yol or or if you want to simplify the order of the words you can
> **[on-screen 01:07:56]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: In the near future: I'm going to read it | have to read it (Yo) lo voy a leer (Yo) lo tengo que leer (Yo) voy a leerlo (Yo) tengo que leerlo
**[01:07:56]** say or however whenever you decide to attach a direct object pronoun to an infinitive you have to remember that there are infinitives that don't change form like in these phrases but you can
> **[on-screen 01:08:06]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: Some infinitives don't change form and some do, and those that do are in the present progressive
**[01:08:06]** sometimes have infinitives that do get modified in the present progressive you can say a sentence like you're watching
> **[on-screen 01:08:10]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me
**[01:08:10]** me which can be said
> **[on-screen 01:08:12]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me Tu me estas mirando Tu estas mirandome
**[01:08:14]** or and both phrases have the same meaning but with the second phrase you
> **[on-screen 01:08:18]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You are watching me Tu me estas mirando Tu estas mirandome
**[01:08:18]** have to put an accent on the infinitive to maintain the emphasis on that syllable to EST and you can say other phrases like they are reading
> **[on-screen 01:08:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it Ellos lo estan leyendo Ellos estan leyéndolo
**[01:08:28]** or with an accent on the infinitive overall you have to remember that you
> **[on-screen 01:08:32]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: They are reading it Ellos lo estan leyendo Ellos estan leyéndolo Remember - You CANNOT attach direct object pronouns to conjugated verbs, ONLY to infinitives
**[01:08:32]** cannot attach direct object pronouns to conjugated verbs only to infinitives you cannot say something like y i buy it
> **[on-screen 01:08:38]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CANNOT say: Yo compro lo - | buy it
**[01:08:39]** because you have only one verb in the sentence and the direct object pronoun is placed after the verb but you can
> **[on-screen 01:08:45]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CAN say: Yo voy acomprarlo - I'm going to buy it
**[01:08:45]** say I'm going to buy it
> **[on-screen 01:08:48]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You CAN say: Yo voy acomprarlo - I'm going to buy it Yo estoy comprandolo - I'm buying it
**[01:08:48]** or I'm buying it because in these cases you're using one conjugative verb and one infinitive and the the direct object pronoun is attached to the infinitive not the conjugated verb and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say and actually I recommend many beginners to use direct object pronouns by attaching them to the end of infinitives because it makes your brain think in the same order of the words as you would use in English you don't say
> **[on-screen 01:09:08]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You DON'T SAY in English: I, it, am buying - Yo lo estoy comprando
**[01:09:08]** in English I it am buying but you instead say I am buying
> **[on-screen 01:09:13]**
> Direct Object Pronouns In Phrases: You |NSTEAD SAY in English: | am buying it - Yo estoy comprandolo
**[01:09:14]** it and the same concept basically applies to any sentence you want to say indirect object pronouns in Spanish are

267
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/18-indirect-object-pronouns.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
# 18. Indirect Object Pronouns
- **Time range:** 01:09:18 – 01:16:10 (duration 00:06:52)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=4158s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:09:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns:
**[01:09:19]** pronouns that take the form of an object noun in order to avoid repeating the same noun in my previous video I explained direct object pronouns in Spanish and I explained that a direct object pronoun is when a sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugated verb in English an indirect object pronoun is actually quite different and that is when a
> **[on-screen 01:09:35]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: When a sentence has two objects, with the first object being a direct object and the second object being an indirect object
**[01:09:35]** sentence has two objects with the first object being a direct object and the second object being an indirect object take a look at this sentence in English
> **[on-screen 01:09:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy a car for you
**[01:09:43]** I buy a car for you I is the subject buy
> **[on-screen 01:09:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject — ” a a you 8 verb direct object
**[01:09:46]** is the verb car is a direct object noun because it comes first in the sentence and U is the indirect object pronoun because it comes second in in the sentence in this video I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form because I already explained direct object pronouns in my previous video direct
> **[on-screen 01:10:01]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject — | buy a car for you — one Lo \ indi verb direct object Direct objects are objects that are first stated in a sentence, and indirect objects are objects that come second in a sentence
**[01:10:01]** objects are objects that are first stated in a sentence and indirect objects are objects that come second in a sentence and in this video all direct objects will be in the form of a noun not a pronoun and therefore I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form
> **[on-screen 01:10:15]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les
**[01:10:15]** in Spanish they look like this me which is me te which is you Le and this pronoun can simultaneously mean to him
> **[on-screen 01:10:22]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:10:22]** or to her or a person's name and I'll get to that in a bit NOS which is US o which is all of you and Les which is them as you can probably tell from looking at the chart the me you us and
> **[on-screen 01:10:32]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:10:33]** all of you pronouns have the same syntax as direct object pronouns which makes the language more convenient however this is where we have less for them as in people and Le which can mean to him or to her in a person's name and it's a tricky concept to understand but I'll explain it as easily as possible looking
> **[on-screen 01:10:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. —— | buy acar for you — . sie Lo \ ine noes verb direct object NOUN
**[01:10:48]** back at this phrase I buy a car for you car is the direct object noun and you is the indirect object that's already in pronoun form saying the sentence in Spanish can be done using multiple ways but the essential point of the video is indirect object pronouns we can hack the system by simply
> **[on-screen 01:11:03]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. —? | buy a car for you , set Lo \ ind onov’ verb direct object NOUN Yo compro un coche para ti
**[01:11:03]** saying using a prepositional pronoun and while that saves us time we need to understand how indirect object pronouns work just like with direct object pronouns indirect object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:11:12]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: akien | buy acar for you set L \ ine onus verb direct object NOUN Indirect object pronouns likewise come before conjugated verbs
**[01:11:13]** likewise come before conjugated verbs and not after them so saying the sentence in Spanish would simply
> **[on-screen 01:11:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. ——? | buy acar for you ayer L. \ ine onow™ verb direct object NOUN Yo te compro un coche
**[01:11:19]** be I buy you a car or I buy a car for you with the indirect object pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:11:23]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: subject. ——? | buy acarforyou «__ weet Wa ‘\ ido verb direct object NOUN Yo te compro un coche pr
**[01:11:25]** acting as for you and the same idea basically applies to the rest of the pronouns but there are more things you should know about indirect object pronouns in Spanish such as the pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:11:32]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her /aperson's name
**[01:11:33]** le le can simultaneously mean to or for him or to or for her or a person's name and in order to specify who you're talking about you'll need to put the
> **[on-screen 01:11:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her / a person's name a+ pronoun
**[01:11:42]** prepositional structure a plus a pronoun like a or a which mean to or for him or
> **[on-screen 01:11:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her / aperson's name aél -to/forhim a ella - to/for her
**[01:11:48]** her consider the sentence in English she
> **[on-screen 01:11:49]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:11:50]** buys a car for him car is a direct
> **[on-screen 01:11:52]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him \ x ovie® direct object «o88en0" ; NOUN .
**[01:11:52]** object noun while him is the indirect object pronoun and as you can see we
> **[on-screen 01:11:56]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le She buys a car for him | 7 xe? .e) direct on wee
**[01:11:56]** have to use the pronoun Le for him and in Spanish the phrase would
> **[on-screen 01:12:00]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: le She buys a car for him \ ‘ OK Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:01]** be and because we have a visual translation of him in English we know that LE means him however what if we don't have the phrase in English saying
> **[on-screen 01:12:07]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:08]** this phrase in Spanish we would know that the phrase means she buys a car for but we don't
> **[on-screen 01:12:12]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? Ella le compra un coche
**[01:12:14]** know who the person is because Le can
> **[on-screen 01:12:15]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? Ella le compra un coche le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her
**[01:12:16]** mean him her or person's name but Le doesn't specify it and this is where Spanish comes in and says to use the
> **[on-screen 01:12:21]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buysacarfor___? Ella le compra un coche le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her aél
**[01:12:21]** construction a and then a pronoun in this case L this construction can actually be applied to any pronoun but more than less it's mainly used for the pronoun Le because it's the only pronoun that isn't specific enough while we know
> **[on-screen 01:12:31]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me |; nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:12:32]** that me is me te is you and so on Le can mean him or her and we have to specify who it is with the construction a this
> **[on-screen 01:12:40]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for ? A Ella le compra un coche Tz c le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her ) aél
**[01:12:40]** construction has to be placed either in the beginning of a sentence or in the end looking at this phrase she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:12:44]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:12:45]** car for him in Spanish the phrase would
> **[on-screen 01:12:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him A él ella le compra un coche Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:51]** or it doesn't matter which phrase you say but I recommend making sentences
> **[on-screen 01:12:55]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him A él ella le compra un coche Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:55]** using the second phrase because it's similar to the order of the words in
> **[on-screen 01:12:59]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:12:59]** English might visually be translated as
> **[on-screen 01:13:02]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él She him buys a car for him
**[01:13:02]** she him buys a car for him and in English it doesn't make sense to say this phrase because the language is specific enough with the pronouns but in Spanish it makes sense because the pronoun isn't specific enough so the sentence would simply be she buys a car
> **[on-screen 01:13:14]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Ella le compra un coche a él She buys a car for him
**[01:13:15]** for him or she buys him a car while the
> **[on-screen 01:13:17]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: me | nos te os le | les le = him/her/a person's name
**[01:13:17]** easy pronouns may be me you us and all of you I would like to focus on Le for a bit because like I said this pronoun can mean him her or a person's name and here's what I mean the phrase she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:13:27]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for him
**[01:13:28]** car for him can also be said as she buys a car for John with Jon being an indirect object noun which still works putting this phrase in Spanish is no different than simply saying she buys a
> **[on-screen 01:13:37]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for John Ella le compra un coche a él
**[01:13:38]** car for him but the only difference is that instead of saying we need to
> **[on-screen 01:13:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for John Ella le compra un coche a John
**[01:13:43]** say just to specify who the person is if we say she buys a car for her we can
> **[on-screen 01:13:46]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for her Ella le compra un coche a ella
**[01:13:49]** say if we say she buys a car for Emma
> **[on-screen 01:13:50]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: She buys a car for Emma Ella le compra un coche a Emma
**[01:13:52]** then we can say just to specify who the person is and that's basically the toughest part to know with indirect object pronouns in Spanish because I've seen many students failing to understand what Le means and why every sentence has the construction a with a pronoun and the last thing to note with indirect object pronouns in Spanish is that these pronouns can
> **[on-screen 01:14:08]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: These pronouns likewise apply to infinitives using the same way that direct object pronouns work
**[01:14:09]** likewise be applied to infinitives the same exact way that direct object pronouns work and I'll actually provide more examples in this video because indirect object pronouns are a tricky category in Spanish how would you say
> **[on-screen 01:14:19]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: He wants to buy you a book
**[01:14:19]** this phrase in Spanish he wants to buy you a book you can say l
> **[on-screen 01:14:23]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: He wants to buy you a book El te quiere comprar un libro El quiere comprarte un libro
**[01:14:29]** you did a good job how would you say she
> **[on-screen 01:14:31]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She can give the papers to us
**[01:14:31]** can give the papers to us you can
> **[on-screen 01:14:34]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She can give the papers to us Ella nos puede dar los papeles Ella puede darnos los papeles
**[01:14:38]** or how would you say I teach the concept
> **[on-screen 01:14:39]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: I teach the concepts to them
> **[on-screen 01:14:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: | teach the concepts to them Yo les enseno los conceptos
> **[on-screen 01:14:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: You write a letter to her
**[01:14:46]** letter to her you can
> **[on-screen 01:14:48]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: You write a letter to her Tu le escribes una carta a ella A ella tu le escribes una carta
> **[on-screen 01:14:54]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive)
**[01:14:54]** using the present progressive now and remembering that you have to put accents on infinitives how would you say I am
> **[on-screen 01:14:58]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) | am reading the book for them
**[01:14:59]** reading the book for them
> **[on-screen 01:15:01]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) | am reading the book for them Yo les estoy leyendo el libro Yo estoy leyéndoles el libro
**[01:15:04]** or with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:15:07]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) We are telling the truth to you
**[01:15:07]** would you say we are telling the truth to you you can
> **[on-screen 01:15:11]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: (with the present progressive) We are telling the truth to you Nosotros te estamos diciendo la verdad Nosotros estamos diciéndote la verdad
> **[on-screen 01:15:18]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him
**[01:15:18]** the last one which can be said in multiple ways how would you say she is giving the money to him here are all the constructions for this
> **[on-screen 01:15:25]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns With Examples: She is giving the money to him A él ella le esta dando el dinero A élella esta dandole el dinero Ella le esta dando el dinero a él Ella esta dandole el dinero a él
**[01:15:36]** or with an accent on the infinitive even though it's a long example this is how indirect object pronouns work in Spanish and it doesn't matter which phrase you say because all of them express the same meaning and in case you get confused you can always go back to the basics and say any phrase you want because people will still understand you my goal is to not confuse you but to show show you that there are multiple answers to any question and that there are multiple ways to answer any question it doesn't always have to be one answer and one answer only with the examples that I gave in the video I tried my best at showing you all the possibilities that you can use with any sentence you want to say and in case you got all of them right then you did a really good job at finding other ways to find different

323
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/19-combining-dops-iops.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
# 19. Combining DOPs & IOPs
- **Time range:** 01:16:10 – 01:23:54 (duration 00:07:44)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=4570s)
---
**[01:16:10]** answers in my two previous videos I explained the concept behind direct and indirect object pronouns and how they apply separately direct object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:16:16]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: When a sentence has only one direct object that can be replaced with a pronoun not to repeat its form of anoun
**[01:16:17]** is when a sentence has only one direct object that can be replaced with a pronoun not to repeat its form of a noun
> **[on-screen 01:16:22]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: | buy a car
**[01:16:22]** instead of saying I buy a car I can say I buy it with it being a direct object
> **[on-screen 01:16:25]**
> Direct Object Pronouns: I buy it
> **[on-screen 01:16:27]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: When a sentence has two objects, with the first being a direct object and the second being an indirect object
**[01:16:27]** pronoun indirect object pronouns is when a sentence has two objects with the first being a direct object and the second being an indirect object an indirect object pronoun is when an indirect object noun is put into pronoun form to not repeat itself instead of
> **[on-screen 01:16:39]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy a car for John
**[01:16:39]** saying I buy a car for John I can say I buy a car for him with him being the
> **[on-screen 01:16:42]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: | buy acar for him
**[01:16:43]** indirect object pronoun while I talked about both Concepts separately in this video I will show how to combine both types of pronouns in one sentence and this concept is actually easier than people think in case you don't remember
> **[on-screen 01:16:53]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la | los/las
**[01:16:53]** remember here's what the Spanish pronouns look like they both share the same Syntax for me you us and all of you but change in the he and they pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:16:58]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la | los/las
**[01:16:59]** lo la Los and L mean it or them as
> **[on-screen 01:17:00]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la_ | los/las he/she/them - (person) it/them (m/f)
**[01:17:03]** something masculine or feminine while Le and Les mean he or she and them as a person combining both pronouns in one sentence is actually not that hard but there are a few rules to note with both pronouns whenever you decide to use them
> **[on-screen 01:17:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 1). The indirect object pronoun has to come first in the sentence, and also, both pronouns come before a conjugated verb in a sentence
**[01:17:15]** the first rule is that if you're using a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in one sentence the indirect object pronoun has to come first in the sentence and as always both pronouns come before a conjugated verb in a sentence take a look at this phrase
> **[on-screen 01:17:27]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you
**[01:17:27]** in English I buy a car for you car is a
> **[on-screen 01:17:29]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you
**[01:17:29]** direct object noun you is an indirect object already in pronoun form and so the phrase in Spanish would
> **[on-screen 01:17:35]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy a car for you Yo te compro un coche
**[01:17:35]** be this sentence both in English and Spanish can be said using both types of pronouns and instead of saying I buy a car for you we can say I buy you it
> **[on-screen 01:17:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy you it
**[01:17:44]** saying this phrase in Spanish is actually not that hard because you have to remember to put both pronouns before a conjugative verb with the indirect object pronoun coming first in Spanish the phrase would simply
> **[on-screen 01:17:53]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | buy you it Yo te lo compro
**[01:17:54]** be with being the indirect object pronoun you and lo being a direct object pronoun that's a masculine it the sentence can also be rephrased using the present progressive such as I am buying
> **[on-screen 01:18:04]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: | am buying you it
**[01:18:04]** you it and this is where the second rule comes in allowing both pronouns in
> **[on-screen 01:18:07]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives | am buying you it
**[01:18:08]** Spanish to be attached to infinitives we
> **[on-screen 01:18:10]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives | am buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:13]** or with the indirect object pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:18:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives I am buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:16]** coming first after the infinitive and with an accent on the infinitive however considering that com
> **[on-screen 01:18:23]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 2). When using DOPs and IOPs, both can be attached to infinitives I am buying you it Yo te lo estoy comprando Yo estoy comprandotelo
**[01:18:23]** is an infinitive that changes form it has to have an accent regardless if you're using a direct or indirect object pronoun or both sometimes you can have
> **[on-screen 01:18:30]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs:
**[01:18:30]** infinitives that don't change like in
> **[on-screen 01:18:32]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:33]** phrase I can buy it which puts L with
> **[on-screen 01:18:36]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:36]** and as you can see no accent is needed here because you're using an infinitive that doesn't change and the emphasis on the syllable doesn't go away however the third rule is that when you use both
> **[on-screen 01:18:44]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified Yo puedo comprarlo - | can buy it
**[01:18:45]** types of pronouns you must put an accent on both types of infinitives such as saying I am buying you it or I can buy
> **[on-screen 01:18:50]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified | am buying you it I can buy you it
**[01:18:51]** you it which in Spanish would
> **[on-screen 01:18:53]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs: 3). When using both types of pronouns, you must put an accent on infinitives that don't change form AND slightly get modified I am buying you it - Yo estoy comprandotelo Ican buy youit -Yo puedo comprartelo
**[01:18:55]** and if you decide to attach both pronouns to infinitives then you have to remember to put accents on them to keep their sound if you decide to put the pronouns before a conjugative verb then no accent is needed here are some
> **[on-screen 01:19:05]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She gives me it
**[01:19:05]** examples how would you say the phrase she gives me it in Spanish with it being
> **[on-screen 01:19:10]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She gives me it Ella me lo da
**[01:19:11]** masculine with me being the indirect object and lo being a direct object now
> **[on-screen 01:19:16]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it
**[01:19:16]** how would you say she is giving me it you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:19]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it Ella me lo esta dando
**[01:19:20]** say or if you want to attach the pronouns to infinitive you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:24]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She is giving me it Ella me lo esta dando Ella esta dandomelo
**[01:19:24]** say with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:19:27]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: You are showing us it
**[01:19:27]** would you say the phrase you are showing us it with it being feminine you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:31]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: You are showing us it Tu nos la estas mostrando Tu estas mostrandonosla
**[01:19:35]** or with an accent on the infinitive how
> **[on-screen 01:19:38]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: They want to present them to you
**[01:19:38]** would you say the phrase they want to present them to you with them being masculine you can
> **[on-screen 01:19:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: They want to present them to you Ellos te los quieren presentar Ellos quieren presentartelos
**[01:19:46]** oros with an accent on the infinitive the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it and hopefully I'm doing a good job for presenting these explanations because now there's one last rule you need to know with both types of pronouns also known as double object pronouns and that is whenever you decide to use two specific types of them you'll need to modify one of them to avoid repetition here's what I mean take a look at this sentence she makes it for
> **[on-screen 01:20:05]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him
**[01:20:06]** him with it being masculine how would you say this phrase in Spanish considering that you know the rules for indirect object pronouns instinctively you would probably say something
> **[on-screen 01:20:15]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella le lo hace a él
**[01:20:16]** like or if you want to you can put a at the beginning of the sentence by technicality this sentence would be right if it wasn't for spanish's rule for double object pronouns and that is
> **[on-screen 01:20:25]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella le lo hace a él 4). If you’re using two pronouns with the letter L, you have to change the indirect object pronoun to se to avoid repeating the same letter.
**[01:20:25]** if you're using two pronouns with the letter L you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter instead of saying you need to
> **[on-screen 01:20:35]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She makes it to him Ella se lo hace a él
**[01:20:36]** say and you need to keep the part in the sentence because we wouldn't know who the pronoun refers to without it this concept can also be replicated using an infinitive such as she wants to make it
> **[on-screen 01:20:45]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She wants to make it for him
**[01:20:46]** for him which can be said
> **[on-screen 01:20:48]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: She wants to make it for him Ella se lo quiere hacer a él Ella quiere hacérselo a él
**[01:20:51]** or with an Accent on the infinitive and with a l in the sentence the trickiest thing to remember with this rule is that you cannot use two pronouns with the letter L and therefore this limits our observation when it comes down to both types of pronouns if the rule says we
> **[on-screen 01:21:04]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te Os le les lo/la_ | los/las
**[01:21:05]** cannot use two pronouns with the letter L this means that the rule can only be applied whenever we use Le Les with lo
> **[on-screen 01:21:10]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os pi le les lo/la_ | los/las
**[01:21:11]** la Los or L being him her them combined with it or them the only combination we can have with two pronouns beginning with the letter L is whenever we use Le
> **[on-screen 01:21:19]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: e le - lo/la/los/las e les - lo/la/los/las
**[01:21:20]** or Les with lo la Los or and only in these cases does le and Les change into
> **[on-screen 01:21:26]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las
**[01:21:26]** say so overall you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter which limitedly means that whenever you're using Le or Les plus lo la Los or L Le and Les inevitably both turn into SE so at the end you wouldn't know who SE refers to without using the construction
> **[on-screen 01:21:43]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las a+ pronoun
**[01:21:43]** a plus a pronoun with indirect object
> **[on-screen 01:21:45]**
> Indirect Object Pronouns: Direct Object Pronouns: me nos me nos te os te os le les lo/la_ | los/las le - (to/for) him / (to/for) her aél/aella
**[01:21:45]** pronouns Le can mean to him or to her so we need to use the construction a or a to be more specific the pronoun Les is actually already specific enough so we don't need to use this construction however with double object pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:21:57]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se —« le - lo/la/los/las —« les - lo/la/los/las a+ pronoun
**[01:21:58]** because Le and Les both begin with the letter L both of them turn into the word say and therefore using the pronoun say with double object pronouns can simultaneously mean to him or to her or
> **[on-screen 01:22:08]**
> Combining DOPs & IOPs In Phrases: se <— « le - lo/la/los/las —- « les - lo/la/los/las a él - to/for him a ella - to/for her a ellos - to/for them (m) a ellas - to/for them (f)
**[01:22:09]** to them so we need to specify it with a a AOS or AAS and that's really the difficult part to remember whenever used to pronouns with the letter L hopefully this will make sense to you here are
> **[on-screen 01:22:20]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him
**[01:22:20]** some examples of double object pronouns using two pronouns with the letter L how would you say the phrase she writes it to him you would
> **[on-screen 01:22:27]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him Ella se lo escribe a él
**[01:22:28]** say and you would include to specify who
> **[on-screen 01:22:29]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to him Ella se lo escribe a él
**[01:22:31]** it is because say can mean to him her or them here's another example with the
> **[on-screen 01:22:34]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to her
**[01:22:35]** same sentence how would you say she writes it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:39]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to her Ella se lo escribe aella
**[01:22:40]** her hopefully that wasn't too difficult how would you say she writes it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:43]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" She writes it to them Ella se lo escribe a ellos
**[01:22:46]** themos with AOS being them masculine if you want to you can change AOS to AOS for them feminine here's another example
> **[on-screen 01:22:52]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read it to them
**[01:22:52]** example how would you say you read it to
> **[on-screen 01:22:56]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read it to them Tu se lo lees a ellos
**[01:22:59]** you say you read them to them to
> **[on-screen 01:23:00]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" You read them to them Tu se los lees a ellos
**[01:23:03]** sayos with AOS being to them and los being them as the object you read here are some final examples with infinitives
> **[on-screen 01:23:09]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" 1am buying it for them
**[01:23:10]** how would you say I am buying it to them you can
> **[on-screen 01:23:14]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I am buying it for them Yo se lo estoy comprando a ellos
> **[on-screen 01:23:17]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" | am buying it for them Yo se lo estoy comprando a ellos Yo estoy comprandoselo a ellos
**[01:23:18]** or with an accent on the infinitive if you wanted to you could have put the AOS part at the beginning of the sentence how would you say the phrase I can do it
> **[on-screen 01:23:24]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him
**[01:23:25]** to him you can
> **[on-screen 01:23:27]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him Yo se lo puedo hacer a él Yo puedo hacérselo a él
**[01:23:30]** or with an accent on the infinitive and
> **[on-screen 01:23:33]**
> DOPS & IOPs With The Letter "L" I can do it to him Yo se lo puedo hacer a él Yo puedo hacérselo a él
**[01:23:33]** notice how in both phrases refers to him because it's an indirect object pronoun that only changes to say because we cannot have two pronouns with a letter L I really hope that this video showed you some good examples and explain how to combine both types of pronouns together and in case you're still confused you can always go back and try to understand the concept your way with more practice double object pronouns would eventually become an easy topic for you you've

212
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/20-the-verb-gustar.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
# 20. The Verb “Gustar”
- **Time range:** 01:23:54 – 01:29:48 (duration 00:05:54)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5034s)
---
**[01:23:54]** probably seen many people explain the verb gustar in Spanish by saying that this verb means to like as in mea and
> **[on-screen 01:23:59]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar Me gusta cantar
**[01:24:00]** mea can which means I like to dance and
> **[on-screen 01:24:03]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar - | like to dance Me gusta cantar - | like to sing
**[01:24:03]** I like to sing I however do not like
> **[on-screen 01:24:05]**
> star - to like Me gusta bailar ike to dance Me gusta cantar - | lik sing
**[01:24:05]** these explanations because they tend to confuse people rather than make them understand the subject matter properly in sentences like I like to dance and I
> **[on-screen 01:24:10]**
> Gustar - to like Me gusta bailar - | like to dance Me gusta cantar - | like to sing
**[01:24:11]** like to sing what I recommend doing is instead of using the construction megusta which visually doesn't make sense you can use the verb Amar which means to love instead of thinking of how to use gustar in English and instead of saying I like to dance or to sing you can simply say y Amo and Y Amo which
> **[on-screen 01:24:25]**
> Amar - to love Yo amo bailar - | love to dance Yo amo cantar - | love to sing
**[01:24:27]** would be I love to dance or to sing and this method is actually quite effective because most of the time that's how we use these verbs and it also makes your brain think in terms of the order of the words in English unlike many people who explain gustar as to like I want to give gustar a different definition as in it
> **[on-screen 01:24:41]**
> Gustar it pleases / they please
**[01:24:41]** pleases or they please the verb gustar is actually a very strange verb in Spanish because it has a very unusual conjugation pattern that doesn't follow the normal pattern with normal ar verbs gustar has only two two types of conjugations which are gusta and gustan
> **[on-screen 01:24:54]**
> Gustar it pleases / they please Gusta / Gustan
**[01:24:55]** and they mainly come from the English verb to please in English the syntax of
> **[on-screen 01:24:58]**
> To please: Iplease | We please You please | Y'all please He/She/It Pleases | They please
**[01:24:59]** to please stays the same for five pronouns and only changes in the he she
> **[on-screen 01:25:01]**
> To please: I please | We please You please | Y'all please He/She/It Pleases | They please
**[01:25:02]** it pronoun to connect gustar more with English concentrate on the bottom pronouns for a bit specifically on the
> **[on-screen 01:25:07]**
> To please: I please | We please You please | Y'all please Itpleases | They please
**[01:25:08]** pronouns it pleases and they please the reason why I've mentioned this is because this is how systematically gustar Works in Spanish and that's the closest connection I can give it in English you might have heard some
> **[on-screen 01:25:17]**
> Gustar Somebody being pleased by something
**[01:25:17]** teachers say that gustar also refers to somebody being pleased by something and this is actually a definition that's more more accurate and I'll get to that in a bit is considered to be an irregular verb not only because it has two conjugations but also because it doesn't use normal pronouns like Y noos
> **[on-screen 01:25:31]**
> Gustar Somebody being pleased by something Yo, tu, élyella, nos os, vosotros} ellos
**[01:25:32]** and so on but rather it uses indirect
> **[on-screen 01:25:33]**
> Gustar With Indirect Object Pronouns: Me gusta(n) | Nos gusta(n) Te gusta(n) | Os gusta(n) Aél ella Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
**[01:25:34]** object pronouns to specify who is being pleased by what putting the pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:25:37]**
> Gustar With Indirect Object Pronouns: Me gusta(n) | Nos gusta(n) Te gusta(n) | Os gusta(n) Aél Aella Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
**[01:25:37]** before a conjugated verb and therefore the only sentences that you can have with gust are mea and we have to remember to use the construction or to specify who Le refers to and basically the list goes on the reason why Spanish uses this Construction with gust is because it specifies who is being pleased by what by putting the indirect object pronoun before a conjugated verb looking at this phrase mea one might say expressively that it means I like but visually looking at this phrase it doesn't make sense for this phrase to be that because me means me and it's not a normal pronoun in English whenever we say I like we use the normal pronoun I and like is the syntax that applies to the
> **[on-screen 01:26:13]**
> Me * Me gusta | like ee
**[01:26:14]** noun and not the continuation after it with the verb gustar the conjugation gusta applies to the thing being pleased and not the pronoun as in it pleas
> **[on-screen 01:26:21]**
> Me gusta(n) It pleases me They please me
**[01:26:22]** pleases me mea or they please me mean
> **[on-screen 01:26:26]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something
**[01:26:26]** overall gustar doesn't necessarily mean to like something but it means to be pleased by something with gusta
> **[on-screen 01:26:31]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Gusta - It pleases Gustan - They please
**[01:26:31]** referring to it pleases and gustan referring to they please and from there
> **[on-screen 01:26:36]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something ___ Gusta -Itpleases __ ___ Gustan - They please ___
**[01:26:36]** we simply have to choose any indirect object pronoun that we want to use in Spanish it makes sense but in English it's a tricky topic to explain because English doesn't have a notion of this I'm just using this comparison to visually show gustar as closely as I can in English nonetheless whenever we say
> **[on-screen 01:26:49]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta - It pleases me Me gustan - They please me
**[01:26:50]** megusta or mean we're not necessarily saying I like but rather we're saying it pleases me or they please me and we know
> **[on-screen 01:26:57]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta - It pleases me Me gustan - They please me
**[01:26:57]** to use pleases with it and please with they because it's the syntax in English gusta refers to it pleases plus any pronoun you want and gustan refers to they please plus any pronoun you want the phrase mea B doesn't necessarily
> **[on-screen 01:27:09]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance
**[01:27:11]** mean I like to dance but rather it pleases me to dance which is a translation that's far more logical in English then I like to dance if I say
> **[on-screen 01:27:19]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance Te gusta cantar - It pleases you to sing
**[01:27:19]** I'm saying it pleases you to sing which doesn't automat ially mean you like the sing gusta in both cases refers to the
> **[on-screen 01:27:24]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar - It pleases me to dance Te gusta cantar - It pleases you to sing Gusta in both cases refers to the infinitive because the indirect object pronoun is being pleased by the infinitive, so gusta will always refer to it
**[01:27:25]** infinitive because the indirect object pronoun is being pleased by the infinitive and therefore gusta will always refer to it just like in English pleases refers to it and please refers to they we don't say in English it please or they pleases we quite literally say the opposite and that's exactly how gustar Works in Spanish if we say a sentence like mean Gatos then
> **[on-screen 01:27:42]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gustan gatos Ns
**[01:27:44]** we're using gustan because the continuation is a noun that's plural and if we put this phrase in English we would have they please me but because we
> **[on-screen 01:27:49]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gustan gatos They please me
**[01:27:50]** have cats as the noun we would say cats please me and so the phrase doesn't really mean I like cats but rather cats please me however what if we have a
> **[on-screen 01:27:58]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar y cantar
**[01:27:58]** sentence like mea B in this case some people might think to use gustan because the continuation is plural but actually this sentence can be broken down into two separate phrases like megusta B and
> **[on-screen 01:28:09]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something Me gusta bailar y cantar Me gusta bailar Me gusta cantar
**[01:28:10]** mea which shows that we don't need to use gustan because nothing is plural it's the same thing as saying it pleases
> **[on-screen 01:28:14]**
> Gustar - To be pleased by something It pleases me to dance and to sing It pleases me to dance It pleases me to sing
**[01:28:15]** me to dance and to sing which can be said as one phrase in English or be broken down separately which still doesn't change the it pleases part overall the same concept basically applies to any pronoun you want to say along with any continuation that you want to use and here are some examples
> **[on-screen 01:28:28]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gusta hablar contigo
**[01:28:29]** Meo would literally mean it pleases me
> **[on-screen 01:28:31]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gusta hablar contigo It pleases me to speak with you
**[01:28:32]** to speak with you but if we want to use gustan we can say something like
> **[on-screen 01:28:36]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gustan tus palabras
**[01:28:36]** meas and in this case we would use gustan because the sentence would be
> **[on-screen 01:28:40]**
> Examples With Gustar: Me gustan tus palabras Your words please me
**[01:28:40]** your words please me with the word please in the sentence saying a sentence likea would literally mean the house
> **[on-screen 01:28:45]**
> Examples With Gustar: Te gusta la casa The house pleases you
**[01:28:47]** pleases you with the house being it which pleases you saying a sentence like
> **[on-screen 01:28:51]**
> Examples With Gustar: A él le gusta jugar futbol
**[01:28:52]** who got football would literally mean it
> **[on-screen 01:28:54]**
> Examples With Gustar: A él le gusta jugar futbol It pleases him to play football
**[01:28:54]** pleases him to play football with him being the construction a because we have to remember that we don't know who Le refers to without this construction we can also say something like no gusta
> **[on-screen 01:29:03]**
> Examples With Gustar: Nos gusta hablar espanol
**[01:29:04]** which would be it pleases us to speak
> **[on-screen 01:29:05]**
> Examples With Gustar: Nos gusta hablar espanol It pleases us to speak Spanish
**[01:29:06]** Spanish and we can also say is which
> **[on-screen 01:29:08]**
> Examples With Gustar: Les gusta escuchar a musica
**[01:29:10]** would be it pleases them to listen to
> **[on-screen 01:29:11]**
> Examples With Gustar: Les gusta escuchar a musica It pleases them to listen to music
**[01:29:12]** music you can say any sentence you want using the verb gust but as I said at the beginning of the video instead of saying phrases like mea B we can say yo Amo B
> **[on-screen 01:29:19]**
> Me gustabailar Yo amo bailar
**[01:29:20]** which would mean I love to dance rather than I like to dance or it pleases me to dance and the same idea applies to any pronoun you want to use in this video I wanted to show you how the verb gustar Works in Spanish so that you can understand how the verb Works in English rather than explain gustar as to like I decided to give a different perspective on this verb to show how it's closely related to English so this video was more of a logical presentation of how gustar looks like in English sometimes there are Concepts that are more practical to Know Than to use and I would say that gustar falls into this

148
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/21-irregular-yo-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
# 21. Irregular “Yo” Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:29:48 – 01:32:59 (duration 00:03:11)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5388s)
---
**[01:29:48]** category Spanish has many verbs some of which are normal across all pronouns and some some of which are not so normal
> **[on-screen 01:29:53]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs
**[01:29:53]** called irregular yo verbs while you may
> **[on-screen 01:29:55]**
> Comer como | comemos comes coméis come | comen
**[01:29:55]** encounter regular verbs like K the
> **[on-screen 01:29:57]**
> Comer como | comemos comes coméis come | comen
**[01:29:57]** syntax of K across all pronouns follows the standard conjugation pattern of verbs ending in e r such as o s a and so on however sometimes in Spanish you'll encounter verbs that follow this pattern across all pronouns except in the yo pronoun and while these verbs follow the normal syntax of every other pronoun they do not follow the pattern for the yo pronoun because Spanish says that these conjugations don't sound good enough when the word is said there are
> **[on-screen 01:30:19]**
> Salir - to leave salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:19]** useful verbs like Sal which means to leave and while the verb follows the normal syntax of verbs ending in IR it doesn't do so with the yo pronoun you would want to say yo but Spanish says
> **[on-screen 01:30:27]**
> Salir - to leave salo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:28]** that this word sounds bad so instead you would say yo salgo ending the pronoun
> **[on-screen 01:30:31]**
> Salir - to leave salgo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:32]** with go which is actually a common
> **[on-screen 01:30:33]**
> Salir - to leave salgo salimos sales salis sale salen
**[01:30:34]** ending for irregular verbs in the yo pronoun some of which I covered in my previous videos like a and ten a follows
> **[on-screen 01:30:38]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hacemos haces | hacéis hace | hacen
**[01:30:40]** the normal pattern across all pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:30:42]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos haces | hacéis hace | hacen
**[01:30:42]** but changes to AO in the yo pronoun so that it sounds better when said t does
> **[on-screen 01:30:46]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos tengo | tenemos haces | hacéis tienes | tenéis hace | hacen tiene | tienen
**[01:30:46]** the same thing with yo but it's also a
> **[on-screen 01:30:48]**
> Hacer - to do/make Tener - to have hago | hacemos tengo | tenemos haces | hacéis tienes | tenéis hace | hacen tiene | tienen
**[01:30:48]** stem changing verb across some pronouns but the topic of stem changing verbs is for the video after this one you might also encounter irregular verbs in the O
> **[on-screen 01:30:54]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conducimos traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:30:55]** pronoun like conduc and truc in both cases the verbs follow the normal pattern of conjugating verbs ending in IR but for the yo pronoun you would want to say Yoo or yo but Spanish says that
> **[on-screen 01:31:04]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduco | conducimos traduco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:07]** these words sound bad one said so it adds an extra letter to avoid the bad
> **[on-screen 01:31:09]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduzco | conducimos traduzco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:10]** sound and so the conjugations would end in SK pronounce Yus and yuso which would
> **[on-screen 01:31:13]**
> Conducir-todrive Traducir - to translate conduzco | conducimos traduzco | traducimos conduces | conducis traduces | traducis conduce | conducen traduce | traducen
**[01:31:16]** mean I drive and I translate you might
> **[on-screen 01:31:18]**
> Dar - to give damos das dais da dan
**[01:31:18]** also encounter this verb Dar which means to give and while it follows the noral pattern of conjugating verbs ending in a r the conjugation for the yo pronoun is not yo but yo which is sort of similar
> **[on-screen 01:31:26]**
> Dar - to give do damos das dais da dan
**[01:31:28]** to y soy with the verb ser and Y EST
> **[on-screen 01:31:29]**
> Ser - to be soy somos eres sois es son
> **[on-screen 01:31:30]**
> Estar - to be estoy estamos estas estais esta estan
**[01:31:30]** with the verb at last there's also the
> **[on-screen 01:31:32]**
> Ver - to see vemos ves veis ve ven
**[01:31:32]** verb ver which means to see and while its conjugations perfectly correspond to all pronouns the Y pronoun is not y but
> **[on-screen 01:31:39]**
> Ver - to see vo vemos ves veis ve ven
**[01:31:39]** rather Y which means I see when using
> **[on-screen 01:31:40]**
> Ver - to see veo vemos ves veis ve ven
> **[on-screen 01:31:41]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Salir (Salgo) e Hacer (Hago) e Tener (Tengo) ¢ Conducir (Conduzco) e Traducir (Traduzco) e Dar (Doy) e Ver (Veo)
**[01:31:47]** these verbs follow the normal syntax across all of their pronouns except in the yo pronoun which which therefore makes the verbs irregular yo verbs and actually these verbs would be practical to use whenever you decide to speak Spanish but just remember to utilize the yo pronoun properly with them there are more types of irregular yo verbs like
> **[on-screen 01:32:01]**
> More Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Poner - to put e Suponer - to suppose e Proteger - to protect e Traer - to bring
**[01:32:04]** P and and while these verbs follow different patterns for the Y pronoun I recommend knowing these verbs rather than using them because generally speaking they're not that useful in conversation for instance p and suon
> **[on-screen 01:32:14]**
> Poner - to put Suponer - to suppose pongo ponemos supongo | suponemos pones ponéis supones | suponéis pone ponen supone | suponen
**[01:32:15]** follow the common go ending in the yo pronoun while maintaining the normal syntax across the rest of the pronouns protet is an inter in verb because it's
> **[on-screen 01:32:21]**
> Proteger - to protect protejo | protegemos proteges | protegéis protege | protegen
**[01:32:22]** actually the only verb in Spanish that follows an irregular ho ending for the yo pronoun while still maintaining the normal conjugation pattern at last you
> **[on-screen 01:32:29]**
> Traer - to bring traigo | traemos traes | traéis trae | traen
**[01:32:29]** can have a verb like trer which follows the normal pattern of verbs ending in eer but in the yo pronoun it has the ending Trio and actually this ending is done on purpose not to confuse it with
> **[on-screen 01:32:39]**
> Tragar - to swallow/suck down/eat crap trago
**[01:32:39]** tago which in Spanish comes from the word tragar which means to swallow suck down or eat crap and actually it's one of the most offensive verbs that there is so it's best to not mention it
> **[on-screen 01:32:48]**
> Irregular "Yo" Verbs: e Hacer (Hago) ¢ Tener (Tengo) ¢ Conducir (Conduzco) ¢ Traducir (Traduzco) ¢ Dar (Doy) e Ver (Veo) ¢ Poner (Pongo) ¢ Suponer (Supongo) ¢ Proteger (Protejo) ¢ Traer (Traigo)
**[01:32:48]** overall you just have to know that with verbs like these you have to slightly modify the your pronoun across all verbs so that the word sounds uniform when said and at that point you can basically say any sentence you want using these verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish are

143
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/22-stem-changing-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
# 22. Stem-Changing Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:32:59 – 01:36:52 (duration 00:03:53)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5579s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:32:59]**
> Stem-Changing Verbs Verbs that change their beginning prefix/stem to generate a better sound when the words are said
**[01:33:00]** verbs that change their beginning prefix or stem to generate a better sound when the words are said in Spanish there are four types of stem changing verbs and in the video I will not explain all stem changing verbs that exist in Spanish but rather present a useful verb in each category so that you can understand how stem changing Works in Spanish and then apply to any other verb that you want in that category the four main types of
> **[on-screen 01:33:18]**
> 4 Types of Stem-Changing Verbs In Spanish: 1.e ie 2.e>1 3.07>ue 4.u>ue
**[01:33:18]** same- changing verbs in Spanish are e to E e to e o to u e and U to u e considering e to e e as the first category of stem changing verbs in Spanish I actually already covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is the verb ten however
> **[on-screen 01:33:34]**
> tener (e > ie) - to have tengo tenemos tienes tenéis tiene tienen
**[01:33:35]** for the sake of learning let's use a different useful verb like empar which
> **[on-screen 01:33:38]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start
**[01:33:38]** means to start or to begin at first the stem changing rule will only apply in the yo to L and AOS pronouns and will not apply in the noos and vosotros pronouns you would want to say something like yo
> **[on-screen 01:33:49]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empezo
**[01:33:49]** and peso but Spanish say that this word sounds bad one said so instead you have to slightly modify the stem of the verb from empo to Yo which means I start and
> **[on-screen 01:33:57]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo
**[01:33:58]** the stem changing concept applies to the
> **[on-screen 01:33:59]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo | empezamos empiezas | empezais empieza | empiezan
**[01:34:00]** rest of the pronouns aside from noos and Vos to msas you start LSA he starts no we start start and they start as always try
> **[on-screen 01:34:15]**
> empezar (e > ie) - to start empiezo | empezam Os VA empiezas emp zais A empieza | empiez
**[01:34:15]** not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation and like I said at the beginning of the video it's important to know how stem changing work in Spanish but it's not important to know every single stem changing verb like Nar which changes from E to e if you see a modified verb that goes from E to e chances are that it's stem changing next up there are verbs that change their stem from E to e
> **[on-screen 01:34:35]**
> decir (e > i) - to say
**[01:34:35]** like the which is a useful verb meaning to say the SE is actually considered to be irregular in the yo pronoun with the construction Yodo but as far as the rest
> **[on-screen 01:34:41]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo
**[01:34:42]** of the pronouns go the SE still applies it stem changing rule for two L and AOS you would want to say two Des but
> **[on-screen 01:34:48]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo deces
**[01:34:49]** Spanish says that this verb sounds bad when said so instead you have to say to
> **[on-screen 01:34:53]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo dices
**[01:34:53]** D which means you say El he says
> **[on-screen 01:34:55]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo | decimos dices | decis dice | dicen
**[01:34:57]** noos we sayos deis y say and AOS desent they say try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:35:03]**
> decir (e > i) - to say digo | decimos dices Cc dice | dicen
**[01:35:04]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but in case you see any other verb that changes from E to e chances are it's time changing next up there are verbs that change from o to U and I actually covered a useful verb like that in one of my previous videos which is p but for the sake of learning
> **[on-screen 01:35:17]**
> poder (0 > ue) - to can/be able to puedo | podemos puedes | podéis puede | pueden
**[01:35:18]** let's use a different useful verb like record which which means to remember
> **[on-screen 01:35:21]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember
**[01:35:22]** instead of saying yo you need to Sayo
> **[on-screen 01:35:23]**
> recordar (0 > ue) - to remember recordo
> **[on-screen 01:35:25]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo
**[01:35:25]** which sounds better when said and the same concept applies to the rest of the
> **[on-screen 01:35:27]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo | recordamos recuerdas| recordais recuerda | recuerdan
**[01:35:28]** pronouns toas you remember El he remembers we remember y'all remember and AOS they remember try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:35:41]**
> recordar (o > ue) - to remember recuerdo | recordam6s VA recuerdas| reco} ais A recuerda | recuerdan
**[01:35:41]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but if you see a verb with u in it chances are it's stem changing and finally there's one last type of a stem changing verb in Spanish and as far as I know it's the only verb in Spanish that changes from U to U and that is the verb hug which means to play
> **[on-screen 01:35:55]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play
**[01:35:56]** instead of saying Yugo you need to say
> **[on-screen 01:35:57]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play jugo
**[01:35:58]** yo and one thing to note about both of
> **[on-screen 01:35:59]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego
**[01:36:00]** these words is that the word Hugo on its own actually means juice and so it makes sense why it needs to be modified so that it's not confused with this word however the word huego on its own can
> **[on-screen 01:36:09]**
> jugo > juice juego > game
**[01:36:11]** also mean game as in video huego which
> **[on-screen 01:36:13]**
> jugo > juice videojuego > videogame
**[01:36:13]** means video game but the wordo itself changes its meaning in context and with
> **[on-screen 01:36:18]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego
**[01:36:18]** the verb hugar the stem changing rule
> **[on-screen 01:36:19]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego | jugamos juegas | jugais juega | juegan
**[01:36:19]** will only apply for the yo to El and AOS pronouns toas you play El he plays we play Vos H y'all play and AOS huan they play try not focusing on these
> **[on-screen 01:36:33]**
> jugar (u > ue) - to play juego | jugam juegas juega ega
**[01:36:34]** pronouns because like I say all the time they're not useful in conversation what you should have known from this video is how to systematically modify stem changing verbs in Spanish so that you can understand how words sound better when they're said out loud of course learning all stem changing verbs in Spanish is completely redundant but it's very useful to understand how every type of stem changing verb works in Spanish

107
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/23-the-verb-saber.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
# 23. The Verb “Saber”
- **Time range:** 01:36:52 – 01:39:51 (duration 00:02:59)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5812s)
---
**[01:36:52]** the verb sa in Spanish means to know but it's not used the same way as it's used in English in English we use the verb to
> **[on-screen 01:36:57]**
> To know in English: ¢ Knowing factual information ¢ Knowing how to do something ¢ Knowing people/places/things
**[01:36:57]** know in many different ways including knowing factual information how to do something and knowing people places and things in general Spanish however encompasses only some of the things I've listed and so the language creates two
> **[on-screen 01:37:07]**
> To know in Spanish: (saber & conocer) ¢ Knowing factual information ¢ Knowing how to do something ¢ Knowing people/places/things
**[01:37:07]** verbs for the verb to know and in this video I will only cover the verb sa rather than explain the verb how most teachers explain it I would like to give
> **[on-screen 01:37:14]**
> Saber to know factually how to do something or know factual information
**[01:37:14]** it a different definition by saying that the verb means to know how to do something or knowing factual information and it actually has the same concept as the verb ser which means to be the
> **[on-screen 01:37:22]**
> Saber - to factually know sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:22]** syntax of sa follows the normal conjugation pattern for verbs ending in e r but is actually irregular in the yo
> **[on-screen 01:37:27]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:28]** pronoun yo say means I know and make sure to put an accent on say because
> **[on-screen 01:37:32]**
> se - | know se - lOP oneself
**[01:37:32]** without the accent you will have an indirect object pronoun that will have multiple definitions that have to do with oneself toes means you know how to
> **[on-screen 01:37:38]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:37:40]** do something which is factual El he knows how to do something noos we know Vos Sab yall know and AOS sain they know try not concentrate on
> **[on-screen 01:37:50]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos Vv sabes “sab Ss A sabe abe
**[01:37:51]** these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but like I said at the beginning the verb sa refers to factually knowing something part of which includes actions which are factually known the best way that I can explain sabed without any confusion is through the verb ser said means to be
> **[on-screen 01:38:03]**
> ser & saber factually being & knowing
**[01:38:04]** as in having factual traits about oneself and so the same idea works for the verb because it refers to factually knowing information for instance if I
> **[on-screen 01:38:11]**
> Examples with saber: Yo sé como hablar espanol
**[01:38:11]** say a sentence like I'm factually saying that I know
> **[on-screen 01:38:15]**
> Examples with saber: Yo sé como hablar espanol | know how to speak Spanish (which is a fact)
**[01:38:16]** how to speak Spanish because it's a language that I've mastered over time and now I know how to speak it just just like with the verb ser you cannot change any factual traits about oneself the same way you cannot forget the factual information you know or know how to do if I say a sentence like
> **[on-screen 01:38:29]**
> Examples with saber: Tu sabes el tiempo
**[01:38:30]** to I'm saying that you factually know
> **[on-screen 01:38:31]**
> Examples with saber: Tu sabes el tiempo You know the time (time is something factual to know, so you cannot change that fact)
**[01:38:32]** the time because time is something factual to know and you cannot change that fact if I say a sentence
> **[on-screen 01:38:36]**
> Examples with saber: El sabe como nadar
**[01:38:38]** like I'm saying that he factually knows
> **[on-screen 01:38:39]**
> Examples with saber: El sabe como nadar He knows how to swim (impossible to change this fact)
**[01:38:40]** how to swim meaning that he cannot change that fact about swimming he knows how to swim and will not forget anything
> **[on-screen 01:38:45]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1. Yo sé como hablar inglés 2.TU sabes como tocar el piano 3.El sabe como cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2.You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:38:45]** and with examples that involve factually knowing how to do something like to too and Spanish actually has a convenient way of putting phrases together so that they don't repeat unnecessary words by eliminating the word Koo from the
> **[on-screen 01:39:00]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1.Yo sé cémo hablar inglés 2.TU sabes cémo tocar el piano 3.El sabe como cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2. You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:39:01]** sentence visually looking at the phrases in English and putting them in Spanish I know how to speak Spanish you know how to play the piano and he knows how to cook well you don't need to add the adverb KO within the sentences the
> **[on-screen 01:39:10]**
> Examples with saber (knowing to do something): 1.Yo sé hablar inglés 2.TU sabes tocar el piano 3.El sabe cocinar bien 1.1 know how to speak English 2. You know how to play the piano 3.He knows how to cook well
**[01:39:11]** reason why Spanish does that is to eliminate repetition of words because when you think about it saying a phrase like I know to speak Spanish sounds sort of understandable on its own without the need of the word that specif the action so just simply remember that you won't need the adverb KO in Spanish because the act of knowing how to do something is already clear enough in Spanish
> **[on-screen 01:39:28]**
> Saber - to factually know sé sabemos sabes | sabéis sabe saben
**[01:39:28]** overall the verb sa applies to knowing factual information and factually knowing how to do something and it's actually a very essential verb in Spanish allowing you to understand how to navigate your way around forms of speech once you have understood how to work with this verb understanding the
> **[on-screen 01:39:40]**
> saber conocer to know FACTUAL to be FAMILIAR information/how to WITH/personally know do something people/places/things
**[01:39:41]** verb after Saar will be a lot easier because normally educators will teach both verbs at once which generally causes confusion between students and so the verb koser is for the video after this one the verb koser in Spanish means

133
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/24-the-verb-conocer.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
# 24. The Verb “Conocer”
- **Time range:** 01:39:51 – 01:43:05 (duration 00:03:14)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5991s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:39:51]**
> Conocer To be familar/acquainted with people, places, and/or things
**[01:39:52]** to be familiar with or be acquainted with people places and things in general unlike the verb sa which means to know something factually or do something the verb konos tends to lean more towards acquaintances of ideas rather than knowing ideas and if you think about it there's a big difference between knowing something from top to bottom and knowing something that isn't fully clear which is the reason why Spanish creates two
> **[on-screen 01:40:10]**
> Saber Conocer To know something To be fully, completely, familar/acquainted and factually from with people, places, top to bottom and/or things
**[01:40:11]** verbs for to know because one verb means to know something factually and completely whereas the other indicates being acquainted with something rather than fully knowing what it is the syntax
> **[on-screen 01:40:18]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:40:18]** of Kos follows the normal conjugation path or verbs ending in e r aside from the yo pronoun which is irregular
> **[on-screen 01:40:23]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:40:24]** following the ending like I said at the beginning konos means more being familiar with people places and things in general rather than knowing something factually therefore yosco means unfamiliar with a person place or thing rather than me knowing something factually because being familiar with a person place or thing doesn't necessarily mean that I know it from top to bottom two koses means you're familiar with El means he's familiar noos we're familiar with Kos y'all are familiar with and AOS Kosen they're familiar with as always try not focusing
> **[on-screen 01:40:56]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces éis consi conoce | conoc
**[01:40:56]** on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation overall the
> **[on-screen 01:41:00]**
> Conocer Conocer can help to differentiate the qualities of knowing something factually and being familiar with a person, place, or thing, especially in questions
**[01:41:00]** verb konos is actually considered to be a very useful verb in Spanish because it helps to differentiate the qualities of knowing something factually and being familiar with a person place or thing which is sort of the same way the verbs s and estar work konos as a matter of fact is very useful when it comes down to asking questions and it actually uses direct object pronouns to replace people places and things which could all be nouns for instance if I ask you Kos Las
> **[on-screen 01:41:20]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas?
**[01:41:23]** Vegas I'm not necessarily asking you if you know the city of Las Vegas but rather if you're familiar with the city
> **[on-screen 01:41:27]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas? Are you familiar with city of Las Vegas?
**[01:41:27]** of Las Vegas and you can reply with
> **[on-screen 01:41:30]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces la ciudad de Las Vegas? Si, yo conozco la ciudad
**[01:41:31]** like or if you want to use a direct object pronoun you can simply sayos the reason why the verb sa cannot
> **[on-screen 01:41:37]**
> Why saber CAN'T be used: éSabes la ciudad de Las Vegas?
**[01:41:38]** be used here is because by saying lasas the verb sa would have to imply that you
> **[on-screen 01:41:42]**
> Why saber CAN'T be used: éSabes la ciudad de Las Vegas? Do you know the city of Las Vegas from top to bottom, including the people, streets, food?
**[01:41:43]** know the city of Las Vegas from top to bottom including the people streets food and everything in general which would be impossible to know ultimately resulting
> **[on-screen 01:41:49]**
> Why saber CAN’ used: éSabes la ciuda Las Vegas? Do you know city o' Vegas from top to bottom, in ing the p , streets, food?
**[01:41:50]** in an incorrect use of sa which is why
> **[on-screen 01:41:52]**
> Conocer To be familiar with people, places, and things
**[01:41:52]** Spanish calls the term koser being familiar with rather than fully knowing the person place or thing there are more examples that you can make with Kos like asking about people koses meaning are
> **[on-screen 01:42:01]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:02]** you familiar with JN and as you can see Spanish decides to use the personal
> **[on-screen 01:42:05]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:05]** preposition a when it comes down to being familiar with people but in this case you can just consider the preposition to be the equivalent of the preposition with in English so whenever
> **[on-screen 01:42:13]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Are you familiar with John?
**[01:42:13]** you refer to people in general you always have to include the personal a and with the sentence koses Aon you can reply with c y Kos a or if you want to
> **[on-screen 01:42:20]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Si, yo conozco a John
**[01:42:22]** use a direct object pronoun you can say
> **[on-screen 01:42:24]**
> Examples with conocer: éConoces a John? Si, yo lo conozco
**[01:42:24]** C Yos there are of course more examples that you can make with Kos
> **[on-screen 01:42:29]**
> Examples with conocer: El conoce a mi abuelo
**[01:42:30]** like he is familiar with my granddad or
> **[on-screen 01:42:31]**
> Examples with conocer: El conoce a mi abuelo He is familiar with my grandad
> **[on-screen 01:42:33]**
> Examples with conocer: Yo conozco los libros
**[01:42:34]** maybe I'm familiar with the books or
> **[on-screen 01:42:35]**
> Examples with conocer: Yo conozco los libros | am familiar with the books
**[01:42:36]** maybe if you want to include an infinitive inside you can
> **[on-screen 01:42:39]**
> Examples with conocer: Tu quieres conocer el pais
**[01:42:40]** say which would mean you want to be
> **[on-screen 01:42:42]**
> Examples with conocer: Tu quieres conocer el pais You want to be familiar with the country
**[01:42:42]** familiar with the country as country refers to a physical Place overall konos
> **[on-screen 01:42:46]**
> Conocer - to be familiar with conozco | conocemos conoces | conocéis conoce | conocen
**[01:42:46]** is an eminent verb in Spanish because it helps you understand how to think of people places and things in general by being familiar with these ideas rather than fully and factually knowing everything about people places and things I actually don't understand why
> **[on-screen 01:42:56]**
> Conocer Saber To be familiar To fully and with people, factually know places, and information/how things in general to do something
**[01:42:57]** teachers teach both of these verbs at once as I see the two verbs having completely different definitions and so mainly each verb needs its own explanation of how to work with it the

140
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/25-past-tense-for-regular-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
# 25. Past Tense For Regular Verbs
- **Time range:** 01:43:05 – 01:48:08 (duration 00:05:03)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6185s)
---
> **[on-screen 01:43:05]**
> The Present Tense In Spanish: (ar, er, ir verbs) oO amos/emos/imos as/es_ | ais/éis/is a/e an/en
**[01:43:05]** past tense for regular verbs in Spanish follows the same idea for the present tense which I covered in one of my previous videos but in this video I will only explain the past tense for regular
> **[on-screen 01:43:12]**
> The Past/Preterite Tense In Spanish: (ar, er, ir verbs)
**[01:43:13]** a r e r and I are verbs in Spanish also known as the predate or past simple tense just like with the present tense in Spanish the past tense follows the same idea of dropping off the ending of the a r e r or I verb and then adding the ending that corresponds with the pronoun let's start with regular ar
> **[on-screen 01:43:28]**
> -ar ending verbs: é amos aste asteis fe) aron
**[01:43:29]** verbs for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and then add the ending a with an accent meaning that You' always have an emphasis on that vowel when you say the conjugative verb for two you drop the ending and then add the ending AE for l or AO said you drop the ending and at the ending o with an accent meaning that you likewise put an emphasis on that vow for noos you you put Amos and it's actually the same ending for the pronoun that you have in the present tense and so you can only tell the difference between them in context foros you put a and for AOS you put Aron let's use the verb a as an
> **[on-screen 01:44:02]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hable | hablamos hablaste | hablasteis hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:03]** example how would you conjugate a for the yo pronoun you take a drop the ending and add the ending e with an accent and so it's pronounced y I spoke it's not y it's y for two you drop the ending and add the ending AE so you get aast meaning you spoke for l or a said you get ablo with an emphasis on the Last Vow it's not ablo it's ablo he or she spoke for noos you get abl and it's pronounced the same way as in the
> **[on-screen 01:44:33]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste | hablasteis hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:34]** present form and so you can only tell the difference between them in context for vosotros you get ablast which is you all spoke and for AOS you get ablon they spoke as far as ar verbs go I recommend that you memorize all of these endings
> **[on-screen 01:44:47]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste habiasteis. hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:47]** except vosotros because there is no pattern to follow with any of them but but the trickiest pronoun to use is noos because
> **[on-screen 01:44:53]**
> hablar - to speak (past): hablé | hablamos hablaste hablasteis. hablo | hablaron
**[01:44:53]** the word abl can mean both we speak and we spoke however there is a way to tell the difference between them in context and that is by looking for keywords that Express time for instance if I say AO a
> **[on-screen 01:45:02]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora
**[01:45:05]** I'm saying that we speak with you now
> **[on-screen 01:45:06]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora We speak with you now
**[01:45:06]** because the word a indicates that
> **[on-screen 01:45:07]**
> Hablamos contigo ahora We speak with you now
**[01:45:08]** however if I have a sentence
> **[on-screen 01:45:10]**
> Hablamos con ellos ayer
**[01:45:10]** like the sentence would logically be we
> **[on-screen 01:45:13]**
> Hablamos con ellos ayer We spoke with them yesterday
**[01:45:13]** spoke with them yesterday because AER indicates yesterday which is an action done in the past and that's really as difficult as it gets now there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:45:20]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs:
**[01:45:20]** ending in e r and I and conveniently unlike the present tense which has a
> **[on-screen 01:45:24]**
> -ar ending verbs: é amos aste asteis fe) aron
**[01:45:25]** different conjugation pattern for each type of verb Spanish decides to use the
> **[on-screen 01:45:27]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs: i imos iste isteis id ieron
**[01:45:28]** same Syntax for the past tense of verbs ending in e and IR both verbs that end in e and IR share the same ending which might develop an easier conjugation pattern to memorize for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb ending in e r or I and you add the ending e with an emphasis on that vow for two you drop the ending and add the ending e for l or a you drop drop the ending and add the ending EO with an emphasis on the o for noos you drop the ending and add the ending OS which is actually the same ending as the ending of verbs ending in IR in the present tense and once again you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally for vosotros you get and for AOS you get let's use
> **[on-screen 01:46:10]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): comi comimos comiste | comisteis comio | comieron
**[01:46:10]** the verbs and VI as useful verbs how would you conjugate the verb in the past tense for the yo pronoun you take K drop the ending and put e and so you get yo I at for two you get kist which is U at for L you Geto which is he at foros you getos which is we ateos yall ate and AOS they ate and now
> **[on-screen 01:46:35]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivio vivieron
**[01:46:35]** you simply replicate the same idea with regular verbs ending in IR like VI however don't forget about the noos
> **[on-screen 01:46:41]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:46:41]** pronoun of ir verbs ending in OS because they do share the same ending if I say
> **[on-screen 01:46:45]**
> Vivimos en Las Vegas ahora
**[01:46:46]** Vios in Las Vegas a I'm saying that we
> **[on-screen 01:46:48]**
> Vivimos en Las Vegas ahora We live in Las Vegas now
**[01:46:48]** live in Las Vegas now because a indicates that however if I say Vios and
> **[on-screen 01:46:53]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un ano
**[01:46:54]** Angeles I'm saying that we lived in Los
> **[on-screen 01:46:56]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un anho We lived in Los Angeles a year ago
**[01:46:56]** Angeles a year ago because is the
> **[on-screen 01:46:58]**
> Vivimos en Los Angeles hace un ano We lived in Los Angeles a year ago
**[01:46:59]** construction that indicates that so overall you have to watch out for these things because that's as difficult as it gets and with regular verbs ending in ER
> **[on-screen 01:47:05]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste | vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:47:06]** and IR I recommend just memorizing the pattern for all pronouns except vosotros
> **[on-screen 01:47:10]**
> comer - to eat (past): vivir - to live (past): vivi vivimos viviste vivisteis vivid vivieron
**[01:47:11]** because it's the same in both types of verbs and also because it's a pattern that you would see all the time whenever you study the past tense in Spanish as I
> **[on-screen 01:47:17]**
> Spanish Conjugating -ar -er -ir verbs
**[01:47:17]** said in my video on how to conjugate verbs in Spanish in the present tense there is no point in knowing every a r e r and IR verb out there because you'll never use all of them I decided to utilize useful verbs like abl com and VI to demonstrate how regular verbs in Spanish work in the past tense I could have extended the video by giving examples but I chose not to because I believe that you can do so on your own because knowing how the past or predate tense Works in Spanish is sufficient enough to understand how it can be used as far as the past tense goes in Spanish
> **[on-screen 01:47:44]**
> The Past/Preterite Tense In Spanish: (hablar, comer, vivir) é/i amos/imos aste/iste | asteis/isteis 6/id aron/ieron
**[01:47:45]** there are actually multiple variations of it like the imperfect past perfect condition and conditional perfect and all of these tenses are topics for future videos so I decided to not over complicate the past tenses in Spanish by simply showing the regular past simple tense for regular a r e r and ir verbs and if you see any verb that's conjugated in the ways that I've shown in the video that means that this verb is in the past simple tense Spanish has

222
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/26-past-tense-of-ser-and-ir.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
# 26. Past Tense of “Ser” and “Ir”
- **Time range:** 01:48:08 – 01:54:32 (duration 00:06:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6488s)
---
**[01:48:08]** the verbs said and E which mean to be and to go and even though these verbs have different definitions the convenient thing about them is that they
> **[on-screen 01:48:15]**
> ser-tobe ir-togo \ Same form in the / past simple tense
**[01:48:15]** both share the same syntax when they're put into past simple or predate tense in Spanish the ver said means to be as in
> **[on-screen 01:48:20]**
> Ser - to be factually
**[01:48:21]** being and having traits about oneself and the synx of this verb in the present
> **[on-screen 01:48:24]**
> Ser - to be factually soy | somos eres sois es son
**[01:48:25]** tense has six different conjugations for the six pronouns the verb ear however means to go and sometimes can be referred to as to go to but its syntax
> **[on-screen 01:48:33]**
> Ir (a) - to go (to) voy (a) | vamos (a) va (a) | van (a)
**[01:48:33]** is completely different in the present tense from the verb set the two verbs in
> **[on-screen 01:48:36]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:48:37]** the past simple tense share the same syntax which makes Spanish more convenient having an irregular conjugation pattern and so you can only tell the difference between them in context fui can simultaneously mean I went somewhere or to do something or I was as in actions that were completed in the past and I'll get to that in a bit fuiste can mean you went somewhere or to do something and also you were in a position somewhere Fu can mean he or she went and it also has a ubiquitous use of it was in Spanish making it one of the most useful words in the past simple tense fuos means we went or we were Fu means y'all went or y'all were and fuon can mean they went or they were I recommend that you actually focus on all pronouns except vosotros and AOS because
> **[on-screen 01:49:18]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste is fue eron
**[01:49:19]** all of these conjugations are very useful in Spanish as I said before you can only tell the difference between said and ear in the past simple in context and there's actually an easy way to distinguish their meaning and that is
> **[on-screen 01:49:29]**
> ser-tobe _ ir(a)-to go (to) The preposition "a" / with ir, meaning "to"
**[01:49:29]** through the preposition a which is used as the preposition to in English just
> **[on-screen 01:49:33]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present)
**[01:49:33]** like when we say actions in the present such as yo ala I go to the store it's
> **[on-screen 01:49:36]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) Yo voy ala tienda I go to the store
**[01:49:38]** the same way you would say the phrase in the past y ala I went to the store which
> **[on-screen 01:49:41]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Yo fui alatienda | went to the store
**[01:49:43]** ultimately changes only one word making
> **[on-screen 01:49:44]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Yo fui alatienda | went to the store
**[01:49:45]** the language easier to understand and easier to distinguish from the verb set in this context next we know that the verb is IR because we see the preposition a which is placed only after conjugations of the verb regardless if
> **[on-screen 01:49:56]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Yovoyalatienda Yofuialatienda Igotothestore | went tothe store
**[01:49:56]** it's in the present or past y ala and Y ala mean I go to the store and I went to the store which simply changes only one word noticeably understanding that ear is used because you have the preposition a after the conjugation in both cases however you can sometimes refer to
> **[on-screen 01:50:14]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas a hacer tu tarea
**[01:50:15]** like you go to do your homework and if
> **[on-screen 01:50:16]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas a hacer tu tarea You go to do your homework
**[01:50:17]** you want to put the phrase in the past you simply change only one word by
> **[on-screen 01:50:21]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (present) (past) Tu vas ahacertutarea_ Tu fuiste a hacer tu tarea You go to do your homework You went to do your homework
**[01:50:21]** to you went to do your homework and in both cases everything else in the sentence stays the same besides the conjugation of both in English and Spanish and you can make more examples
> **[on-screen 01:50:32]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer
**[01:50:32]** like she went to the concert yesterday
> **[on-screen 01:50:34]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:35]** with a indicating that the action
> **[on-screen 01:50:36]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:37]** happened in the past and also having Al
> **[on-screen 01:50:39]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Ella fue al concerto ayer She went to the concert yesterday
**[01:50:39]** which means to the again knowing that it's the verb you can also say a sentence like Fiesta we went to see the
> **[on-screen 01:50:43]**
> ir (a) - to go (to) (past) Fuimos a ver la fiesta We went to see the party
**[01:50:45]** party and this sentence also has the preposition a inside which refers to an action done in the past once again showing that the sentence contains the verb ear the biggest tip that I can give
> **[on-screen 01:50:54]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:50:54]** for telling the difference between said and ear in the past simple is that if you see this conjugation and you don't know which one it is try looking for the
> **[on-screen 01:51:00]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:51:01]** preposition ah after the conjugation if there is an ah with or without an infinitive the verb is IR because there
> **[on-screen 01:51:06]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:51:07]** isn't much of a change from its form in the present now understanding how the
> **[on-screen 01:51:09]**
> ser-tobe (past simple)
**[01:51:10]** verb ser works in the past simple is actually a bit more difficult to comprehend due to its variations in the past currently we're working in the past simple also known as the predate and as I said in my previous video Spanish has many variations of the past such as the imperfect conditional and so on however what's important with the verb ser is
> **[on-screen 01:51:27]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) ser in the past simple tense is strictly used for describing actions that SPECIFICALLY happened in the past
**[01:51:27]** that it's used in the past simple strictly for describing actions that specifically happened in the past and I'm putting a very big emphasis on the word specifically as I don't want to lie to any of you watching this video I myself struggled with the verb ser in the past simple but I can describe it in the easiest way possible you might
> **[on-screen 01:51:42]**
> What ser applies to: 1.Name, nationality, birthplace 2.Occupation 3. Physical traits (about oneself) 4. Generalizations 5.When and where are events 6.Time and date
**[01:51:42]** remember me explaining the verb ser in one of my previous videos where I described how the verb ser works in the present form part of which includes the following applications of said you might be thinking that since these are the uses that are utilized for said in the present form then they all have to be used in the past tense also however since I said that said is used in the past only for situations that were finished specifically and factually this Narrows the field of the verb being used
> **[on-screen 01:52:03]**
> What ser applies to: 1 sonatiterisivtine! Sc 5.When, where, and how events took place GeEioscnancede $s ae
**[01:52:04]** in the past only to when where and how events took place which can also be explained as events that happened or finished in the past suppose we have the
> **[on-screen 01:52:12]**
> ser- tobe (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida
**[01:52:12]** phrase la pelicula Fu AB meaning the
> **[on-screen 01:52:15]**
> ser - to be (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:15]** movie was boring in this case we have the use of Fu which indicates was as in
> **[on-screen 01:52:18]**
> ser - to be (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:20]** the movie was boring since a movie is an event that happened in the past and stayed in the past the act of the sentence remains factual because of how was the movie and since there is the word f in the sentence this shows you how fu is used more than the other conjugations of SE however and this is
> **[on-screen 01:52:35]**
> ser - to be The movie was boring
**[01:52:36]** something that I'll show rather than explain if you take this phrase the movie was boring and plug it into a translator it might give a translation that has the word era while the
> **[on-screen 01:52:44]**
> ser - to be La pelicula era aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:44]** translation of the sentence doesn't go away the meaning is quite wrong about the phrase because era is the imperfect
> **[on-screen 01:52:49]**
> ser - used to be (past imperfect) La pelicula era aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:52:50]** tense of said of the it pronoun meaning used to be and it's actually a word that's used more often than F but the emphasis of this video is the past simple saying laela ER AB means the
> **[on-screen 01:52:58]**
> ser - used to be (past imperfect) La pelicula era aburrida The movie used to be boring
**[01:53:00]** movie used to be boring which logically doesn't make sense which is why F has to
> **[on-screen 01:53:04]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La pelicula fue aburrida The movie was boring
**[01:53:04]** be used indicating how events took place in the past era is used more when it comes down to describing objects and people but it's a topic for a future video in this video I just wanted to
> **[on-screen 01:53:13]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue fueron
**[01:53:13]** mention that so that you don't get confused about how the use said in the past tense fu is by far the most common
> **[on-screen 01:53:18]**
> Ser/Ir in the past tense: fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fueron
**[01:53:19]** use of used for the construction it was
> **[on-screen 01:53:23]**
> ser-to be (past simple) Fue dificil hacer la prueba
**[01:53:24]** saying it was difficult to study for the
> **[on-screen 01:53:25]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) Fue dificil hacer la prueba It was difficult to do the test
**[01:53:26]** test which can be said the same in the present tense by simply changing one
> **[on-screen 01:53:30]**
> ser-tobe (present) Es dificil hacer la prueba It is difficult to do the test
**[01:53:31]** word it is difficult to do the test and you can also have simpler sentences which are sentences that I recommend using the most
> **[on-screen 01:53:38]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La fiesta fue en el club
**[01:53:38]** likea meaning the party was in the club
> **[on-screen 01:53:40]**
> ser-tobe (past simple) La fiesta fue en el club The party was in the club
**[01:53:41]** which is the easiest sentence that shows how said is used perfectly and logically in the past by acting as an event that took place in the past and stayed in the past in the video I wanted to show how
> **[on-screen 01:53:50]**
> Ser/Ir (a) in the past tense: fui (a) | fuimos (a) fuiste (a) | fuisteis (a) fue (a) | fueron (a)
**[01:53:51]** the verbs sir and ear work in Spanish by having the same syntax in the past simple tense and also being able to tell the difference between them in context of course you can make any sentence that you want using said and IR but the biggest step that I can give in order to tell the difference between them in context is that the verb IR means to go and if you see the preposition ah with or without an infinitive after it then the verb has to be IR alongside the verb ser means to be and if you see a sentence that begins with the construction F meaning it was or a sentence that has f in it with an event that's specifically finished in the past then that verb is the verb ser in the past if you want to you can even practice on some of my sentences in the video and put them in English in order to see if you got them right and if you did then you did a good job there are

374
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/27-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-1.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
# 27. Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 1
- **Time range:** 01:54:32 – 02:01:56 (duration 00:07:24)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=6872s)
---
**[01:54:32]** many types of verbs in Spanish such as
> **[on-screen 01:54:34]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: e Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular
**[01:54:34]** stem changing irregular yo and just irregular verbs in general and in this video I would like to describe every type of them in the past simple form
> **[on-screen 01:54:40]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: e Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular Past simple
**[01:54:41]** even though not every verb will be included in the video because you don't need all of them I will explain all types of verbs in the past for the first video but in the second one I'll f finished what I left off the list will include weird stem changing verbs and irregular yo verbs which I will separate by categories and explain how to use in the past doing so as quickly as I can starting with generic irregular verbs
> **[on-screen 01:54:59]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv)
**[01:55:00]** that have the TUV change in them one of the verbs that falls into this category is Ted which doesn't follow the normal
> **[on-screen 01:55:05]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), tener - to have
**[01:55:06]** conjugation pattern of verbs ending in eer instead of following the syntax of
> **[on-screen 01:55:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) tener - to have teni tenimos teniste | tenisteis tenid | tenieron
**[01:55:10]** normal verbs ending in eer taned decides
> **[on-screen 01:55:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), tener - to have tuve tuvimos tuviste | tuvisteis tuvo tuvieron
**[01:55:12]** to use T as its main stem y means I had to you had l tovo he had and so on I recommend not focusing on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 01:55:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) tener - to have tuve tu fe] tuvist 4 uviste “tuvis eis A tuvo falac)s
**[01:55:23]** because they're not that useful in conversation and so the other ones are more useful like saying I had a cat or maybe if you want
> **[on-screen 01:55:30]**
> Yo tuve un gato | had a cat
**[01:55:31]** to include an action inside you can
> **[on-screen 01:55:33]**
> Tu tuviste que hacer tu tarea
**[01:55:34]** say meaning you had to do your homework
> **[on-screen 01:55:35]**
> Tu tuviste que hacer tu tarea You had to do your homework
**[01:55:36]** and from there you can make any sentence you want after the verb T there are some verbs that have the word ten in them with different prefix in the beginning such as DET rer and oper and in case you
> **[on-screen 01:55:45]**
> Other Verbs That Change With tuv: e Detener - to stop/halt e Retener - to retain e Contener - to contain e Obtener - to obtain
**[01:55:48]** want to use any of them in the past tense you have to remember to likewise change them with the like you change and with verbs like these it's more useful
> **[on-screen 01:55:56]**
> Other Verbs T ange With tuv: e Dete op/halt e Rete etain e Conten o contain e Obtene obtain
**[01:55:56]** to know them than to use them luckily
> **[on-screen 01:55:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv)
**[01:55:58]** for Spanish there's a very useful verb that similarly uses the ending which is something you don't expect from this verb and that is the verb EST rather
> **[on-screen 01:56:05]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv) estar - to be esté estamos estaste | estasteis esto estaron
**[01:56:06]** than following normal conjugation patterns for verbs ending in a r EST
> **[on-screen 01:56:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), estar - to be estuve | estuvimos estuviste | estuvisteis estuvo | estuvieron
**[01:56:10]** decides to use the ending in all of its pronouns y EST means I was to EST you were El esto he was and so on like with the verb T I recommend not focusing on
> **[on-screen 01:56:20]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1. (tuv), estar - to be estuve | estuvimo v estuviste -estuy steis A estuvo | estuvie
**[01:56:21]** these pronouns because the other ones are more useful one important rule you have to remember with estar in the past is that it's used for things done in the past that stayed in the past in my video
> **[on-screen 01:56:30]**
> What estar applies to: 1. Present progressive 2. Location (spatial relationship) 3. Health, condition, and emotions
**[01:56:30]** about a star I talked about the applications of a star in the present but in the past it basically applies for
> **[on-screen 01:56:35]**
> What estar applies to (in the PAST SIMPLE): SD 2. Location (spatial relationship) Ss
**[01:56:36]** a location more than to anything else I can say a sentence like esto in Madrid I
> **[on-screen 01:56:39]**
> Estoy en Madrid con él | am in Madrid with him
**[01:56:40]** am in Madrid with him but if I want to say this phrase in the past I'd simply say y EST in Madrid because my action
> **[on-screen 01:56:45]**
> Estuve en Madrid con él | was in Madrid with him
**[01:56:47]** was finished in the past meaning that I never returned there and of course you can make any sentence you want but just be careful with using locations in the
> **[on-screen 01:56:54]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv)
**[01:56:54]** past the last verb that follows the U ending is another verb you don't expect
> **[on-screen 01:56:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: ib. (uv) andar - to walk
**[01:56:58]** and that is the verb andar meaning to walk instead of following the normal
> **[on-screen 01:57:01]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv) andar - to walk andé andamos andaste | andasteis ando andaron
**[01:57:01]** conjugation of a r verbs it decides to
> **[on-screen 01:57:03]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 1b. (uv) andar - to walk anduve | anduvimos anduviste | anduvisteis anduvo | anduvieron
**[01:57:03]** use the U ending to indicate an action done in the past with a verb like andar I recommend just knowing the verb rather than using it next up there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:57:11]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus),
**[01:57:12]** that follow a p ending which luckily share the same verb but with different prefixes and that is the verb P instead
> **[on-screen 01:57:17]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put poni ponimos poniste | ponisteis ponio ponieron
**[01:57:18]** of following the normal conjug pattern of verbs ending in e r Spanish decides
> **[on-screen 01:57:21]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put puse pusimos pusiste | pusisteis puso pusieron
**[01:57:22]** to change it to P for all pronouns y means I put in the past to you put El he put and so on as always don't
> **[on-screen 01:57:33]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 2. (pus) poner - to put puse pusimos . V4 pusiste steis A puso pusieron
**[01:57:33]** concentrate on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation if you were to say a sentence in the past using p you can say something
> **[on-screen 01:57:40]**
> Yo puse mi teléfono aqui
**[01:57:40]** like I put my phone here or maybe you
> **[on-screen 01:57:41]**
> Yo puse mi teléfono aqui | put my phone here
**[01:57:43]** can ask a question like don't meaning
> **[on-screen 01:57:45]**
> éDonde pusiste mi camisa? Where did you put my shirt?
**[01:57:46]** where did you put my shirt of course you can say any sentence you want using this verb I'm just giving a few examples to demonstrate how to use the verb after P there are many other verbs that follow the P change like prop Dison compon and
> **[on-screen 01:57:57]**
> Other Verbs That Change With pus: e Suponer - to suppose e Proponer - to propose e Disponer - to provide e Componer - to compose e Descomponer - to decompose
**[01:58:00]** Des compon and in case you have to use any of them in the past remember to change them the same way you would change p and with verbs like these I
> **[on-screen 01:58:07]**
> Other Verbs That Change With pus: e Supone ° pose e Propo ito Dpose e Dispone to ovide ¢ Componer- to compose e Descomponer - to decompose
**[01:58:07]** recommend just knowing them rather than using them next up there are verbs
> **[on-screen 01:58:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3. (duj)
**[01:58:11]** in and as far as I know there are only three of them in Spanish and they're very useful like conduc truc and produc
> **[on-screen 01:58:17]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3. (duj), conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce
**[01:58:19]** rather than following the pattern of verbs ending in IR Spanish decides to change them in the ending by adding taking the verb conducir as an example y means I drove to means you
> **[on-screen 01:58:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3.(duj) conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce conduje | condujimos condujiste | condujisteis condujo | condujeron
**[01:58:31]** drove El means he drove and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 01:58:37]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 3.(duj), conducir - to drive, traducir - to translate, producir - to produce conduje | condujimos condujiste contujisteis. condujo | condujeron
**[01:58:37]** vosotros because the sentences that you can make with them are very useful and the same concept applies to all of them whenever you decide to use them in the past any way you want while we're on the category of De there are verbs that have
> **[on-screen 01:58:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij)
**[01:58:48]** an e ending in the past simple meaning
> **[on-screen 01:58:51]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij), decir - to say/tell
**[01:58:51]** to say or to tell instead of following the pattern of ir verbs Spanish gives
> **[on-screen 01:58:54]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4. (ij) decir - to say/tell dije dijimos dijiste | dijisteis dijo dijeron
**[01:58:54]** the verb the and change I spoke to you spoke and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing all pronouns except Vos because these pronouns are very useful especially when you incorporate every Spanish concept with them for
> **[on-screen 01:59:09]**
> Yo te dije que voy a estar alli
**[01:59:09]** instance I can say a sentence like meaning I told you that I'm going
> **[on-screen 01:59:13]**
> Yo te dije que voy a estar alli | told you that | am going to be there
**[01:59:14]** to be there or maybe some simpler sentences would be better like El he told me that yesterday or
> **[on-screen 01:59:19]**
> El me dijo eso ayer He told me that yesterday
> **[on-screen 01:59:21]**
> Ellos nos dijeron que ellos estan ahi
**[01:59:21]** maybe they told us that they are there
> **[on-screen 01:59:23]**
> Ellos nos dijeron que ellos estan ahi They told us that they are there
**[01:59:24]** with a verb like you can basically make any sentence you want depending on what you want to say actually there are some
> **[on-screen 01:59:28]**
> Other Verbs That Change With ij: e Predecir - to predict ¢ Contradecir - to contradict
**[01:59:29]** verbs that put a prefix before the like PR and Contra and whenever you want to use these verbs in the past remember to change them like the and as always it's
> **[on-screen 01:59:38]**
> Other Verb nange With ij: e Predec i : dict e Contrade ir o contradict
**[01:59:38]** more useful to know them than to use
> **[on-screen 01:59:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 4b. (j) traer - to bring
**[01:59:40]** them at last there's the verb meaning to bring which is actually the last verb to include a in the past simple tense instead of following normal ER verb conjugations the decides to add a in
> **[on-screen 01:59:49]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: Ab. (j) traer - to bring traje trajimos trajiste | trajisteis trajo trajeron
**[01:59:51]** pronoun I brought to you brought and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing it rather than using it next up there is
> **[on-screen 01:59:58]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic)
**[01:59:59]** the East category which is used through
> **[on-screen 02:00:01]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make
**[02:00:01]** the verb AER instead of following the normal ER pattern a uses an irregular
> **[on-screen 02:00:04]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste | hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:05]** pattern across all pronouns and not only does it do that but it has an irregular
> **[on-screen 02:00:08]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic) hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste | hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:09]** word within its irregular pattern for the L pronoun which is ISO meaning he or she did or made the reason Spanish does that is because when say is put before an O it would have a c sound like ELO but the word needs to maintain a sound so it uses Zeta instead with a I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 02:00:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 5. (hic), hacer - to do/make hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo hicieron
**[02:00:28]** Ros because they're useful in conversation for instance a common question that is asked many times is meaning what did you do yesterday and
> **[on-screen 02:00:35]**
> éQué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday?
**[02:00:36]** you can reply with meaning I did my
> **[on-screen 02:00:37]**
> Yo hice mi tarea | did my homework
**[02:00:39]** homework you can also use the verb as to make in a sentence like
> **[on-screen 02:00:43]**
> Nosotros hicimos la cama
**[02:00:43]** no we made the bed or
> **[on-screen 02:00:44]**
> Nosotros hicimos la cama We made the bed
> **[on-screen 02:00:46]**
> Ellos hicieron un pastel para nosotros
**[02:00:47]** maybe they made a a cake for us and of
> **[on-screen 02:00:49]**
> Ellos hicieron un pastel para nosotros They made a cake for us
**[02:00:50]** course you can make any sentence you want using AER there are also the verbs
> **[on-screen 02:00:53]**
> Other Verbs That Change With hic: e Deshacer - to undo/unmake e Rehacer - to redo/remake
**[02:00:55]** and and in case you want to use any of them in the past you have to change them as you would with AER but with these verbs it's more useful to know them than
> **[on-screen 02:01:01]**
> Other Verbs That'\Ghange With hic: e Deshacer ro une o/unmake e Rehacer - to redo/remake
**[02:01:02]** to use them the last category for this
> **[on-screen 02:01:03]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1
**[02:01:04]** video is verbs that have the VIN ending like venir rather than following the
> **[on-screen 02:01:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come
**[02:01:08]** normal pattern or verbs ending in IR
> **[on-screen 02:01:10]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come vine vinimos viniste | vinisteis vino | vinieron
**[02:01:10]** venir changes all of its conjugations in the past yo V I came to V you came and so on I suggest knowing all pronouns
> **[on-screen 02:01:18]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past: 6. (vin) - last one for Part 1 venir - to come vine vinimos viniste Vinisteis vino | vinieron
**[02:01:18]** except V because it's a useful verb to know in the past for instance a common question with ven in the past is V meaning from where you came and you can
> **[on-screen 02:01:26]**
> ~De donde viniste? From where you came?
> **[on-screen 02:01:28]**
> Yo vine de mi casa | came from my house
**[02:01:28]** with I came from my house you can also say something
> **[on-screen 02:01:31]**
> Vinimos del concierto por la noche
**[02:01:32]** like we came from the concert at night
> **[on-screen 02:01:34]**
> Vinimos del concierto por la noche We came from the concert at night
> **[on-screen 02:01:36]**
> Ellos vinieron de la escuela
**[02:01:36]** maybe they came from the school and of
> **[on-screen 02:01:38]**
> Ellos vinieron de la escuela They came from the school
**[02:01:39]** course you can make any sentence you want using the verb V in the past and actually there is the verb prevenir
> **[on-screen 02:01:43]**
> Other Verb That Changes With vin: e Prevenir - to prevent
**[02:01:44]** meaning to prevent and in case you want to use it in the past remember to change it like the verb venir and as always it's a verb that's more useful to Know
> **[on-screen 02:01:50]**
> Other Verb Th ges With vin: e Preve I | oO prevent
**[02:01:51]** Than to utilize this has been all types
> **[on-screen 02:01:52]**
> Spanish: All Types of Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense Part1
**[02:01:53]** of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish part one the last category of

337
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/28-irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-2.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
# 28. Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 2
- **Time range:** 02:01:56 – 02:09:40 (duration 00:07:44)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=7316s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:01:56]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous):
**[02:01:57]** irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish is the category I call miscellaneous meaning that there are verbs that irregularly change their form in the past and that there aren't any other verbs that replicate their form like the verb cab meaning to fit rather
> **[on-screen 02:02:08]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 7. (cup),- only 1 caber - to fit
**[02:02:09]** than following the pattern of verbs ending in e r as far as I know cab is
> **[on-screen 02:02:13]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 7. (cup) - only 1 caber - to fit cupe cupimos cupiste | cupisteis cupo cupieron
**[02:02:13]** the only verb that follows the pattern y I fit to you and so on I recommend knowing this verb rather than using it next up there is the verb which is the
> **[on-screen 02:02:23]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 8. (pud) - only 1 poder - to can pude pudimos pudiste | pudisteis pudo pudieron
**[02:02:24]** only verb that has the pattern in the past y I could toist you could and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except
> **[on-screen 02:02:33]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 8. (pud) - only 1 poder - to can pude pudimos pudiste | purtistéis_ pudo pudieron
**[02:02:33]** Theos because p is a very useful verb in the past tense but one important rule to remember with pod in the past simple is that it's only used for actions that happened in the past and that stayed in the past it's significant to not confuse
> **[on-screen 02:02:44]**
> Don‘t Confuse poder in the Past Participle: | could have + infinitive Yo podria haber + infinitivo
**[02:02:45]** it with a phrase like I could have plus an infinitive because this would be the past participle in Spanish which is a topic for a future video instead you can
> **[on-screen 02:02:52]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Yo pude hablar con él
**[02:02:52]** use in the past simple by saying like I could speak with him or maybe
> **[on-screen 02:02:57]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Yo pude hablar con él | could speak with him
> **[on-screen 02:02:58]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Tu pudiste ir a la fiesta
**[02:02:59]** toest you could go to the party of
> **[on-screen 02:03:00]**
> Poder in the Past Simple: Tu pudiste ir a la fiesta You could go to the party
**[02:03:01]** course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with P after there's the verb sa which is the only
> **[on-screen 02:03:06]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 9. (sup) - only 1 saber - to know supe supimos supiste | supisteis supo supieron
**[02:03:07]** verb that uses an pattern y means I knew toist means you knew and so on don't focus on these
> **[on-screen 02:03:15]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 9. (sup) - only 1 saber - to know supe supimo e Vv e supiste eis A supo supie
**[02:03:15]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with sa in the past simple is that it's used in context when it comes down to knowing
> **[on-screen 02:03:22]**
> Saber in the past simple is used for knowing something factually but not necessarily something that you knew how to do
**[02:03:22]** something factually but not necessarily something that you knew how to do in the
> **[on-screen 02:03:26]**
> What saber applies to in the present: 1. Knowing factual information 2. Knowing how to do something
**[02:03:26]** present sa is used for the following applications but in the past simple tense it's used to know something
> **[on-screen 02:03:30]**
> What saber applies to in the past simple: 1. Knowing factual information 2. a:
**[02:03:31]** factual like
> **[on-screen 02:03:32]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego
**[02:03:34]** saying I knew who won the game and in
> **[on-screen 02:03:35]**
> Yo supe quién gan6 el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:36]** the sentence I use Saed in the past by
> **[on-screen 02:03:37]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:38]** factually knowing who won the game along
> **[on-screen 02:03:40]**
> Yo supe quién gan6o el juego | knew who won the game
**[02:03:40]** with using a regular AR verb for the he she pronoun of course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with sa after sa there's the verb K which is
> **[on-screen 02:03:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 10. (quis) - only 1 querer - to want quise quisimos guisiste | quisisteis quiso | quisieron
**[02:03:48]** which is the only verb that uses aiss pattern Y is I wanted toist is you wanted and so on don't focus on these
> **[on-screen 02:03:56]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 10. (quis) - only 1 querer - to want quise quisimo 4 quisiste teis A quiso isie
**[02:03:57]** pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with K is that it's used in the past simple for things that you wanted in the past and that stayed in the past like
> **[on-screen 02:04:06]**
> Yo quise jugar contigo
**[02:04:06]** saying I wanted to play with you which
> **[on-screen 02:04:07]**
> Yo quise jugar contigo | wanted to play with you
**[02:04:08]** is an action that I wanted to do and I no longer want to do it I can also say
> **[on-screen 02:04:13]**
> Ella quiso abrir la puerta
**[02:04:14]** like she wanted to open the door because
> **[on-screen 02:04:15]**
> Ella quiso abrir la puerta She wanted to open the door
**[02:04:16]** it's an action that stayed in the past meaning that no longer wants to do it at
> **[on-screen 02:04:20]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give
**[02:04:20]** last in the miscellaneous category there are the verbs V and dar and the easiest way to remember them in the past simple tense is that they literally share the
> **[on-screen 02:04:26]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visteis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:27]** same ending for all pronouns aside from
> **[on-screen 02:04:29]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visteis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:29]** the first letter of every conjugation y v i saw y I gave to V you saw to you gave and so on I recommend focusing on all pronouns except Vos because they're
> **[on-screen 02:04:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Miscellaneous): 11. ver & dar - to see & to give vi/di vimos/dimos viste/diste | visisis/disteis vio/dio | vieron/dieron
**[02:04:41]** useful in conversation try some examples on your own y andesta means I saw you at
> **[on-screen 02:04:44]**
> Yo te vi en la fiesta | saw you in the party
**[02:04:47]** the party to V
> **[on-screen 02:04:48]**
> Tu viste mi madre en la casa You saw my mother in the house
> **[on-screen 02:04:53]**
> El vio cémo yo hice mi tarea
**[02:04:54]** house means he saw how I did my
> **[on-screen 02:04:56]**
> El vio como yo hice mi tarea He saw how | did my homework
**[02:04:58]** homework means I gave you my
> **[on-screen 02:05:00]**
> Yo te di mi lapiz | gave you my pencil
**[02:05:02]** pencil means he gave us the past these
> **[on-screen 02:05:04]**
> El nos dio el pase He gave us the pass
**[02:05:05]** are just some of the examples that you can make with ver and D in the past simple and as always you can say any sentence you want using ver and D now we
> **[on-screen 02:05:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing):
**[02:05:12]** get to the category of stem changing verbs in the past simple the very first thing that I suggest to all of you is to remember that basically all of these stem changing verbs will only apply their stem changing rule for the L and
> **[on-screen 02:05:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS
**[02:05:22]** AOS pronouns all of these verbs are regular verbs that follow normal conjugation patterns across their pronouns except for L and AOS so just remember that the second thing I'll say is that I won't give any examples with any of the following verbs because these are stem changing verbs that you should know more than use considering that the only useful way to utilize them is through the L and AOS pronouns taking a
> **[on-screen 02:05:42]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest
**[02:05:42]** verb like sugar for instance it's a stem changing verb that falls into the a to e
> **[on-screen 02:05:48]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei)
**[02:05:48]** category and it follows the normal
> **[on-screen 02:05:49]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei) sugeri | sugerimos sugeriste | sugeristeis
**[02:05:49]** conjugation pattern of verbs ending in IR except for L and AOS instead of using
> **[on-screen 02:05:52]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 12. (sugerir) - to suggest (ei) sugeri | sugerimos sugeriste | sugeristeis sugirio | sugirieron
**[02:05:54]** the stem beginning with e sug decides to use e instead and at the most it's a verb that's more useful to Know Than to utilize generally the same concept applies to the rest of the verbs that I'm about to list going from E to e like
> **[on-screen 02:06:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 13.(mentir) - to lie (ei) menti | mentimos mentiste | mentisteis mintio | mintieron
**[02:06:07]** M which means to lie prefer which means
> **[on-screen 02:06:09]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 14.(preferir) - to prefer (e>i) preferi | preferimos preferiste| preferisteis prefirio | prefirieron
**[02:06:09]** to prefer SE meaning to follow con
> **[on-screen 02:06:11]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 15.(seguir) - to follow (e>i) segui | seguimos seguiste | seguisteis siguid | siguieron
> **[on-screen 02:06:12]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 16.(conseguir) - to get (ei) consegui | conseguimos conseguiste | conseguisteis consiguio | consiguieron
**[02:06:12]** meaning to get repe meaning to repeat
> **[on-screen 02:06:14]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 17.(repetir) - to repeat (ei) repeti repetimos repetiste | repetisteis repitio repitieron
> **[on-screen 02:06:15]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 18.(servir) - to serve (e>i) servi servimos serviste servisteis sirvid sirvieron
**[02:06:15]** Ser meaning to serve and ped meaning to ask for all of these verbs are useful to know rather than to use and the only thing you should know about them is that they change their stems from E to e only in the L and AOS pronouns in the past simple tense next up there are stem
> **[on-screen 02:06:28]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS (ou)
**[02:06:29]** changing verbs going from o to U and as far as I know there are only two of them in Spanish and these are dormir and
> **[on-screen 02:06:35]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE £1 & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou)
**[02:06:36]** meaning to sleep and to die dormir
> **[on-screen 02:06:37]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (o>u) dormi | dormimos dormiste | dormisteis
**[02:06:38]** follows the normal pattern of ir verbs but only changes its stem in the L and
> **[on-screen 02:06:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou) dormi | dormimos dormiste | dormisteis durmio | durmieron
**[02:06:41]** AOS pronouns meaning El he slept and AOS they slept and the same concept applies
> **[on-screen 02:06:47]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 20. (dormir & morir) - to sleep & to die (ou) mori morimos moriste | moristeis murid murieron
**[02:06:47]** to the verb El is he died and aoson is they died as always these verbs are more useful to Know Than to use the last
> **[on-screen 02:06:55]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS (y + accents)
**[02:06:56]** category of St changing verbs are verbs that have the letter igga and also include Accents in most of their pronouns in order to maintain the sound after having two vowels right next to each other these can be verbs
> **[on-screen 02:07:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, ofr) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents)
**[02:07:07]** like and and as you can see they are the only verbs in Spanish that have two vowels right next to each other so
> **[on-screen 02:07:13]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, oir) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:13]** Spanish decides to put accents on some of their pronouns in the past simple in order to maintain their sound the easiest way to memorize them is to remember that they all share the same
> **[on-screen 02:07:21]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE Fl & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, oir) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:22]** ending but different letters in the
> **[on-screen 02:07:23]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (Stem-Changing): IN THE El & ELLOS PRONOUNS 21. (creer, leer, ofr) - to believe, to read, to hear (y + accents) crei/lei/oi | creimos/leimos/oimos creiste/leiste/oiste | creisteis/leisteis/oisteis crey6/ley6/oy6 | creyeron/leyeron/oyeron
**[02:07:23]** beginning Y is I believed Y is I read and Y is I heard toist is you believed to Leist is you read and to O is you heard and so on as always it's useful to know these verbs rather than to use them and now we made it to the final category
> **[on-screen 02:07:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun):
**[02:07:41]** of irregular verbs in Spanish which I think is the easiest and that is irregular verbs that are only irregular in the yo pronoun and in the past symbol actually there are three types of them in Spanish known as verbs that end in K
> **[on-screen 02:07:52]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar
**[02:07:53]** G or tar and since there's no point in knowing all verbs in Spanish I'll show one useful verb from each category at first there are the verbs ending in k like practicar and while this verb
> **[on-screen 02:08:02]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar practicar - to practice practicamos practicaste | practicasteis practico | practicaron
**[02:08:03]** follows the normal conjugation pattern for a verbs in the past simple it's only
> **[on-screen 02:08:07]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar practicar - to practice practique | practicamos practicaste | practicasteis practico | practicaron
**[02:08:07]** irregular in the yo pronoun ending in meaning Yo practi which is I practiced in case you see any other verb ending in k and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to
> **[on-screen 02:08:19]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play
**[02:08:19]** next up there are verbs ending in g like H and while this verb follows the normal
> **[on-screen 02:08:22]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play jugamos jugaste jugasteis jugo jugaron
**[02:08:23]** conjugation in the past simple it's
> **[on-screen 02:08:25]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar jugar - to play jugue jugamos jugaste jugasteis jugo jugaron
**[02:08:25]** irregular in the Y pronoun ending in GE meaning Yo which is I played in case you see any other verb ending in g and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to G
> **[on-screen 02:08:36]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize
**[02:08:36]** at last there are verbs ending in Zar like organizar which also maintain the
> **[on-screen 02:08:40]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize organizamos organizaste | organizasteis organizo | organizaron
**[02:08:40]** normal conjugation pattern in the past simple while it's your pronoun is
> **[on-screen 02:08:43]**
> Irregular Verbs in the Past (”Yo” Pronoun): 22. Verbs Ending In -car, -gar, & -zar organizar - to organize organicé | organizamos organizaste | organizasteis organizo | organizaron
**[02:08:44]** irregular ending in meaning your organ which is I organized as as always in case you see any other verb ending in Zar and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to say and this is where all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish come to an end
> **[on-screen 02:08:59]**
> Types of Verbs in Spanish: ¢ Stem-changing e Irregular “Yo” e Irregular Past simple
**[02:08:59]** throughout both of these videos I demonstrated all types of irregular verbs in Spanish in the past tense in order for all of you to understand what are their types how to use them and when to use them of course knowing all verbs in Spanish is impossible and potentially useless so I decided to exploit the most useful ones and put them in two videos so that you don't have to look up any of them and they're almost all in these videos in case you didn't remember them or forgot some of them you can always go back and find them within the videos not to mention that you probably don't need all of them the point of this idea was to provide a guide to all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish to understand how to use them when you want to and like I always like to say some concepts are more useful to Know Than to use and this video summarizes all of it in a nutshell

290
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/29-reflexive-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
# 29. Reflexive Verbs
- **Time range:** 02:09:40 – 02:15:49 (duration 00:06:09)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=7780s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:09:40]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish
**[02:09:40]** reflexive verbs in Spanish are verbs that are applyed to oneself which is
> **[on-screen 02:09:42]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish Verbs that are applied to oneself
**[02:09:43]** typically the definition that most teachers give them however I do not like
> **[on-screen 02:09:46]**
> Refle Verbs panish V re a dtoo lf
**[02:09:46]** this explanation because I have a a different way of expressing reflexive verbs in Spanish making it easier to understand what they mean a different way to look at reflexive verbs in Spanish is that they typically follow a
> **[on-screen 02:09:55]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish Verbs that follow a preposition or some continuation after them
**[02:09:55]** preposition or some continuation the way that they look in Spanish is by having
> **[on-screen 02:09:59]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e bahar e levantar ¢ despertar ¢ dormir e ir ¢ poner ¢ sentar e llamar
**[02:09:59]** any regular verb following the
> **[on-screen 02:10:00]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banharse e levantarse e despertarse e dormirse e irse ¢ ponerse e sentarse e llamarse
**[02:10:00]** continuation say after which is a form
> **[on-screen 02:10:02]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banharse e levantarse seisan ° despertarse indirect ° dormirse object e irse pronoun ¢ ponerse relating to e sentarse oneself e llamarse
**[02:10:02]** of an indirect object pronoun that has to do with oneself I will not explain every reflexive verb in Spanish because you don't need all of them but I will present the most useful ones in Spanish at first I would like to demonstrate how reflexive verbs work in general by showing how one verb works first let's take the verb Lavar as an example this verb in Spanish means to wash but in Spanish the verb to wash doesn't always conclude in its regular form often times when we think of washing something we can sometimes say to wash up if you look
> **[on-screen 02:10:27]**
> Lavar - to wash - to wash up
**[02:10:28]** at the verb in Spanish and compare it to English there isn't really much of a difference but once this verb becomes reflexive we start to see that the meaning is changing laar means to wash but Lavar means to wash up which is a
> **[on-screen 02:10:37]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up
**[02:10:38]** verb that's put in a reflexive form and that's really the closest connection I can give it in English the way that you
> **[on-screen 02:10:43]**
> Reflexive Verbs With Indirect Object Pronouns: me + (conjugated verb) nos + (conjugated verb) te + (conjugated verb) os + (conjugated verb) (Aél ey se + (conjugated verb) se + (conjugated verb) (Aellas)
**[02:10:43]** would use the verb in Spanish is by using indirect object pronouns and putting them before the conjugated verb for for instance saying Yol Lao means I wash as in I wash something that's not related to oneself as in Yolo Co I wash
> **[on-screen 02:10:54]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car
**[02:10:55]** the car however if I were to say Meelo
> **[on-screen 02:10:58]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo
**[02:10:58]** this is where the meaning itself changes because the verb is not wash but rather wash up meaning I wash up something that
> **[on-screen 02:11:04]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo - | wash up
**[02:11:04]** has to do with oneself for instance
> **[on-screen 02:11:06]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo mis manos - | wash up my hands
**[02:11:06]** saying y means I wash the car but saying meos means I wash up my hands in Spanish the verb to wash can change its meaning depending on how the action is used with
> **[on-screen 02:11:17]**
> Yo lavo el coche - | wash the car Me lavo mis manos - | wash up my hands lavar - to wash lavarse - to wash up
**[02:11:17]** laar meaning to was and with meaning to wash up and with the verb getting a preposition when it's logically translated into English in simpler words reflexive verbs in Spanish like these
> **[on-screen 02:11:26]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: ¢ bafarse - to take a bath e levantarse - to get up e despertarse - to wake up e dormirse - to fall asleep ¢ irse - to go away ¢ ponerse - to put down e sentarse - to sit down e llamarse - to call yourself
**[02:11:27]** are verbs that follow a preposition or some continuation when they're put into English and as I said in the beginning that's the closest connection I can give it in English with every verb having its own unique definition if you think it's a difficult Concept in Spanish you'd be surprised to know that in English there are many verbs that f with prepositions and not only are they different their meaning changes indefinitely in English you can have the verb to give but when
> **[on-screen 02:11:47]**
> In English: to give to give off to give up to give in
**[02:11:47]** you start adding prepositions to it the meaning changes through all verbs to give to give off to give up and to give in are verbs that change their meaning once they're put into context and that's only one verb to use not to mention that it's a concept many people who learn English struggle with in Spanish however this concept is easier to understand
> **[on-screen 02:12:03]**
> Normal & Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banhar / banarse e levantar / levantarse e despertar / despertarse e dormir / dormirse e ir/irse ¢ poner / ponerse e sentar / sentarse e llamar / llamarse
**[02:12:03]** because the difference between a regular verb and a reflexive verb in Spanish is the word say in the verb itself which
> **[on-screen 02:12:07]**
> Normal & Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e banar / banharse e levantar / levantarse ¢ despertar / despertarse e dormir / dormirse e ir/irse ¢ poner / ponerse ¢ sentar / sentarse e llamar / llamarse
**[02:12:08]** can indicate that it's a verb that has a preposition after it in English laar
> **[on-screen 02:12:12]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up
**[02:12:12]** means to wash but laar means to wash up which logically Works in Spanish but in English it may cause a of confusion we can also say I wash up the car or I wash
> **[on-screen 02:12:20]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash up the car | wash my hands
**[02:12:21]** my hands and while that's normal in
> **[on-screen 02:12:22]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash u e car lwa y hands
**[02:12:23]** English Spanish doesn't allow this idea to work which is why it generates
> **[on-screen 02:12:26]**
> Lavar - to wash Lavarse - to wash up | wash the car | wash up my hands
**[02:12:26]** different meanings with every verb
> **[on-screen 02:12:28]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive:
**[02:12:28]** reflexive verbs can also work in the present progressive like saying to
> **[on-screen 02:12:31]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing
**[02:12:31]** estando meaning you are washing and
> **[on-screen 02:12:34]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:35]** meaning you are washing up in the present progressive you can also attach
> **[on-screen 02:12:38]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:38]** the indirect object pronoun to the end of the infinitive itself like saying EST
> **[on-screen 02:12:42]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Estas lavandote - You are washing up
**[02:12:43]** but for Spanish speakers it would be too strange to say which is why most of the time the indirect object pronoun has has
> **[on-screen 02:12:47]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:48]** to be put before a conjugative verb it's the same thing as saying in English you
> **[on-screen 02:12:51]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up You are washing to you
**[02:12:51]** are washing to you which doesn't make
> **[on-screen 02:12:53]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Present Progressive: Tu estas lavando - You are washing Te estas lavando - You are washing up
**[02:12:53]** sense so overall just remember to put indirect object pronouns before conjugated verbs at last reflexive verbs
> **[on-screen 02:12:58]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple:
**[02:12:59]** can also function in the past simple tense like saying El La meaning he
> **[on-screen 02:13:02]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavé - He washed
**[02:13:02]** washed but saying a means he washed up
> **[on-screen 02:13:04]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavé - He washed A élse lavo - He washed up
**[02:13:06]** and we know that it's a he because the construction indicates that and that's
> **[on-screen 02:13:08]**
> Reflexive Verbs in the Past Simple: El lavo - He washed A élse lav6 - He washed up
**[02:13:09]** really how reflexive verbs work in Spanish and I would even say that they're not as hard as people think they are for the sake of learning I'd like to
> **[on-screen 02:13:15]**
> Reflexive Verbs In Spanish: e bafharse e levantarse e despertarse e dormirse e irse ¢ ponerse e sentarse e llamarse
**[02:13:16]** give all of you useful reflexive verbs so that you can understand how these verbs work at Best because I'm not going to list every verb that exists in Spanish some of the most useful ones in Spanish are B
> **[on-screen 02:13:32]**
> banar - to bathe banarse - to take a bath
**[02:13:34]** a bath saying a sentence like Yano means
> **[on-screen 02:13:36]**
> banar - to bathe banarse - to take a bath Yo bano - | bathe Me bano - I take a bath
**[02:13:37]** I bathe but saying Meo means I take a bath of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want whether it's using a different object pronoun putting it in the present progressive or past simple tense leant say is a verb
> **[on-screen 02:13:47]**
> levantar - to lift/raise levantarse - to lift up/get up
**[02:13:48]** that's easier to understand because leant means to lift or to raise but leant means to lift up or get up to
> **[on-screen 02:13:55]**
> levantar - to lift/raise levantarse - to lift up/get up Tu levantaste - You lifted Te levantaste - You got up
**[02:13:55]** leaste means you lifted but taste means you got up of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want desper
> **[on-screen 02:14:02]**
> despertar - to arouse/awake despertarse - to wake up
**[02:14:03]** means to arouse or to awake but Des means to wake up desperto means he
> **[on-screen 02:14:07]**
> despertar - to arouse/awake despertarse - to wake up El desperto - He aroused A él se desperto - He woke up
**[02:14:09]** butto means he woke up d means to sleep
> **[on-screen 02:14:12]**
> dormir - to sleep dormirse - to fall asleep
**[02:14:13]** but means to fall asleep I really hope that you're starting to get the hang of it now because most of the these reflexive verbs are verbs that are used in the past simple tense of course you can make any sentence you want using is
> **[on-screen 02:14:24]**
> ir- to go irse - to g0 away/leave
**[02:14:24]** a very interesting one because means to go but means to go away or to leave
> **[on-screen 02:14:29]**
> ir- to go irse - to go away/leave Yo voy - 1 go Me voy - I go away / I leave
**[02:14:29]** saying y means I go but saying Meo means I go away or I leave and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use p means to put
> **[on-screen 02:14:37]**
> poner - to put ponerse - to put down
**[02:14:38]** but P say means to put down but let's not forget that it's an irregular y verb yongo means I put but me Pongo means I
> **[on-screen 02:14:43]**
> poner - to put ponerse - to put down Yo pongo - I put Me pongo - | put down
**[02:14:46]** put down and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use
> **[on-screen 02:14:49]**
> sentar - to sit sentarse - to sit down
**[02:14:49]** S is actually a reflexive verb that's also stem changing s means to sit but means to sit down yento means I said but
> **[on-screen 02:14:56]**
> sentar - to sit sentarse - to sit down Yo siento - | sit Me siento - | sit down
**[02:14:58]** meso means I said down and the last most useful reflexive verb is actually a verb that many beginners heard of but never understood and that is yamar while yamar
> **[on-screen 02:15:05]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself
**[02:15:06]** means to call as in to call someone by phone yamar means to call oneself or yourself in this case because it's a verb that has to do with oneself the most used sentence that everyone has heard of isas meaning how how do you
> **[on-screen 02:15:16]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo te llamas? How do you call yourself?
**[02:15:18]** call yourself while koyas can mean how
> **[on-screen 02:15:19]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo llamas? How do you call?
**[02:15:20]** do you call as in how do you call your favorite person or whatever komas means
> **[on-screen 02:15:23]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself éComo te llamas? How do you call yourself?
**[02:15:24]** how do you call yourself which is a fancy way of saying what's your name you can reply by saying May Alex or whatever
> **[on-screen 02:15:29]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo Alex | call myself Alex
**[02:15:30]** your name is a lot of beginners would tend to say something like May s Alex or
> **[on-screen 02:15:34]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo es Alex Yo llamo Alex
**[02:15:35]** yoy Alex and when you put these sentences in English you'll get I call
> **[on-screen 02:15:38]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself Me llamo es Alex Yo llamo Alex I call myself is Alex I call Alex
**[02:15:38]** myself as Alex or I call Alex and these are incorrect responses to the question
> **[on-screen 02:15:42]**
> llamar - to call llamarse - to call oneself M oe =)4 Yo lex I call is Alex LA
**[02:15:43]** komas and now you hopefully understand what this phrase finally means along with how reflexive verbs work in Spanish

135
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/30-reciprocal-reflexive-verbs.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
# 30. Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
- **Time range:** 02:15:49 – 02:18:31 (duration 00:02:42)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8149s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:15:49]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
**[02:15:49]** reciprocal reflexive verbs in Spanish is
> **[on-screen 02:15:51]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs Verbs that reciprocate an action between 2 or more subjects (to each other/one another)
**[02:15:51]** the English version of verbs that reciprocate subjects that involve two or more people as in each other or one another while reflexive verbs Express a verb that is followed by a preposition reciprocal reflexives always tend to have two or more subjects when you think
> **[on-screen 02:16:03]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) me nos te os se se
**[02:16:03]** about it in both English and Spanish we refer to each other whenever we speak of two or more subjects so we logically
> **[on-screen 02:16:08]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) e nos os se se
**[02:16:08]** don't need the singular pronouns and so we only have to work with the plural pronouns reciprocal reflexives in Spanish Express an action that's reciprocated between two or more people and they work similarly to regular reflexives the way that reciprocal reflexives work is by using indirect object pronouns but in this context we
> **[on-screen 02:16:24]**
> Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs (each other) :
**[02:16:24]** only need the plural ones like No And SE which are the most used ones in Spanish the way that you would use it in Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:16:30]**
> ayudarse - to help each other
**[02:16:30]** is by having a verb that can be used with one another like AUD which is a common verb used for this context meaning to help each other since we're only working with pronouns like Nos and SE every example in the video will utilize the we and they pronouns if I were to use this verb and say something like noos AUD the meaning would be be we
> **[on-screen 02:16:46]**
> ayudarse - to help each other Nosotros ayudamos We help
**[02:16:48]** help however if we want to reciprocate the action we would say no a meaning we
> **[on-screen 02:16:51]**
> ayudarse - to help each other Nos ayudamos We help each other
**[02:16:53]** help each other and it doesn't get any more difficult than this the same concept can be applied to se when we know who the subjects are using the verb
> **[on-screen 02:16:59]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other
**[02:16:59]** abar meaning to hug each other I can say
> **[on-screen 02:17:02]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other Ellos abrazan They hug
**[02:17:02]** AOS Aban meaning they hug but saying AOS
> **[on-screen 02:17:05]**
> abrazarse - to hug each other Ellos se abrazan They hug each other
**[02:17:05]** Aban means they hug each other just like regular reflexive verbs reciprocal reflexives can function like any other verb both in the present progressive in the past simple saying a sentence like
> **[on-screen 02:17:14]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Present Progressive: Estamos escuchando We are listening
**[02:17:14]** EST es means we are listening but no
> **[on-screen 02:17:17]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Present Progressive: Nos estamos escuchando We are listening to each other
**[02:17:18]** es means we are listening to each other likewise I can say
> **[on-screen 02:17:22]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Past Simple: John y yo conocimos John and | knew
**[02:17:22]** jimos which means JN and I knew but saying J noos means JN and I knew each
> **[on-screen 02:17:26]**
> Reciprocal Reflexives in the Past Simple: John y yo nos conocimos John and | knew each other
**[02:17:28]** other even though the topic of reciprocal reflexives isn't that well known it does have a useful application in many sentences and some of the most
> **[on-screen 02:17:35]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse e Encontrarse e Verse
**[02:17:35]** useful reciprocal reflexes are Sal and the biggest tip that I can give to remember reciprocal reflexes is that whenever you see say after a verb it
> **[on-screen 02:17:43]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse e Encontrarse e Verse
**[02:17:44]** always means that the verb has a preposition or a continuation after it in this case Salud and cont and ver all have their definitions but they gain a
> **[on-screen 02:17:52]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse - to greet e Encontrarse - to encounter e Verse - to see
**[02:17:53]** different definition once say is inside
> **[on-screen 02:17:54]**
> Mostly Used Reciprocal Reflexives: e Saludarse - to greet each other e Encontrarse - to encounter each other e Verse - to see each other
**[02:17:55]** the verb if you really want to you can technically use any verb in Spanish and make it reciprocal as long as the context makes sense with the inclusion of two or more people for instance
> **[on-screen 02:18:03]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos saludaron
**[02:18:04]** saying a sentence like Los Amigos Salon means the friends greeted but if you
> **[on-screen 02:18:07]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos saludaron The friends greeted
**[02:18:08]** were to say Los Amigos say Salon this
> **[on-screen 02:18:09]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Los amigos se saludaron The friends greeted each other
**[02:18:10]** would mean the friends greeted each other similarly you can use two verbs in one sentence
> **[on-screen 02:18:15]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos
**[02:18:16]** like know vimos meaning we encountered
> **[on-screen 02:18:19]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:19]** each other in the cinema when we saw each other and in this context we know that encontr is in the past because
> **[on-screen 02:18:23]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:24]** vimos is in the past form too and as
> **[on-screen 02:18:25]**
> Examples of Reciprocal Reflexives: Nos encontramos en el cine cuando nos vimos We encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other
**[02:18:26]** always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using reciprocal reflexives in Spanish the imperfect

283
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/31-imperfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
# 31. Imperfect Tense
- **Time range:** 02:18:31 – 02:25:22 (duration 00:06:51)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8311s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:18:31]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish
**[02:18:32]** tense in Spanish is a form of the past tense used to indicate actions that used
> **[on-screen 02:18:34]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish Actions that used to happen or were happening in the past
**[02:18:35]** to happen or were happening in the past what makes this tense the easiest to memorize in Spanish is that it's only
> **[on-screen 02:18:41]**
> The Imperfect Tense In Spanish: Actions that used to happen or were happening in the past 1). Modified 2 Ways - ar verbs & er/ir verbs 2). Only has 3 irregular conjugation patterns
**[02:18:41]** modifyed two ways without having any irregular y verbs or stem changing patterns aside from three completely irregular ones however it's important to
> **[on-screen 02:18:48]**
> Don’t Confuse the Past Simple with the Past Imperfect
**[02:18:48]** not confuse the past imperfect with the past simple because the two of them generate different meanings in context
> **[on-screen 02:18:53]**
> Past Simple Actions that simply happened
**[02:18:53]** in my video where I talked about the past simple tense included examples of actions that simply happened in the past hence the name past simple the imperfect
> **[on-screen 02:19:00]**
> Past Imperfect An action that used to happen or was happening
**[02:19:00]** also known as the past imperfect is a tense that has two explanations meaning used to happen or was happening in the past and I'm putting a big emphasis on the meaning was happening because it's more of an accurate translation once it's put in English and it's the definition that most teachers don't talk about as I said again the past imperfect tense is the simplest one in Spanish because it only has two conjugation patterns with a r and e r/ i verbs let's
> **[on-screen 02:19:22]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba | abamos abas | abais aba aban
**[02:19:22]** start with verbs ending in a r to conjugate this verb in the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and you get ABA for two you get abas for L you also get ABA and it's the same ending as with
> **[on-screen 02:19:32]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba abamos abas abais aba aban
**[02:19:33]** the Y pronoun so you can only tell the difference between them in context for
> **[on-screen 02:19:36]**
> -ar ending verbs: aba | abamos abas | abais aba aban
**[02:19:36]** noos you get abamos and we have to put an accent on the first a because we have to maintain the sound of the word for Vos you get ab and for AOS you get Aban
> **[on-screen 02:19:45]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabamos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | hablaban
**[02:19:45]** let's take the verb abl as an example how would you conjugate it in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take abl drop the ending and get yo abla and
> **[on-screen 02:19:53]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:19:53]** this phrase means I used to speak or I was speaking and I'll actually get to
> **[on-screen 02:19:56]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:19:57]** this structure later in the video for two you get aabas for L you get abla and
> **[on-screen 02:19:59]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabamos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | hablaban
**[02:20:02]** you have to put the pronoun before the verb to not confuse it with Y for noos you get AOS and AOS try not concentrating on
> **[on-screen 02:20:10]**
> hablar - to speak (imperfect): hablaba | hablabafnos hablabas | hablabais hablaba | Hablab
**[02:20:11]** these pronouns because they're the least used ones in conversation if anything you should only know how to conjugate them and the best thing about this conjugation pattern is that it's the same across every AR verb there is in Spanish there is no ST changing irregular y verbs which makes the imperfect tense very convenient and it's the same thing with verbs ending in e r and IR however they have a different
> **[on-screen 02:20:28]**
> -er & -ir ending verbs: ia jamos ias iais ia ian
**[02:20:29]** pattern than a verbs but both e r and ir verbs share the same pattern for the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and put for two you putas for L you also get and don't confuse it with the your pronoun in context for noos you getos Vos and AOS taking the verbs and as
> **[on-screen 02:20:48]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): comia | comiamos comias | comiais comia | comian
**[02:20:49]** examples how would you conjugate the verb K in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take drop the ending and put the ending so you get yo meaning I used
> **[on-screen 02:20:58]**
> Yocomia | used to eat | was eating
**[02:20:59]** to eat or I was eating I was eating is
> **[on-screen 02:21:00]**
> Yo comia | used to eat | was eating
**[02:21:01]** more of an accurate definition and I'll get to that later for to you getas you
> **[on-screen 02:21:04]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): comia | comiamos comias | comiais comia | comian
**[02:21:05]** used to eat or you were eating for El you get for noos you get andos and now you simply replicate
> **[on-screen 02:21:14]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): vivia viviamos vivias | viviais vivia vivian
**[02:21:15]** the same idea with the verb VI as always
> **[on-screen 02:21:17]**
> comer - to eat (imperfect): vivir - to live (imperfect): vivia viviamos e r v vivias viv Is A vivia via
**[02:21:17]** try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation as I said before there is no stem changing irregular yo pronouns or any irregular exceptions with verbs ending in e and IR however there's only
> **[on-screen 02:21:27]**
> Irregulars in the Imperfect: e Ir- To go e Ver - Tosee e Ser - To be (factually)
**[02:21:28]** three completely irregular verbs in the imperfect which are very useful and those are ver and S because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with any of them I recommend just memorizing their patterns in the imperfect for you
> **[on-screen 02:21:39]**
> Ir- To go (imperfect): iba ibamos ibas ibais iba iban
**[02:21:39]** get yo I used to go or I was going to ibas Elba and so on as always don't
> **[on-screen 02:21:45]**
> Ir- To go (imperfect): iba ibamos Vv ibas bi Ss A iba iba
**[02:21:45]** focus on these pronouns for you get I
> **[on-screen 02:21:47]**
> Ver - To see (imperfect): veia veiamos veias veiais veia veian
**[02:21:49]** used to see or I was seeing two and so on as always don't focus on
> **[on-screen 02:21:54]**
> Ver - To see (imperfect): veia ve| amos \ 4 veias vel s A veia eia
**[02:21:54]** these pronouns at last you have the verb
> **[on-screen 02:21:56]**
> Ser - To be (imperfect): era éramos eras erais era eran
**[02:21:59]** is and so on the verb however is used in a very different way in the imperfect than in the past simple said in the past
> **[on-screen 02:22:05]**
> Ser inthe Ser in the past past simple: imperfect:
**[02:22:06]** simple describes things that
> **[on-screen 02:22:07]**
> Ser inthe Ser in the past past simple: imperfect: Describes things that happened and finished in the past, specifically when, where, and how events took place
**[02:22:07]** specifically happened in the past and that were finished in the past mainly speaking of when where and how events took place however said in the imperfect changes its meaning by applying to
> **[on-screen 02:22:16]**
> Ser in the Ser in the past past simple: imperfect: Describes things that Things that used to happened and finished happen or were in the past, specifically happening in the past when, where, and how events took place
**[02:22:17]** things that used to happen or were happening in the past so it's important to not confuse the past simple and past imperfect saying a sentence like Yu Bonito would imply that I was beautiful
> **[on-screen 02:22:26]**
> Yo fui bonito | was beautiful ata SPECIFIC TIME
**[02:22:27]** at a specific time in the past which logically doesn't make sense on the other hand saying y erab Bonito means I
> **[on-screen 02:22:32]**
> Yo fui bonito Yo era bonito | was beautiful ata SPECIFIC TIME
> **[on-screen 02:22:33]**
> Yo fui bonito Yo era bonito A l used to be beautiful I was beautiful ata which wasn’t something SPECI FIC Tl M E that specifically happened but rather a trait that was happening in the past
**[02:22:33]** used to be beautiful indicating that it wasn't something that specifically happened but rather a trait that was happening in the past that's the difference between said in the past simple and past imperfect which is a topic that's difficult to understand but the best tip that I can give for understanding said in the imperf perfect is that it means used to be in the past
> **[on-screen 02:22:48]**
> Ser in the imperfect means USED TO BE in the past
**[02:22:49]** and its most common uses are ones that have to do with people for instance saying a sentence like to isud means you
> **[on-screen 02:22:56]**
> Tu eras estudiante You were/used to be astudent
**[02:22:56]** were as in you used to be a student and you're no longer a student now erapid means he was as in he used to be fast
> **[on-screen 02:23:02]**
> El era rapido He was/used to be fast
**[02:23:03]** but he's no longer fast now hopefully I'm making this concept as easy as possible overall this is everything you should know about the imperfect tense but there's still one concept that I need to mention to fully explain the imperfect and it's something that has to do with the verb estar in the beginning
> **[on-screen 02:23:16]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:23:16]** of the video I talked about phrases like yo ABA which means I used to speak or I was speaking visually looking at this phrase it sort of makes sense that the phrase would be I used to speak but
> **[on-screen 02:23:25]**
> Yo hablaba | used to speak | was speaking
**[02:23:25]** let's not forget that the imperfect tense also applies to things that were happening in the past looking at the
> **[on-screen 02:23:30]**
> Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:30]** phrase I was speaking we can see that there's a form of the present progressive in the imperfect due to the construction was with ing while it can
> **[on-screen 02:23:36]**
> Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:38]** mean I used to speak yo abla signifies I was speaking rather than I used to speak and the only way to understand this concept is through the verb estar by far
> **[on-screen 02:23:46]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive)
**[02:23:46]** the most useful use ful application of estar in the imperfect is the present progressive saying a sentence like yoa
> **[on-screen 02:23:52]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive) Yo hablaba | was speaking
**[02:23:52]** can mean I was speaking but another way to write this using the present progressive is y EST derived from the
> **[on-screen 02:23:57]**
> Estar in the imperfect: (present progressive) Yo estaba hablando | was speaking
**[02:23:58]** verb EST and looking at this phrase it makes more sense to use this construction than simply saying yo abla to put it into simpler words yo abla means I was speaking and it can be written as yo esta and it doesn't get more difficult than this some of you
> **[on-screen 02:24:11]**
> Yo estuve hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:11]** might think to use AAR from the past simple by saying y but this would be an
> **[on-screen 02:24:16]**
> Yo esteie hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:16]** incorrect use of estar because the
> **[on-screen 02:24:18]**
> Yo este hablando | was speaking The present progressive is continuous, meaning that it’s happening, and so the imperfect is needed for estar in the present progressive
**[02:24:18]** present progressive is an action that's always continuous even in the past because it's a continuous action meaning that it's happening the imperfect is needed for estan in the present progressive instead of saying y EST we need to say y EST because the action is
> **[on-screen 02:24:31]**
> Yo estaba hablando | was speaking
**[02:24:32]** continuous and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say for
> **[on-screen 02:24:36]**
> Tu caminabas cada dia
**[02:24:36]** instance saying a sentence like can mean you used to walk every day
> **[on-screen 02:24:40]**
> Tu caminabas cada dia You used to walk every day You were walking every day
**[02:24:41]** or you were walking every day and another way to write this is to
> **[on-screen 02:24:44]**
> Tu estabas caminando cada dia Tu caminabas cada dia You used to walk every day You were walking every day
**[02:24:45]** estas saying a sentence
> **[on-screen 02:24:47]**
> El comia por las mafanas
**[02:24:48]** like means he used to eat or he was
> **[on-screen 02:24:50]**
> El comia por las mafhanas He used to eat in the mornings He was eating in the mornings
**[02:24:51]** eating in the mornings and another way to write this
> **[on-screen 02:24:55]**
> El estaba comiendo por las mafanas El comia por las mahanas He used to eat in the mornings He was eating in the mornings
**[02:24:55]** is saying a sentence like means I used to go to the school or
> **[on-screen 02:25:00]**
> Yo ibaa la escuela | used to go to the school | was going to the school
**[02:25:01]** I was going to the school and with the verb there is no way to rewrite the sentence because doesn't have a form in the present progressive saying a
> **[on-screen 02:25:08]**
> Tu estabas muy feliz
**[02:25:09]** like means you used to be very happy and
> **[on-screen 02:25:10]**
> Tu estabas muy feliz You used to be very happy You were very happy
**[02:25:12]** with the verb estar this would be a correct way to use it because estar in the imperfect has the same appliations as in the present so there isn't really much of a change aside from the way you would use it in the present progressive

150
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/32-stressed-possessive-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
# 32. Stressed Possessive Adjectives
- **Time range:** 02:25:22 – 02:27:59 (duration 00:02:37)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8722s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:25:22]**
> Stressed Possessive Adjectives
**[02:25:22]** stress possessed adjectives in Spanish indicate to whom a possess object
> **[on-screen 02:25:24]**
> Stressed Possessive Adjectives Indicate to whom a possessed object belongs
**[02:25:25]** belongs I already made a video about
> **[on-screen 02:25:26]**
> Possessive Adjectives Explained In 3 Minutes
**[02:25:26]** this topic talking about normal possessive adjectives such as my your
> **[on-screen 02:25:29]**
> English Possessive Adjectives: my our your y'all's his/her/its | their
**[02:25:30]** his her our y'alls and there but stress possessive adjectives are adjectives that indicate to whom something belongs in English these can be mine yours his
> **[on-screen 02:25:37]**
> English Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mine ours yours y’all’s his/hers/its| theirs
**[02:25:39]** or hers ours Ys and theirs and they can be used in sentences like the computer
> **[on-screen 02:25:44]**
> The computer is mine
**[02:25:44]** is mine or the computer of mine which
> **[on-screen 02:25:45]**
> The computer is mine The computer of mine
**[02:25:46]** similar ly applies to the rest of the adjectives in Spanish just like regular
> **[on-screen 02:25:49]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:25:49]** possessive adjectives stressed ones have gender and plurality with every adjective having a gender depending on the number of objects that you're referring to to say mine in Spanish the word has to be mo with an accent if it's masculine or Mia if it's feminine to say yours the word is tuo masculine and tuya feminine to say ours or Ys the form of the possessive adjective actually stays
> **[on-screen 02:26:11]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:26:11]** the same as the regular possessive adjective which makes Spanish more convenient so you can only tell the difference between them in context the words suo masculine and suya feminine
> **[on-screen 02:26:18]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a
**[02:26:20]** can mean his hers or theirs and so you
> **[on-screen 02:26:21]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/a_ | nuestro/a tuyo/a | vuestro/a suyo/a | suyo/a (of his, of hers, of theirs)
**[02:26:23]** can only tell the difference between them in context in case you need to pluralize any of them you simply put an essay after every adjective saying a
> **[on-screen 02:26:28]**
> Spanish Stressed Possessive Adjectives: mio/as_ | nuestro/as tuyo/as | vuestro/as suyo/as | suyo/as
**[02:26:29]** sentence like a Lio is would mean the
> **[on-screen 02:26:32]**
> El libro es mio The book is mine
**[02:26:32]** book is mine with the ending of the
> **[on-screen 02:26:33]**
> El libro es mio The book is mine
**[02:26:34]** adjective matching the gender of the noun but another way to say this would be a Libro meaning the book of mine
> **[on-screen 02:26:38]**
> El libro mio The book of mine
**[02:26:39]** which still makes sense but it's not that useful conversationally instead you can use these adjectives when talking about people like Joan is amig meaning
> **[on-screen 02:26:46]**
> John es un amigo mio
**[02:26:47]** John is a friend of mine and the same
> **[on-screen 02:26:48]**
> John es un amigo mio John is a friend of mine
**[02:26:49]** principle applies to any phrase you want to say saying something like Laut would
> **[on-screen 02:26:54]**
> La computadora tuya The computer of yours
**[02:26:54]** mean the computer of yours with the ending of the adjective matching the
> **[on-screen 02:26:56]**
> La computadora tuya The computer of yours
**[02:26:57]** gender of the noun saying something like
> **[on-screen 02:26:59]**
> La clase nuestra The class of ours
**[02:26:59]** La clra would mean the class of ours again matching the gender and in case you want to pluralize it you can Sayes
> **[on-screen 02:27:05]**
> Las clases nuestras The classes of ours
**[02:27:05]** noas meaning the classes of ours because
> **[on-screen 02:27:08]**
> suyo/a(s) of his, of hers, of theirs
**[02:27:08]** Su suya suos and suas can have more than one meaning you can avoid the confusion by specifying who the subject pronoun is for instance saying El suo would mean
> **[on-screen 02:27:18]**
> El teclado suyo The keyboard of
**[02:27:18]** the keyboard of but because suo has multiple meanings we need to specify the subject in context by saying something like El meaning the keyboard of his
> **[on-screen 02:27:24]**
> El teclado de él The keyboard of his
**[02:27:26]** because we know that L refers to a masculine his we can now change the sentence to ELO which would still mean
> **[on-screen 02:27:31]**
> El teclado de él El teclado suyo The keyboard of his
**[02:27:32]** the keyboard of his and the same idea applies to any subject that you want to use but keep in mind gender and plurality one thing to note with
> **[on-screen 02:27:38]**
> Stressed possessive adjectives can also function with the same meaning as regular possessive adjectives
**[02:27:38]** stressed possessive adjectives is that they can also function with the same meaning as regular possessive adjectives like saying to quaderno which means your
> **[on-screen 02:27:45]**
> Tu cuaderno Your notebook
**[02:27:46]** notebook but this phrase can also be Rewritten while keeping its meaning like saying El and now this sentence means
> **[on-screen 02:27:50]**
> El cuaderno tuyo Your notebook
**[02:27:52]** both your notebook and the notebook of
> **[on-screen 02:27:54]**
> El cuaderno tuyo Your notebook The notebook of yours
**[02:27:55]** yours and the same idea applies to any other sentence you want to say using these adjectives POR in Spanish means by

340
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/33-por-para.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
# 33. “Por” & “Para”
- **Time range:** 02:27:59 – 02:34:12 (duration 00:06:13)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=8879s)
---
**[02:28:00]** or through and para means four sometimes
> **[on-screen 02:28:02]**
> por para by/through for
**[02:28:03]** the two prepositions have the same meaning but are used in different
> **[on-screen 02:28:06]**
> por para by/through for
**[02:28:06]** situations so you cannot use them interchangeably in this video I'd like to explain all the differences between them and how to use them in what context
> **[on-screen 02:28:13]**
> movement time action por para
**[02:28:13]** mainly speaking of movement time and action which both Po and Para but in different circumstances starting with
> **[on-screen 02:28:18]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement):
**[02:28:18]** the first usage of por this preposition can literally mean by or through which involves movement but it's used as other prepositions when it comes down to the duration of an event or a reason for a circumstance for instance you can use po when speaking of the preposition by or
> **[on-screen 02:28:33]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement): Yo fui por el parque
**[02:28:33]** like which literally means I went by or
> **[on-screen 02:28:36]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement): Yo fui por el parque | went by/through the park
**[02:28:36]** through the park which logically makes sense both in English and Spanish however saying a sentence like YOLO isos
> **[on-screen 02:28:42]**
> Yo lo hice por dos horas
**[02:28:43]** oras indicates I did it for 2 hours with
> **[on-screen 02:28:44]**
> Yo lo hice por dos horas | did it for two hours
**[02:28:46]** po acting as the preposition for in English and it is tricky to understand the best tip that I can give to understand this better is instead of thinking of the sentence in English you can logically think of por as something that's used for a duration or during
> **[on-screen 02:28:57]**
> 2). por > during (duration) Yo lo hice por dos horas | did it for two hours
**[02:28:57]** something which leads to the second use of por instead of saying I did it for 2 hours we can think of it as I did it during 2 hours which demonstrates the
> **[on-screen 02:29:04]**
> 2). por > during (duration) Yo lo hice por dos horas I did it during two hours
**[02:29:05]** use of a duration through the preposition por which is why por is used it is tricky to understand but that's the closest connection I can give it in English another way to use po is for a
> **[on-screen 02:29:13]**
> 3). por (a reason of action)
**[02:29:14]** reason of action like in the sentence y
> **[on-screen 02:29:16]**
> 3). por (a reason of action) Yo llegué tarde a la casa por el trafico | arrived late to the house because of the traffic
**[02:29:21]** because of the traffic and in this context PO is used as the preposition
> **[on-screen 02:29:25]**
> 3). por > because of (a reason of action) Yo llegué tarde a la casa por el trafico | arrived late to the house because of the traffic
**[02:29:25]** because of because there's a reason of the action done in the sentence and that's the closest connection I can give it now to get more precise with po we
> **[on-screen 02:29:30]**
> 1). por » by/through (movement) 2). por > during (duration) 3). por » because of (a reason of action)
**[02:29:31]** have to take a look at movement time and action a bit more specifically aside from these categories P can also be used in topics like in the search for and
> **[on-screen 02:29:39]**
> 1). por > by/through (movement) 2). por > during (duration) 3). por > because of (a reason of action) 4). por > in search of 5). por > an exchange 6). por > units of measurement 7). por > idiomatic expressions
**[02:29:39]** exchange units of measurement and idiomatic expressions for instance
> **[on-screen 02:29:43]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz
**[02:29:44]** yapis indicates that I went for my
> **[on-screen 02:29:46]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz | went for my pencil
**[02:29:47]** pencil which visually doesn't make sense in English with the preposition for but another way to look at the sentence is I went in search of my pencil which is why
> **[on-screen 02:29:53]**
> 4). por (in search of) Yo fui por mi lapiz | went in search of my pencil
**[02:29:55]** po has to be used in this context
> **[on-screen 02:29:57]**
> 5). por (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto
**[02:29:57]** another example can be an exchange like in the sentence meaning I gave you money for
> **[on-screen 02:30:02]**
> 5). por (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto | gave you money for the ticket
**[02:30:03]** the ticket once again po functions as the preposition for in English but another way to say the sentence is I gave you money in exchange for the
> **[on-screen 02:30:10]**
> 5). por > in exchange for (an exchange) Yo te di dinero por el boleto | gave you money in exchange for the ticket
**[02:30:10]** ticket with the words in exchange for all meaning Po in Spanish even though it's hard to understand that's the closest connection I can give it can
> **[on-screen 02:30:17]**
> 6). por (units of measurement)
**[02:30:17]** also be used for units of measurement
> **[on-screen 02:30:20]**
> 6). por (units of measurement) Yo conducia 120 kilometros por hora
**[02:30:21]** like K which means I was driving 120 km
> **[on-screen 02:30:24]**
> 6). por (units of measurement) Yo conducia 120 kil6metros por hora | was driving 120 kilometers per hour
**[02:30:26]** per hour with por acting as the preposition per even though it's not a useful sentence it does make sense for use of por at last p is also used for
> **[on-screen 02:30:32]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions)
**[02:30:33]** idiomatic expressions like pemp and P
> **[on-screen 02:30:35]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions) Por ejemplo Por fin
**[02:30:37]** which mean for example and at last and
> **[on-screen 02:30:38]**
> 7). por (idiomatic expressions) Por ejemplo Por fin For example At last
**[02:30:39]** you have the prepositions for and at which don't really make sense in English but once again that's how por functions with movement time and action in in
> **[on-screen 02:30:46]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of por: 1). Movement > by/through 2). Duration > during 3). Action > because of
**[02:30:46]** summary P applies to these circumstances but the critical part to remember is that it applies to past or current
> **[on-screen 02:30:51]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of por: 1). Past/Current Movement > by/through 2). Past/Current Duration > during 3). Past/Current Action > because of
**[02:30:52]** movement time and action with more examples on the way B specifically indicates things like a general motion
> **[on-screen 02:30:57]**
> por 1). Movement - General motion (by/through) Yo iba por la clase | was going by/through the class
**[02:30:58]** like by or through a duration of action
> **[on-screen 02:30:59]**
> por 2). Duration (of an action) (during) Yo estuve en Las Vegas por un mes | was in Las Vegas for/during a month
**[02:31:00]** as enduring a reason for an action like
> **[on-screen 02:31:01]**
> por 3). Action - (A reason for it) (because of) Ella lo hizo por su familia She did it because of her family
**[02:31:02]** because of an object of a search as in
> **[on-screen 02:31:03]**
> por 4). Object of a search (in search of) El fue por su teléfono He went for/in search of his phone
**[02:31:05]** search of an exchange like in exchange
> **[on-screen 02:31:06]**
> por 5). An exchange/substitution (in exchange for) Yo lo di por tu libro I gave it for/in exchange for your book
**[02:31:07]** for units of measurement as in per an
> **[on-screen 02:31:08]**
> por 6). Units of measurement. (per) 2 litros por botella 2 liters per bottle
**[02:31:09]** idiomatic phrases like these ones that's
> **[on-screen 02:31:10]**
> por 7). Idiomatic expressions por aqui - around here por eso - that is why por ejemplo - for example por fin - at last
**[02:31:11]** how por functions in Spanish para on the other hand literally translates as for but sometimes functions like other prepositions just like Po para also
> **[on-screen 02:31:19]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement 2). Time 3). Action
**[02:31:20]** applies to movement time and action but in these cases para indicates an event in the future or a purpose for an event
> **[on-screen 02:31:25]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
> **[on-screen 02:31:27]**
> 1). para (movement) Yo salgo para Las Vegas el lunes
**[02:31:27]** for instance saying a sentence like Y lasas El Lunes means I leave for Las
> **[on-screen 02:31:32]**
> 1). para > for (movement) Yo salgo para Las Vegas el lunes | leave for Las Vegas on Monday
**[02:31:32]** Vegas on Monday indicating a destination that I'm going to reach which is an event that's going to happen in the future however saying something like YOLO Voya said means I'm going to do it
> **[on-screen 02:31:40]**
> Yo lo voy a hacer para el viernes I’m going to do it by Friday
**[02:31:43]** by Friday and in this tricky context the
> **[on-screen 02:31:45]**
> 2). para > by/for/on (deadline) Yo lo voy a hacer para el viernes I’m going to do it by Friday
**[02:31:45]** word para Acts as the preposition by in English which doesn't make sense but it does function as a deadline in the future which is why para is used another way to look at the sentence is I'm going to do it on Friday with para acting as the preposition on which still indicates a deadline in the future at last para
> **[on-screen 02:32:01]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it)
**[02:32:01]** can also demonstrate a purpose for an action like in the
> **[on-screen 02:32:05]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor
**[02:32:06]** sentence meaning I study Spanish to be a
> **[on-screen 02:32:07]**
> 3). Action (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor | study Spanish to be a teacher
**[02:32:08]** teacher even though there's completely no preposition in the sentence by saying I study Spanish to be a teacher what we're trying to say is I study Spanish in order to be a teacher with para
> **[on-screen 02:32:16]**
> 3). Action > in order to (A reason for it) Yo estudio espanol para ser profesor | study Spanish in order to be a teacher
**[02:32:17]** acting as a purpose of the action literally meaning in order to this sentence can also be written the opposite way
> **[on-screen 02:32:24]**
> 3). Action ~ in order to (A reason for it) Para ser profesor, yo estudio espanol
**[02:32:24]** Prof in order to be a teacher I study
> **[on-screen 02:32:26]**
> 3). Action ~ in order to (A reason for it) Para ser profesor, yo estudio espanol In order to be a teacher, | study Spanish
**[02:32:27]** Spanish I believe that this is the easiest form of para to remember because para in this context will always come before a verb indicating in order to and that's the closest connection I can give it however para has other uses that are more logical than por once you put the context into English still falling into
> **[on-screen 02:32:42]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
**[02:32:42]** the category of movement time and action P can be used for being the recipient of
> **[on-screen 02:32:46]**
> The Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future 4). Recipient of something 5). Comparison with others 6). In the employment of
**[02:32:47]** something a comparison with others and in the employment of for instance saying
> **[on-screen 02:32:50]**
> 4). para > for (recipient of something) Este regalo es para él
**[02:32:51]** something like estal means this gift is
> **[on-screen 02:32:54]**
> 4). para > for (recipient of something) Este regalo es para él This gift is for him
**[02:32:54]** for him with him acting as the recipient of the phrase which is why para is used as for saying something
> **[on-screen 02:32:59]**
> 5). para > for (comparison with others) Para mi, esta leccion es facil
**[02:33:01]** like means for me this lesson is easy
> **[on-screen 02:33:02]**
> 5). para > for (comparison with others) Para mi, esta leccion es facil For me, this lesson is easy
**[02:33:03]** comparing the lesson with myself and in this context para is also used as for in English at last you can also use par in
> **[on-screen 02:33:09]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of)
**[02:33:10]** the employment of such
> **[on-screen 02:33:12]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of) Ella trabaja para Telecom
**[02:33:12]** Asel meaning she works for Telecom and
> **[on-screen 02:33:14]**
> 6). para > for (in the employment of) Ella trabaja para Telecom She works for Telecom
**[02:33:15]** once again para is used as for in summary para applies to movement time
> **[on-screen 02:33:18]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement - in the future 2). Time - in the future 3). Action - in the future
**[02:33:19]** and action but what's important to remember is that it applies to events that will happen in the future like
> **[on-screen 02:33:24]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement (destinations) - in the future 2). Time (deadlines) - in the future 3). Action (purposes) - in the future
**[02:33:24]** destinations deadlines and purposes along with recipients of something
> **[on-screen 02:33:27]**
> The 3 Primary Uses of para: 1). Movement (destinations) - in the future 2). Time (deadlines) - in the future 3). Action (purposes) - in the future 4). Recipients of something 5). Comparisons 6). Employment
**[02:33:28]** comparisons and employment overall The
> **[on-screen 02:33:30]**
> por |movement] para time =p action Ga
**[02:33:30]** crucial part to remember about Po and para is that they both apply for movement time and action while sharing different circumstances in each category po May apply to a general motion the
> **[on-screen 02:33:38]**
> por |movement] para time op action al 1. General motion 2. Duration of an event 3. Areason for action
**[02:33:39]** duration of an event and the reason for an action including ideas like an object
> **[on-screen 02:33:43]**
> por movement para time ae action «= 1. General motion 2. Duration of an event 3. Areason for action 4. Object of a search 5. An exchange 6. Units of measurement 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:43]** of a search an exchange units of measurement an idiomatic statements par also applies to movement time and action but mainly speaks of events in the
> **[on-screen 02:33:51]**
> por movement para time ep action @ 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. A reason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 5. An exchange 6. Units of measurement 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:51]** future like destinations deadlines and purposes while having recipients of
> **[on-screen 02:33:54]**
> por movement para time = action ga 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. A reason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:33:54]** something comparisons and employment the biggest tip that I can give to understand when to use por and when to use para is to always remember that por is used more for movement time and action in the past but para is used more
> **[on-screen 02:34:05]**
> past por movement para time =p action (= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:34:06]** for movement time and action in the
> **[on-screen 02:34:08]**
> past future por movement para time => action «= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions
**[02:34:08]** future and as always these are the closest connections I can give them in English comparatives and superlatives in

206
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/34-comparatives-superlatives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
# 34. Comparatives & Superlatives
- **Time range:** 02:34:12 – 02:39:27 (duration 00:05:15)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9252s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:34:12]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives Explain the differences between people and things
**[02:34:13]** Spanish explain the differences between people and things in English there's a
> **[on-screen 02:34:17]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young ~ younger > youngest
**[02:34:17]** very simple system on how to use these ideas correctly but there are a few
> **[on-screen 02:34:20]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young > younger > youngest good > better > best bad > worse ~ worst less > least more > most
**[02:34:20]** exceptions that make the language sound better in Spanish understanding how these ideas work can be a bit tricky but I'll try to explain them as easily as possible before fully knowing comparatives and superlatives you have to know that Spanish actually doesn't
> **[on-screen 02:34:32]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Spanish does NOT have a notion of adding letters, so it relies on the words mas & menos (more & less)
**[02:34:32]** have a notion of adding letters at the end of simple words like in English so it relies on the words mass and Menos meaning more or less to express its phrases make sure that you focus on these words because you will see them in almost every sentence as an example the
> **[on-screen 02:34:45]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena
**[02:34:47]** means this class is small but its
> **[on-screen 02:34:48]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena This class is small
**[02:34:49]** comparative version is different in Spanish in English we say the class is
> **[on-screen 02:34:53]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is smaller
**[02:34:53]** smaller by adding the letters e r to simple words but Spanish does not have the system instead it decides to use the word mass meaning more to justify the meaning by putting it before the adjective so the sentence would be is
> **[on-screen 02:35:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is smaller
**[02:35:06]** meaning this class is more small while
> **[on-screen 02:35:08]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is more small
**[02:35:08]** this is logical in Spanish it feels weird to say more small in English because English simply adds letters to the end of regular adjectives nonetheless it's still possible to say the phrase as it is this class is more small which is literally and Visually how the sentence Works in Spanish the
> **[on-screen 02:35:23]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish:
**[02:35:23]** superlative version on the other hand is actually a bit more complex because it adds an article to justify the claim both in English and Spanish the sentence
> **[on-screen 02:35:31]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest
**[02:35:31]** this class is the smallest contains an EST at the end of the adjective and the article the that specifies that this class is in fact the smallest similarly this is how the sentence Works in Spanish which only changes the meaning of one word the sentence in Spanish would be EST is l meaning this class is
> **[on-screen 02:35:45]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest Esta clase es la mas pequena
> **[on-screen 02:35:48]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the most small Esta clase es !a mas pequenha
**[02:35:48]** the most small while this makes sense in Spanish it again seems odd to say the most small because English combines the words nevertheless it's still possible to say this phrase as it is this class is the most small with the word mus acting as the word most unlike more from the previous phrase even though it's unusual to see phrases like more small and the most small this is how Spanish defines comparatives and superlatives English decides to combine the phrases into one word rather than keeping them in their form so there's really nothing difficult about this concept once you visually see it in English as a matter of fact it's easier to understand this concept once you start using less to express an inferior quality saying
> **[on-screen 02:36:24]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small
**[02:36:24]** something like this class is less small and this class is the least small is visually how the sentences work in
> **[on-screen 02:36:30]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequena Esta clase es la menos pequenha
**[02:36:30]** Spanish is and isos is literally how the phrases work in English the only difference is that in the first sentence menos means less and in the second L
> **[on-screen 02:36:39]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequeha Esta clase es la menos pequenha
**[02:36:41]** menos means the least an easy way to remember this is if you see an article before maso Menos they would mean most or least if there isn't an article Mas omos simply mean more or less as always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using M or menos an even easier
> **[on-screen 02:36:56]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive
**[02:36:56]** way to understand this concept is by using words that do not combine themselves this shirt is expensive in Spanish is esta esar the sentence say
> **[on-screen 02:37:03]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive Esta camisa es cara
> **[on-screen 02:37:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/least expensive
**[02:37:05]** this shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive work even comparably to Spanish because the word expensive isn't a word that combines itself we don't say expensive or expensivest because the sound of the words would be too bad so that's the reason why English decides to use words like more most less or least
> **[on-screen 02:37:24]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es la mas/menos cara
**[02:37:24]** esta isos and esta isos literally and Visually mean this
> **[on-screen 02:37:29]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es |a mas/menos cara
**[02:37:30]** shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive and that is as difficult as it gets as always it's up to you to use comparatives and superlatives to say any sentence you want at last there's one
> **[on-screen 02:37:42]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish:
**[02:37:42]** final concept to know with comparatives and superlatives and there somewhat similar to the concept in English being
> **[on-screen 02:37:47]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular)
**[02:37:47]** irregular comparatives and superlatives that have to do with words like Bueno
> **[on-screen 02:37:51]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) ¢ bueno/a - good e malo/a - bad e joven - young ¢ viejo/a - old
**[02:37:51]** Buena Malo Mala Hoven which is a neutral adjective and vi vi which mean good bad young and old as far as I know these are the only irregular qualities used to describe something as inferior or Superior in English saying something
> **[on-screen 02:38:04]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good
**[02:38:05]** like this lesson is good would be a simple sentence but the word changes to Better In the comparative form and the
> **[on-screen 02:38:09]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better
**[02:38:10]** best in the superlative and it's the
> **[on-screen 02:38:11]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better This lesson is the best
**[02:38:12]** same idea of the word bad being worse and worst span likewise has this concept but it's a bit more irregular saying EST
> **[on-screen 02:38:18]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena
**[02:38:20]** bu would be a simple sentence but the comparative version would
> **[on-screen 02:38:23]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena Esta lecci6n es mejor
**[02:38:24]** be meaning this lesson is better similarly having an irregular change like in English in the superlative form the sentence would be EST is Lor with an
> **[on-screen 02:38:31]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccién es buena Esta leccion es mejor Esta leccion es la mejor
**[02:38:33]** article indicating this but in this context the word meor means best rather than better from the previous phrase a tip that I can give here is that if you see an article before mahor the word would mean the best if there isn't an article mahor simply means best and it's
> **[on-screen 02:38:46]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) ¢ bueno/a - good e malo/a - bad e joven - young ¢ viejo/a - old
**[02:38:46]** the same irregular concept for Malo Mal and saying something like Malo means
> **[on-screen 02:38:50]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo
**[02:38:53]** this book is bad saying EST es means
> **[on-screen 02:38:54]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor
**[02:38:55]** this book is worse and saying
> **[on-screen 02:38:57]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor Este libro es el peor
**[02:38:57]** EST means this book is the worst similarly it's the same concept with meaning young and meaning old saying El
> **[on-screen 02:39:05]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven
**[02:39:06]** is means the kid is Young saying El
> **[on-screen 02:39:08]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven El niho es menor
**[02:39:09]** means the kid is younger and
> **[on-screen 02:39:11]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifhio es joven El nifio es menor El nifo es el menor
**[02:39:11]** saying means the kid is the youngest
> **[on-screen 02:39:14]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja
**[02:39:14]** saying means means she is old saying a
> **[on-screen 02:39:17]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor
**[02:39:17]** mayor means she's older and saying a LA
> **[on-screen 02:39:19]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor Ella es la mayor
**[02:39:20]** mayor means she is the oldest of course
> **[on-screen 02:39:22]**
> Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) bueno/a | mejor | el/lamejor malo/a = el/la peor joven el/la menor viejo/a | mayor | el/lamayor
**[02:39:22]** it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using irregular comparatives and superlatives in Spanish there are

233
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/35-how-negatives-work.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
# 35. How Negatives Work
- **Time range:** 02:39:27 – 02:43:50 (duration 00:04:23)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9567s)
---
**[02:39:27]** many negative forms in Spanish that sometimes work similarly to English and sometimes don't in this video I'd like to explain how negatives work in the language starting from basic words and sentences all the way to how they use them properly first there are some
> **[on-screen 02:39:38]**
> Indefinite: Negative:
**[02:39:39]** indefinite and negative words you should know in Spanish like these ones these
> **[on-screen 02:39:41]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:42]** words refer to people and things but not specifically algo means means something alen means someone alun means any and it's the only word that has gender and
> **[on-screen 02:39:50]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:51]** plurality along with the negative version too c means always anden means
> **[on-screen 02:39:53]**
> Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically
**[02:39:56]** also the negative words are NADA meaning nothing NAD meaning no one ningun meaning not any Nuna meaning never and TCO meaning neither even though I will not use all of these words they're still very useful to know at first in English we can have simple sentences with negatives like I do not speak French or
> **[on-screen 02:40:12]**
> In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian
**[02:40:13]** he does not speak Italian in Spanish we have to use the word no by placing it
> **[on-screen 02:40:16]**
> In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian ate)
**[02:40:17]** before a verb
> **[on-screen 02:40:18]**
> In Spanish: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian Yo no hablo francés El no habla italiano
**[02:40:23]** and the response is negative the use of two negative words can be used like asking can you come today v o if the
> **[on-screen 02:40:28]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy?
**[02:40:29]** response is negative I can say no I
> **[on-screen 02:40:31]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today
**[02:40:32]** cannot come today with two negatives in
> **[on-screen 02:40:33]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today
**[02:40:34]** the sentence in Spanish the idea works the same way if the response is negative I can say no y no comparing the phrase
> **[on-screen 02:40:39]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy
**[02:40:41]** to English the only difference is that
> **[on-screen 02:40:42]**
> In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy
**[02:40:42]** the word not is placed after can but no is is placed before PUO because Spanish places negatives before verbs all the time we can also ask something like did you go to the store and the answer can
> **[on-screen 02:40:51]**
> Did you go to the store?
**[02:40:52]** be no I did not go to the store in
> **[on-screen 02:40:53]**
> Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store
**[02:40:54]** Spanish the idea works the same
> **[on-screen 02:40:57]**
> Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store éFuiste a la tienda? No, yo no fui a la tienda
**[02:40:59]** no as always you can make any sentence you want using simple negatives in Spanish but it doesn't stop here negative words can be used in many different ways in Spanish as opposed to English in English you can say things
> **[on-screen 02:41:10]**
> In English: Nobody eats She never runs
**[02:41:10]** like nobody eats and she never runs and in Spanish there are many ways you can change these sentences you can
> **[on-screen 02:41:16]**
> In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre
**[02:41:17]** say which is visually more logical but unlike English Spanish can contain two
> **[on-screen 02:41:21]**
> In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre Unlike English, Spanish can contain two or more negative words
**[02:41:21]** or more negative words especially when a sentence begins with a negative idea with the full sentence being negative I
> **[on-screen 02:41:27]**
> | do not eat anything
**[02:41:27]** can say I do not eat anything with the word not before eat and with the word anything being indefinite in the sentence in Spanish the sentence would
> **[on-screen 02:41:35]**
> | do not eat anything Yo no como nada
**[02:41:35]** be Y no meaning I do not eat anything but as you can see Spanish has a double negative with the word NADA which means
> **[on-screen 02:41:41]**
> | do not eat anything Yo no como nada (nothing)
**[02:41:42]** nothing the sentence would visually be I do not eat nothing even though the sentence makes sense in Spanish it doesn't make sense in English because English doesn't allow double negatives nonetheless that's how negatives work in Spanish and we can make any sentence we want how would you say the sentence I do
> **[on-screen 02:41:55]**
> | do not see anything
**[02:41:56]** not see anything in Spanish Y noada how
> **[on-screen 02:41:58]**
> | do not see anything Yo no veo nada
> **[on-screen 02:41:59]**
> You never eat anything
**[02:41:59]** would you say you never eat
> **[on-screen 02:42:01]**
> You never eat anything Tu nunca comes nada
**[02:42:02]** anything how would you say he does not
> **[on-screen 02:42:03]**
> He does not know anything El no sabe nada
**[02:42:05]** anything that's how negatives work in Spanish at last there are two concepts that need more explanation involving alen and NAD meaning someone and no one
> **[on-screen 02:42:12]**
> alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any
**[02:42:14]** and alun and meaning any or not any because they indicate people alen and N have to use
> **[on-screen 02:42:19]**
> alguien - someone nadie - no one When speaking about people, alguien & nadie have to use the personal a which is used before the words
**[02:42:20]** the personal a which is used before the words for instance I can ask did you see
> **[on-screen 02:42:23]**
> Did you see someone?
**[02:42:24]** someone and you can reply with no I did
> **[on-screen 02:42:26]**
> Did you see someone? No, I did not see someone
**[02:42:26]** not see someone in Spanish whenever you ask about people you will have to include the personal a like saying V and you can reply with no Y and as you can
> **[on-screen 02:42:34]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie
**[02:42:36]** see the personal a is placed both in the
> **[on-screen 02:42:37]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie
**[02:42:38]** question and answer additionally Nadia
> **[on-screen 02:42:40]**
> éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie (no one)
**[02:42:40]** indicates no one which is a third negative in the sentence which is impossible in English but logic iCal in Spanish of course you have to watch out for these ideas finally there are the
> **[on-screen 02:42:48]**
> algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any
**[02:42:49]** words alun and nun which mean any or not any and they're the most complicated negatives in Spanish mainly because they're the only ones that have gender and plurality however using them in context is not that complicated especially when you know what the context is asking something
> **[on-screen 02:43:02]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui?
**[02:43:03]** like means do you have any book here if
> **[on-screen 02:43:05]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here?
**[02:43:06]** you reply with a negative the word has to match the gender and plurality if there is one so the answer in Spanish would be
> **[on-screen 02:43:12]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, I do not have any book here
**[02:43:13]** no no I do not have any book here again having nun as a third negative in case
> **[on-screen 02:43:17]**
> éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, | do not have any book here
**[02:43:18]** we want to pluralize the sentence we can ask alak meaning do you have some or any
> **[on-screen 02:43:21]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here?
**[02:43:24]** books here and the reply can be
> **[on-screen 02:43:26]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, I do not have any books here
**[02:43:27]** no meaning no I do not have any books here in Spanish you have three negatives
> **[on-screen 02:43:31]**
> éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, | do not have any books here
**[02:43:32]** but English does not allow it one final example can be
> **[on-screen 02:43:35]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui?
**[02:43:35]** Kos meaning are you familiar with any
> **[on-screen 02:43:37]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here?
**[02:43:38]** store around here and you can reply with
> **[on-screen 02:43:40]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna
**[02:43:40]** no y kosuna meaning no I am not familiar
> **[on-screen 02:43:42]**
> éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna No, | am not familiar with any
**[02:43:43]** with any as always you can make any sentence you want using negatives in Spanish and hopefully after this video you understand how negatives work in the
> **[on-screen 02:43:49]**
> Spanish: How Negatives Work In The Language

342
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/36-familiar-t-commands.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
# 36. Familiar Tú Commands
- **Time range:** 02:43:50 – 02:50:50 (duration 00:07:00)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=9830s)
---
**[02:43:50]** language familiar two commands in
> **[on-screen 02:43:51]**
> Familiar Tu Commands
**[02:43:52]** Spanish is a singular informal way to
> **[on-screen 02:43:53]**
> Familiar Ta Commands A singular informal way to tell someone what to do when you speak to them
**[02:43:54]** tell someone what to do when you speak to them in English this concept is very simple because it doesn't matter what verb we use its form in the infinitive will always stay the same saying you speak can mean one thing but saying Speak can generate a command and it's the same form with any verb in English
> **[on-screen 02:44:09]**
> Eat your food! Tie your shoes! Look up! Get up! Leave now!
**[02:44:09]** like eat your food tie your shoes look up get up leave now and so on the reason why it's easy in English is because the Comm and always stays in the same form
> **[on-screen 02:44:15]**
> Eat your food! Tie your shoes! Look up! Get up! Leave now!
**[02:44:16]** as the infinitive Spanish however modifies these words both in the affirmative and negative two commands without needing the pronoun two regular
> **[on-screen 02:44:23]**
> -ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is a/e an/en
**[02:44:23]** a r e r and i verbs will keep their form as a two command by taking the L AA form
> **[on-screen 02:44:28]**
> -ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is — an/en
**[02:44:29]** from the present simple for instance
> **[on-screen 02:44:31]**
> él habla > he speaks
**[02:44:31]** saying means he speaks but simply saying
> **[on-screen 02:44:34]**
> él habla > he speaks jHabla! > Speak!
**[02:44:34]** abah means speak as in I'm giving you a command to speak now similarly we can use an ER verb like com saying something
> **[on-screen 02:44:42]**
> Comer - To eat jCome tu comida! Eat your food!
**[02:44:42]** likea meaning eat your food without needing to put the pronoun to in the beginning we can also use an IR verb like and say something
> **[on-screen 02:44:50]**
> Abrir - To open Abre la puerta por favor Open the door please
**[02:44:50]** like meaning open the door please and the same concept applies to any other regular verb that you want to use in the affirmative command however there are some irregular affirmative to commands
> **[on-screen 02:44:58]**
> Irregular Affirmative Commands: ¢ Ver (to see) - ;Ve! > See! e Ir (to go) - ;Ve! > Go! * Decir (to say/tell) - ;Di! > Say/Tell! e Ser (to be) - ;Sé! > Be! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jHaz! > Do/Make! ¢ Poner (to put) - jPon! > Put! ¢ Salir (to leave) - jSal! > Leave! ¢ Tener (to have) - jTen! > Have! ¢ Venir (to come) - ;Ven! > Come!
**[02:45:06]** is to just memorize these commands because there is no pattern to follow with any of
> **[on-screen 02:45:10]**
> Pon tu teléfono en la mesa
**[02:45:10]** them means put the phone on the table
> **[on-screen 02:45:12]**
> Pon tu teléfono en la mesa Put your phone on the table
**[02:45:13]** means do your homework Sala means leave
> **[on-screen 02:45:14]**
> Haz tu tarea Do your homework
**[02:45:16]** now VES means come if you can this is
> **[on-screen 02:45:18]**
> Ven si puedes Come if you can
**[02:45:19]** how irregular commands work in the affirmative at last there are the verbs
> **[on-screen 02:45:22]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go)
**[02:45:23]** ver and which have the same pattern so
> **[on-screen 02:45:24]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve
**[02:45:25]** you can only tell their difference in context a tip that I can give is if you
> **[on-screen 02:45:28]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve If you see the preposition a after ve, the verb has to be ir
**[02:45:28]** see the preposition a after the verb has to be as in go to the school if you
> **[on-screen 02:45:32]**
> Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve Ve ala escuela - Go to the school
**[02:45:34]** don't see a preposition after the verb is as in see that movie of course you can say any command that you want using regular and irregular verbs in the affirmative form now under understanding
> **[on-screen 02:45:44]**
> Negative Tu Commands:
**[02:45:45]** how two commands work in the negative form can be tricky but there is one pattern to follow in case you get confused in the negative form ar verbs
> **[on-screen 02:45:52]**
> Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: no + (verb) + es
**[02:45:52]** will drop their ending and get the ending s along with the word no in the
> **[on-screen 02:45:56]**
> Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: no+(verb)+es no+(verb) +as
**[02:45:56]** beginning for e r and ir verbs you drop the ending and put the ending us along with no in the beginning for instance
> **[on-screen 02:46:02]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now!
**[02:46:02]** saying a a means speak now in the affirmative form but how would you say this command in the negative form You
> **[on-screen 02:46:08]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo!
**[02:46:08]** Begin by saying no you take a drop the
> **[on-screen 02:46:09]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hablar!
**[02:46:10]** ending and put the ending s so you get
> **[on-screen 02:46:11]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables!
**[02:46:12]** no aess don't speak and the same idea
> **[on-screen 02:46:13]**
> jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables! - Don’t Speak!
**[02:46:15]** works for any regular AR verb you want to use for e and ir verbs like com and
> **[on-screen 02:46:18]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open!
**[02:46:20]** ab You Begin by saying no take com and drop the endings and put the ending as so you get no commas and no abas meaning
> **[on-screen 02:46:27]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! jNo abras!
**[02:46:28]** don't eat and don't open and the same
> **[on-screen 02:46:29]**
> jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! - Don’t eat! jNo abras! - Don’t open!
**[02:46:30]** idea applies to any other regular e and IR verb you want to use the negative form of two commands actually doesn't stop here because there's a lot of
> **[on-screen 02:46:37]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:46:38]** irregular verbs that change their form once they become negative including
> **[on-screen 02:46:41]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) Irregular “Yo” verbs Verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar Irregular verbs in general
**[02:46:41]** irregular y verbs verbs that end in K G and SAR and regular verbs in general
> **[on-screen 02:46:46]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) ° Decir (to say/tell) ¢ Hacer (to do/make) © Poner (to put) ° Salir (to leave) ¢ Traer (to bring) ¢ Venir (to come) ° Ver (to see)
**[02:46:52]** that is being irregular in the Y form
> **[on-screen 02:46:53]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Conducir (to drive) - conduzco ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - digo ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - hago ¢ Poner (to put) - pongo * Salir (to leave) - salgo ¢ Traer (to bring) - traigo ¢ Venir (to come) - vengo ° Ver (to see) - veo
**[02:46:54]** and the way that you would use them in the negative command is by taking their y form from the present dropping their vows from the end and adding the ending
> **[on-screen 02:47:00]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) - ;jNo conduzcas! ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - jNo digas! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jNo hagas! ¢ Poner (to put) - jNo pongas! Salir (to leave) - jNo salgas! ¢ Traer (to bring) - jNo traigas! ¢ Venir (to come) - jNo vengas! © Ver (to see) - jNo veas!
**[02:47:01]** us so it would look like this no kusas don't drive no digas don't tell or don't say no AAS don't do or don't make no pongas don't put no Salas don't leave no Trias don't bring no vengas don't come and no veas don't see inevitably there's other irregular y verbs in Spanish that have to be modified like these ones but it is not necessary to know all of them as long as they know the useful ones
> **[on-screen 02:47:26]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:47:26]** after irregular yo verbs there are verbs ending in k g and S and these verbs have a spelling change in the negative two commands like prac and organizar while
> **[on-screen 02:47:33]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar e Jugar e Organizar
**[02:47:35]** they keep their forms in the affirmative these verbs change their spellings in the negative like practicar which becomes no practi don't practice having
> **[on-screen 02:47:41]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar e Organizar
**[02:47:43]** an s ending as with with any AR verb in the negative form hugar becomes no
> **[on-screen 02:47:48]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar
**[02:47:49]** meaning don't play and it's a stem changing verb that changes its stem as
> **[on-screen 02:47:51]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar important Note: Stem-changing verbs will keep their stem-changing rule in both the affirmative and negative commands
**[02:47:52]** with any stem changing verb in both the affirmative and negative forms and
> **[on-screen 02:47:56]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! e Organizar - jNo organices!
**[02:47:56]** finally organ which becomes no organes don't organize at last there are General
> **[on-screen 02:48:00]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)
**[02:48:01]** irregular verbs in the negative
> **[on-screen 02:48:04]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) ¢ Ser (to be) e Estar (to be) e Ir (to go) e Saber (to know)
**[02:48:04]** like and if you want to put them in the negative form they will look like this
> **[on-screen 02:48:08]**
> Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) - jNo des! e Ser (to be) - jNo seas! e Estar (to be) - jNo estés! e Ir (to go) - jNo vayas! e Saber (to know) - jNo sepas!
**[02:48:08]** and the best tip that I can give is to memorize these forms because there is no pattern to follow with them of course you can say any command you want using irregular negative commands in Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:48:17]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs:
**[02:48:17]** an interesting concept with these commands is that they can be combined with direct and indirect object pronouns one of the most useful phrases with two commands involves the verb the meaning
> **[on-screen 02:48:25]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell
**[02:48:26]** to say or to tell saying d means tell
> **[on-screen 02:48:27]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell!
**[02:48:29]** and saying noas means don't tell we can combine these words using direct and indirect object pronouns like saying
> **[on-screen 02:48:35]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! Tell me! Tell me it!
**[02:48:35]** tell me or tell me it in Spanish the affirmative form would be di meaning
> **[on-screen 02:48:39]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! Tell me it!
**[02:48:39]** tell me which combines the words together and saying tell me it would be Deo with an Accent on D because we have
> **[on-screen 02:48:44]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! j;Dimelo! Tell me it!
**[02:48:46]** to maintain the sound due to the amount of syllables in the word Deo in the negative form instead of attaching the pronouns to the verb we have to separate
> **[on-screen 02:48:53]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! j;Dime! - Tell me! iNo me digas! - Don’t tell me! jDimelo! Tell me it! iNo me lo digas! - Don’t tell me it!
**[02:48:53]** them by putting them before the verb so the phrases would be nigas meaning don't tell me and nigas meaning don't tell me it that's how direct and indirect object pronouns work with two commands we can
> **[on-screen 02:49:04]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it!
**[02:49:04]** say Pono meaning put it and in the negative form the sentence would be noas
> **[on-screen 02:49:09]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it! jNo lo pongas! > Don’t put it!
**[02:49:09]** don't put it saying ven means come to me
> **[on-screen 02:49:10]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jVenme! > Come to me!
**[02:49:12]** and in the negative form the phrase is
> **[on-screen 02:49:14]**
> Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jiVenme! > Come to me! jNo me vengas! > Don’t come to me!
**[02:49:14]** no don't come to me like I always say there are millions of sentences that you can make with them and it's up to you to say any sentence that you want one last
> **[on-screen 02:49:22]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs:
**[02:49:22]** concept to note with two commands is reflexive verbs which are verbs that follow a preposition and within two commands they function slightly differently than any of the previous verbs we've seen so far taking the verb
> **[on-screen 02:49:31]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up
**[02:49:32]** leant meaning to get up this verb in the affirmative command will be leant and as
> **[on-screen 02:49:36]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:36]** you can see the first part of the word
> **[on-screen 02:49:37]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:38]** takes the correct form of affirmative commands having an accent to keep the
> **[on-screen 02:49:42]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!
**[02:49:42]** sound but includes the at the end of the word in order to signify that it's a reflexive verb leant on its own would be
> **[on-screen 02:49:47]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up! jLevanta! - Lift/Raise!
**[02:49:48]** a command for Lift or raise and leant means get up or lift up in the negative form we take the pronoun and put it before the verb without forgetting to change the verb in the end so that it matches its negative form not meaning
> **[on-screen 02:50:00]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jNo te levantes! - Don’t get up!
**[02:50:01]** don't get up here's another phrase d
> **[on-screen 02:50:02]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep
**[02:50:04]** means to fall asleep it ends in ir and it's also stem changing how would you say this verb in the affirmative two command the verb would be with being the
> **[on-screen 02:50:10]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep!
**[02:50:12]** stem change an accent on E to keep the sound and T at the end which signifies the verb as reflexive and as a side note
> **[on-screen 02:50:19]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! important Note: Reflexive verbs that are used within tu commands will always use the pronoun “te” because they refer to the “tu” pronoun
**[02:50:19]** reflexive verbs that are used within two commands will always use the pronoun te because we're giving commands to you hence to te is a pronoun from to which is why it's always used finally how
> **[on-screen 02:50:29]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep!
**[02:50:29]** would you say this verb in the negative command not with coming before the verb
> **[on-screen 02:50:32]**
> Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! jNo te duermas! - Don’t fall asleep!
**[02:50:35]** being the stem change and the ending as which corresponds in the negative form with verbs ending in IR that's how reflexive verbs work in the affirmative and negative commands and if you want to you you can even include direct and indirect object pronouns with them as long as the context makes sense noos

302
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/37-nosotros-commands.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
# 37. Nosotros Commands
- **Time range:** 02:50:50 – 02:57:26 (duration 00:06:36)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10250s)
---
**[02:50:50]** commands in Spanish is the English
> **[on-screen 02:50:51]**
> Nosotros Commands Let’s
**[02:50:52]** version of Let's Do Something mainly emphasizing the we pronoun in English
> **[on-screen 02:50:55]**
> “We” Commands In English:
**[02:50:56]** it's a very easy concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we simply have to put the phrase let and
> **[on-screen 02:50:59]**
> “We” Commands In English: Let’s speak Let’s eat Let’s open
**[02:51:00]** then we put any verb we want like let's speak let's eat let's open and so on it literally doesn't matter what verb we use the form of the verb in the wi command will always have the same form as the infinitive in Spanish this idea completely changes for basically every type of verb but there are some patterns to follow for regular ar verbs you keep
> **[on-screen 02:51:17]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: amos
**[02:51:18]** the same ending as you would in the present and change a to a for regular e
> **[on-screen 02:51:22]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos emos/imos
**[02:51:22]** r and i verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present and change
> **[on-screen 02:51:27]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos amos
**[02:51:27]** the e or e to a if you take a closer look you can probably tell that only one letter changes so it's almost like a
> **[on-screen 02:51:33]**
> Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos amos
**[02:51:33]** switch between the types of verbs the best thing about these changes and for every verb there is in the noos command is that these changes are kept even in the negative command abl means we speak
> **[on-screen 02:51:41]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak
**[02:51:43]** but ablos means let's speak Kos means we
> **[on-screen 02:51:44]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat
**[02:51:46]** eat but K means let's eat abos means we
> **[on-screen 02:51:47]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open
**[02:51:50]** open but abamos means let's open and in
> **[on-screen 02:51:51]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos ~ we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open abramos > let’s open
**[02:51:53]** the negative they keep their forms with
> **[on-screen 02:51:55]**
> Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak no hablemos > let’s not speak comemos > we eat no comamos > let’s not eat abrimos > we open no abramos > let’s not open
**[02:51:55]** no in the beginning that's how regular verbs function with noos commands both in the affirmative and negative however
> **[on-screen 02:52:01]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands:
**[02:52:01]** there are many irregular verbs in the nosos commands but I will not put all of them in this video because you don't need all of them if anything I'll give the most useful verbs once that you can just memorize these verbs
> **[on-screen 02:52:11]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: © Conducir (to drive) - conduzcamos (let’s drive) * Decir (to say/tell) - digamos (let’s say/tell) © Hacer (to do/make) - hagamos (let’s do/make) © Oir (to hear) - oigamos (let’s hear) * Tener (to have) - tengamos (let‘s have) * Traer (to bring) - traigamos (let’s bring) © Venir (to come) - vengamos (let’s come) * Ver (to see) - veamos (let’s see) © Dar (to give) - demos (let’s give) ¢ Ser (to be) - seamos (let‘s be) ¢ Estar (to be) - estemos (let’s be) ¢ Saber (to know) - sepamos (let’s know)
**[02:52:16]** ver and in case you want to use these verbs in the's commands now you know how and of course there's other verbs that follow these irregular patterns but you don't need to know all of them after these verbs there are verbs ending in k
> **[on-screen 02:52:27]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar)
**[02:52:29]** g and Zar and these verbs have a spelling change in the nro's command while changing the ending to practicar
> **[on-screen 02:52:34]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar) Practicar > practiquemos (let’s practice) Jugar > juguemos (let’s play) Organizar > organicemos (let’s organize)
**[02:52:34]** becomes practicos meaning let's practice hugar becomes hugos meaning let's play and organizar becomes organos meaning let's organize if if you see any other verb that ends in K G andar remember to change the ending and spelling in case you want to use it in the noos command
> **[on-screen 02:52:51]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs)
**[02:52:51]** after these verbs there are stem changing verbs and there's one important thing you need to know about them and that is only stem changing verbs that
> **[on-screen 02:52:57]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) Important Note: ONLY stem-changing verbs that end in ir CHANGE their stem, but only with ONE letter
**[02:52:58]** end in IR change their stem but only with one letter like dormir which goes
> **[on-screen 02:53:02]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep
**[02:53:03]** from o to U in the noos command it will be dur meaning let's sleep not damos
> **[on-screen 02:53:06]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep durmamos > let’s sleep _ToermertiQs.
**[02:53:08]** it's a tricky exception but it's easy to memorize there's other verbs like C and
> **[on-screen 02:53:12]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (ei) pedir - to ask for
**[02:53:13]** P which are also stem changing verbs ending in ir and they would be sintamos
> **[on-screen 02:53:17]**
> Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (e>i) pedir - to ask for sintamos > let’s feel pidamos > let’s ask for
**[02:53:17]** and pedamos meaning let's feel and let's ask for that's how stem changing verbs specifically verbs ending in IR work with nosal's commands these commands can
> **[on-screen 02:53:25]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs:
**[02:53:26]** likewise work with direct and indirect object pronouns but it's a bit more tricky in the affirmative the pronouns
> **[on-screen 02:53:30]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: important Note: In the affirmative, DOPs & IOPs are attached to the verb (with accents), but in the negative, they’re separated with no accent
**[02:53:31]** are attached to the verb with accents but in the negative they're separated with no accent abamos means let's open
> **[on-screen 02:53:36]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it
**[02:53:37]** it and in the negative it's noos let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:40]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it
**[02:53:41]** not open it both phrases have the verb and the pronoun and it's attached in the affirmative with an accent but separated in the negative compros can mean let by
> **[on-screen 02:53:48]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object)
**[02:53:49]** them with them being an object and in the negative the sentence is no let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:53]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them
**[02:53:54]** not buy them both phrases likewise have
> **[on-screen 02:53:55]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them
**[02:53:56]** the verb and the pronoun can mean let's
> **[on-screen 02:53:58]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it
**[02:53:59]** bring you it and in the negative it's notos let's not bring you it of course
> **[on-screen 02:54:02]**
> Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it no te lo llevemos > let’s not bring you it
**[02:54:04]** you can make any sentence you want using these commands with direct and indirect object pronouns the last concept to know
> **[on-screen 02:54:09]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs:
**[02:54:10]** with Nosotros commands is reflexive verbs because we're only working with Nosotros the indirect object pronoun NOS
> **[on-screen 02:54:16]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros)
**[02:54:16]** will always be used with reflexive verbs especially in the affirmative where NOS is attached to the verb Spanish has a
> **[on-screen 02:54:21]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound
**[02:54:22]** very important rule saying that when NOS is attached to the affirmative nosos command the final s is dropped from the verb ending in order for the word to sound better when said take the
> **[on-screen 02:54:31]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down
**[02:54:31]** reflexive verb how would you say this verb in the no's command you would want to sayos no and while this makes sense
> **[on-screen 02:54:36]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémosnos > let’s sit down
**[02:54:38]** Spanish says that this word sounds bad when said so we need to eliminate the S to avoid repeating the same sound so the the phrase would be SOS meaning let's
> **[on-screen 02:54:45]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down
**[02:54:46]** sit down and in the negative the indirect object pronoun is put before the verb while the verb itself is conjugated the proper way no noos let's
> **[on-screen 02:54:53]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down no nos sentemos > let’s not sit down
**[02:54:54]** not sit down as you can see in the affirmative the S is dropped but in the negative the S is kept as a side note the rule of dropping an S also applies
> **[on-screen 02:55:01]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos or se is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound
**[02:55:02]** for the indirect object pronoun say meaning to him to her or to them when it's attached to the verb in the affirmative in order to avoid repeating the same letter and the same sound how
> **[on-screen 02:55:11]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it
**[02:55:11]** would you say the phrase let's give him it you would want say de but Spanish
> **[on-screen 02:55:15]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démosselo a él
**[02:55:16]** says to eliminate the final s from the verb to avoid repeating the same letter so the phrase would be deos let's give him it in the negative the phrase would
> **[on-screen 02:55:24]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démoselo a él let’s not give him it > no se lo demos a él
**[02:55:24]** be no let's not give him it with an s present in the verb how would you say
> **[on-screen 02:55:28]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it
**[02:55:29]** let's make her
> **[on-screen 02:55:31]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella
**[02:55:31]** it with the S dropped from the verb in the negative the phrase is no let's not
> **[on-screen 02:55:35]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella let’s not make her it > no se lo hagamos a ella
**[02:55:37]** make her it with an s present in the verb how would you say let's take a bath
> **[on-screen 02:55:40]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath
**[02:55:41]** Bonos in the negative the phrase is no
> **[on-screen 02:55:42]**
> Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath > bahémonos let’s not take a bath > no nos bahemos
**[02:55:44]** no BOS with an s in the verb that's what happens when no and say are attached to the verbs in the affirmative form at
> **[on-screen 02:55:50]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)”
**[02:55:50]** last there's the verb which is the trickiest verb in the noos command because it's the only verb that has multiple meanings both in the present and command forms and here is what I mean if we want to say we're going we need to say vamos the word vamos itself
> **[on-screen 02:56:02]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos
**[02:56:03]** is taken from the present simple which means we're going but Spanish adds its second definition to vamos meaning let
> **[on-screen 02:56:09]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos let’s go - vamos
**[02:56:09]** go however using vamos as let go is informal in context because there's the second word in Spanish that means let's go IR is actually irregular in the no's command being V which formally means
> **[on-screen 02:56:19]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” vamos - let’s go vayamos - let’s go
**[02:56:21]** let's go both V and V mean let's go but context will change the action based on the situation the reason why I'm concentrating on the word vamos so much is because in Spanish you have the reflexive verb meaning to go out this
> **[on-screen 02:56:32]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out)
**[02:56:33]** verb is very tricky to understand especially with no's commands now that I have shown you Vos and vayamos as let's go how would you say the phrase let's go out since I said that V is the irregular form of let's go some of you might say
> **[on-screen 02:56:46]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vayamonos > let’s go out
**[02:56:46]** vamonos but actually it's the incorrect
> **[on-screen 02:56:48]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vaysmna Bos + let’s go out
**[02:56:48]** way to say let's go out so instead you need to say vamonos using the present simple version of with s dropped from the end of the verb Vos means let's go out or let's leave if you want to be formal and a lot of beginners hear this word but never understand what it means and now hopefully you understand the reason I emphasized vamos so much is
> **[on-screen 02:57:05]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos
**[02:57:07]** because it ties back to the reflexive
> **[on-screen 02:57:07]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos ———+» irse
**[02:57:08]** verb meaning to go out and rather than using the irregular vamonos form you need to say vamonos in the negative
> **[on-screen 02:57:14]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out In the negative, we \iUST use the irregular form of “irse,” being vayamos
**[02:57:14]** however we have to use the irregular form of so the phrase is not nonos but
> **[on-screen 02:57:19]**
> Nosotros Commands With “ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vamos
**[02:57:20]** rather nonos let's not go out this is
> **[on-screen 02:57:21]**
> Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vayamos > let’s not go out
**[02:57:22]** how and function with no's commands past

215
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/38-past-participles-as-adjectives.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
# 38. Past Participles As Adjectives
- **Time range:** 02:57:26 – 03:01:52 (duration 00:04:26)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10646s)
---
> **[on-screen 02:57:26]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives
**[02:57:26]** participles as adjectives in Spanish is
> **[on-screen 02:57:28]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives A verb used to forma perfect or a passive tense as an adjective
**[02:57:28]** a form of a verb used to form a perfect or a passive tense as an adjective in
> **[on-screen 02:57:32]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English)
**[02:57:32]** English this concept is very simple because most verbs often end in ed like talk which becomes talked clean which
> **[on-screen 02:57:37]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) e talk > talked e clean > cleaned
**[02:57:38]** becomes cleaned and so on however there are irregular verbs in English like buy
> **[on-screen 02:57:43]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) ¢ buy > bought e drive > driven ¢ speak > spoken
**[02:57:43]** Drive speak and so on obviously you don't need to know all of them in
> **[on-screen 02:57:46]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives
**[02:57:46]** Spanish nonetheless you have the same concept but with a bit more variety and just a few irregular verbs that are easy to memorize for regular ar verbs the
> **[on-screen 02:57:53]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs)
**[02:57:54]** form of the past participle is achieved by dropping the ending and putting the ending ad like abl which becomes abl
> **[on-screen 02:57:59]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs) e hablar > hablado ¢ speak > spoken
**[02:58:01]** speak to spoken for regular e and ir
> **[on-screen 02:58:02]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs)
**[02:58:04]** verbs you drop the ending and add the ending Ido like com which is comido and
> **[on-screen 02:58:07]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs) ¢ comer > comido ¢ vivir > vivido ° eat > eaten e live > lived
**[02:58:09]** viid which is vivido meaning eaten and lived in case you want to use any other regular verb that ends in a r e r or I now you know how there are however
> **[on-screen 02:58:17]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on f)
**[02:58:17]** irregular verbs that require an accent on the E primarily e r and ir verbs that end with two vowels like which becomes
> **[on-screen 02:58:24]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on i) ¢ Caer (to fall) > caido (fallen) e Creer (to believe) > creido (believed) e Leer (to read) > leido (read) e Oir (to hear) > oido (heard) e Reir (to laugh) > reido (laughed) e Sonreir (to smile) > sonreido (smiled) ¢ Traer (to bring) > traido (brought)
**[02:58:26]** with an emphasis on the E which becomes which becomes which becomes of course there's other verbs in Spanish that follow this pattern but you don't need to know all
> **[on-screen 02:58:43]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs)
**[02:58:43]** of them at last there are General irregular verbs used as past participles and these
> **[on-screen 02:58:48]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto (opened) ¢ decir (to say/tell) > dicho (said/told) e describir (to describe) > descrito (described) ¢ descubrir (to discover) > descubierto (discovered) e escribir (to write) > escrito (written) e hacer (to do/make) > hecho (done/make) * morir (to die) > muerto (dead) © poner (to put) > puesto (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto (resolved) * romper (to break) > roto (broken) ° ver (to see) > visto (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto (returned)
**[02:58:57]** these verbs as adjectives now you know how however in Spanish these verbs are often used with the verb estar because in case you don't remember estar is used
> **[on-screen 02:59:04]**
> Past participles are used with estar because estar applies to health, condition, and emotions When we use past participles as adjectives, we’re using adjectives to describe something for the moment
**[02:59:05]** to describe the condition of things temporarily when we use past participles as adjectives we're using adjectives to describe something for the moment in Spanish gender and plurality have to
> **[on-screen 02:59:13]**
> Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto/a(s) (opened) © decir (to say/tell) » dicho/a(s) (said/told) ¢ describir (to describe) » descrito/a(s) (described) e descubrir (to discover) > descubierto/a(s) (discovered) ¢ escribir (to write) > escrito/a(s) (written) ¢ hacer (to do/make) > hecho/a(s) (done/make) ¢ morir (to die) > muerto/a(s) (dead) * poner (to put) > puesto/a(s) (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto/a(s) (resolved) © romper (to break) roto/a(s) (broken) ¢ ver (to see) > visto/a(s) (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto/a(s) (returned)
**[02:59:14]** match in the sentence and here are some examples saying something like I close
> **[on-screen 02:59:17]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door
**[02:59:18]** the door would
> **[on-screen 02:59:20]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta
**[02:59:20]** be but another way to say the sentence
> **[on-screen 02:59:23]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada
**[02:59:23]** is the door is closed and as you can see we're using the verb to describe the condition of the door with s being the adjective that matches the gender hence puera is a feminine word Additionally you don't have to use the verb EST when writing such a sentence instead we can just say the closed door which would be LA and
> **[on-screen 02:59:40]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door > La puerta cerrada
**[02:59:42]** because we're using a past participle le as an adjective we have to put it after
> **[on-screen 02:59:46]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door ~ La puerta cerrada
**[02:59:46]** the noun because it's a rule in Spanish and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say and here are some examples how would you say the
> **[on-screen 02:59:52]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open
**[02:59:52]** phrase the book is
> **[on-screen 02:59:55]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto
**[02:59:55]** open and now how would you say this phrase without
> **[on-screen 03:00:00]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto El libro abierto ~ The open book
**[03:00:00]** aarto meaning the opened book with abto being an irregular adjective how would
> **[on-screen 03:00:05]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written
**[03:00:05]** you say the texts are written
> **[on-screen 03:00:07]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos
**[03:00:08]** texos and now how would you say this phrase without
> **[on-screen 03:00:12]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos Los textos escritos - The written texts
**[03:00:12]** AAR the written text how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:00:15]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made
**[03:00:16]** the bed is
> **[on-screen 03:00:18]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made > La cama esta hecha La cama hecha > The made bed
**[03:00:18]** made or meaning the made bed how would you say the problem is
> **[on-screen 03:00:22]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The problem is resolved > El problema esta resuelto El problema resuelto > The resolved problem
**[03:00:27]** or the resolved problem how would you
> **[on-screen 03:00:29]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed
**[03:00:29]** say my answers are
> **[on-screen 03:00:32]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed ~ Mis respuestas estan completas Mis respuestas completas > My completed answers
**[03:00:35]** or my completed answers and here's a very interesting one how would you say
> **[on-screen 03:00:39]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead
**[03:00:40]** the day is
> **[on-screen 03:00:42]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto
**[03:00:42]** dead now how would you say say the dead
> **[on-screen 03:00:43]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day
**[03:00:44]** day El muerto hopefully you can see
> **[on-screen 03:00:45]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto
**[03:00:47]** where I'm going with this and if not what I'm trying to say is the Day of the
> **[on-screen 03:00:50]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto The Day of the Dead
**[03:00:50]** Dead which is a famous Mexican holiday
> **[on-screen 03:00:51]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead ~ El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead $e
**[03:00:52]** that people hear about how would you say this phrase in Spanish de muos The Day of the Dead muos
> **[on-screen 03:00:56]**
> Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead El Dia de los Muertos
**[03:00:58]** is a past participle used as an adjective that's plural and now hopefully you understand what this phrase means and here I want to show one personal concept that I used to think about when I was learning Spanish through English in English I used to think of phrases like I finished and I
> **[on-screen 03:01:12]**
> | finished I am finished
**[03:01:12]** am finished looking at these phrases I used to think that the same concept work in Spanish because English has the same word for finished in the two sentences therefore I thought that the way you say the phrases in Spanish is and and the
> **[on-screen 03:01:23]**
> I finished I am finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminé
**[03:01:26]** reason why I thought this way is because the word finished doesn't change in English so it must be the same in Spanish however because at the time I haven't learned past participles yet this is where I realized that the phrases are Y and ymin with termin being
> **[on-screen 03:01:38]**
> I finished | am finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminado
**[03:01:40]** the adjective and here my thinking process changed because I realized why English is a simple language especially when it's compared to Spanish in these cases you have to watch out for these ideas when you learn languages because it teaches you how to think properly so

177
docs/spanish-fundamentals/clean/39-present-perfect-tense.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
# 39. Present Perfect Tense
- **Time range:** 03:01:52 – 03:06:10 (duration 00:04:18)
- **Source:** [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10912s)
---
**[03:01:52]** that's it the present perfect tense in Spanish is the English version of
> **[on-screen 03:01:55]**
> The Present Perfect Talking about something that someone HAS done + past participles
**[03:01:55]** talking about something that someone has done using the verb to have along with past participles you can generate sentences like I have talked you have
> **[on-screen 03:02:01]**
> The Present Perfect: (In English) | have talked You have eaten He has left
**[03:02:02]** eaten he has left and so on in Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:02:04]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish)
**[03:02:04]** you have the same concept of this tense using the verb AB meaning to have done
> **[on-screen 03:02:07]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) haber - to have done something (needs to be conjugated) + past participles
**[03:02:08]** something which needs to be conjugated the proper way along with past participles in Spanish you have six
> **[on-screen 03:02:13]**
> “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he hemos has habéis ha han
**[03:02:13]** conjugations of a y means I have plus any past participle you want to as means you have l means he has noos OS we have Vos AB y'all have and AOS an they have try not focusing on these pronouns
> **[on-screen 03:02:28]**
> “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he h emo nas tabi as Be ha an
**[03:02:29]** because they're not that useful in conversation like I said at the
> **[on-screen 03:02:31]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish)
**[03:02:32]** beginning you need to use past participles in order to demonstrate an action in the present perfect for instance saying yo abl means I have
> **[on-screen 03:02:37]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken
**[03:02:39]** spoken with e being the conjugation that matches the yo pronoun and and abl being the past participle Additionally you can say to asido
> **[on-screen 03:02:47]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido El ha leido
**[03:02:48]** Ando meaning you have eaten and he has
> **[on-screen 03:02:50]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido > You have eaten El ha leido - He has read
**[03:02:51]** read again showing the proper conjugation of a with a past participle in both cases and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say however there are a few things to note about the present perfect tense in Spanish that is slightly different in English the past participle does not
> **[on-screen 03:03:04]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The past participle does NOT change form when it’s in the present perfect; it ONLY changes once it’s used as an ADJECTIVE
**[03:03:05]** change form when it's in the present perfect it only changes once it's used as an adjective because it has to match the gender and plurality for instance I
> **[on-screen 03:03:13]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas
**[03:03:13]** can say a sentence like the doors are closed lasas estas with the word SAS
> **[on-screen 03:03:18]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas
**[03:03:19]** matching the gender in plurality of puas putting the sentence in the present perfect will change the gender and plurality based on the speaker so if I as a man say the sentence it would be
> **[on-screen 03:03:29]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas Yo he cerrado las puertas - | have closed the doors
**[03:03:30]** Y and here I'm using S as a past
> **[on-screen 03:03:32]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas Yo he cerrado las puertas - | have closed the doors
**[03:03:33]** participle of myself and not as an adjective in the previous phrase sadas is in fact used as an adjective so overall you have to watch out for these ideas additionally when working in in the present perfect tense in Spanish the
> **[on-screen 03:03:45]**
> The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Important Note: The construction “haber + [a past participle]“ ALWAYS has to be together and can NEVER be separated, meaning that negatives, DOPs, and IOPS will ALWAYS come before the construction
**[03:03:45]** two elements of AED and a past participle always have to be together and can never be separated this means that whenever you're working with negatives and direct and indirect object pronouns they will always come before a in every sentence asking something likeo
> **[on-screen 03:03:58]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro?
**[03:03:59]** means have you read the book and you can
> **[on-screen 03:04:00]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book?
**[03:04:01]** reply with C Yol meaning yes I have read
> **[on-screen 03:04:02]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? Si, yo lo he leido > | have read it
**[03:04:05]** it with Lo being the direct object pronoun before a if you want to put a negative in the phrase you can say
> **[on-screen 03:04:11]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? No, yo no lo he leido > No, | have not read it
**[03:04:11]** no no I have not read it you can also use indirect object pronouns and say something like John has told me it which
> **[on-screen 03:04:17]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it
**[03:04:18]** would be joh Meelo with me being an
> **[on-screen 03:04:19]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it John me lo ha dicho (IOP) (DOP)
**[03:04:21]** indirect object pronoun and La being a direct object pronoun if you want to make the sentence negative you can say
> **[on-screen 03:04:27]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & |OPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho
**[03:04:27]** joh no joh has not told me it either way the construction with a and the past
> **[on-screen 03:04:31]**
> The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho
**[03:04:32]** participle always stays together and never separates as always you can say any sentence you want using the present perfect in Spanish however there's one last concept about the present perfect that needs to be known and that is using
> **[on-screen 03:04:43]**
> The Present Perfect To have had something
**[03:04:43]** using the present perfect as to have had something in English the verb to have
> **[on-screen 03:04:46]**
> The Present Perfect (In English - “to have”) e | have to go e | have a dog e | have read e | have eaten
**[03:04:47]** can mean a main verb like to have to do something or to have something in general or an additional verb like I have read I have eaten and so on in
> **[on-screen 03:04:54]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “tener” & “haber”) e | have to go - Yo tengo que ir e | have a dog - Yo tengo un perro e | have read - Yo he leido e | have eaten - Yo he comido
**[03:04:54]** Spanish however you have two verbs for these cases one being ten and one being a which is different in English when you only have the same word for both the infinitive and the sentence in order to say a sentence like I have had a lot of
> **[on-screen 03:05:05]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends
**[03:05:05]** friends it might be confusing for students because they see two versions of the verb to have which is have and
> **[on-screen 03:05:10]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends
**[03:05:11]** had but literally the way that you would say the in Spanish
> **[on-screen 03:05:14]**
> The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends Yo he tenido muchos amigos
**[03:05:14]** is much Amigos using as the proper conjugation of for the Y pronoun and using as a simple past participle of the verb tet as you can see we have the verb to have twice in English because it functions with multiple meanings in Spanish you have two verbs for this a and t with one verb being conjugated to match the pronoun and one being a past participle and this is actually a concept that I used to think about in English I used to think of phrases like
> **[on-screen 03:05:38]**
> | have to read | have read
**[03:05:39]** I have to read and I have read and I thought that the phrases in Spanish are
> **[on-screen 03:05:43]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo tengo leido
**[03:05:43]** Y and and the reason why I thought this way is because English has the same word for have so it must be the same in
> **[on-screen 03:05:49]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo tengo leido
**[03:05:50]** Spanish however I later learned that Spanish has two versions for to have a and and that you also have the present perfect so I realized that the sentences are and with being the verb in the
> **[on-screen 03:06:01]**
> | have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo he leido
**[03:06:03]** present perfect even though it's a small difference it just shows you how simple of a language English is when it's compared to Spanish and there's more of

Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More