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Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
94 lines
4.2 KiB
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94 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
# 28. Irregular Verbs in the Past — Part 2
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> Source: [video](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=7316s)
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Part 2 finishes the irregular preterites: a few one-off "miscellaneous" verbs (`caber`, `poder`, `saber`, `querer`), the `ver/dar` pair, the **stem-changing -ir verbs** that change only in the third person, the `y`-insertion verbs (`leer`, `creer`, `oír`), and the **yo-only spelling changes** for `-car`, `-gar`, `-zar` verbs.
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## Key Rules
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- `Caber → cupe`, `poder → pude`, `saber → supe`, `querer → quise` — all share the same irregular pattern as Part 1.
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- `Ver` and `dar` use the regular `-er/-ir` preterite endings but **without accents**: `vi, viste, vio…` and `di, diste, dio…`.
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- Stem-changing `-ir` verbs (sentir, pedir, dormir…) keep regular endings but change `e→i` or `o→u` **only in él/ella and ellos**.
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- `Leer, creer, oír` insert a `y` in the él/ellos forms and require accents on most other forms (to keep two adjacent vowels pronounced separately).
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- Yo-only spelling changes: `-car → -qué`, `-gar → -gué`, `-zar → -cé`.
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## Conjugation / Pattern Tables
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### Miscellaneous irregular preterites
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| Verb | yo | tú | él | nosotros | vosotros | ellos |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| caber (to fit) | cupe | cupiste | cupo | cupimos | cupisteis | cupieron |
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| poder (could) | pude | pudiste | pudo | pudimos | pudisteis | pudieron |
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| saber (knew) | supe | supiste | supo | supimos | supisteis | supieron |
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| querer (wanted) | quise | quisiste | quiso | quisimos | quisisteis | quisieron |
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### ver / dar — preterite (regular endings, no accents)
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| Pronoun | ver | dar |
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|---|---|---|
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| yo | vi | di |
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| tú | viste | diste |
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| él | vio | dio |
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| nosotros | vimos | dimos |
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| vosotros | visteis | disteis |
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| ellos | vieron | dieron |
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### Stem-changing -ir verbs (e → i, o → u in 3rd person only)
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#### preferir (e → i)
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| yo | preferí | nosotros | preferimos |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| tú | preferiste | vosotros | preferisteis |
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| él | prefirió | ellos | prefirieron |
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#### dormir (o → u)
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| yo | dormí | nosotros | dormimos |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| tú | dormiste | vosotros | dormisteis |
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| él | durmió | ellos | durmieron |
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Other e→i: `mentir, sentir, seguir, conseguir, repetir, servir, pedir`.
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Other o→u: `morir`.
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### leer / creer / oír (y-insertion + accents)
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| Pronoun | leer | creer | oír |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| yo | leí | creí | oí |
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| tú | leíste | creíste | oíste |
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| él | leyó | creyó | oyó |
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| nosotros | leímos | creímos | oímos |
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| vosotros | leísteis | creísteis | oísteis |
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| ellos | leyeron | creyeron | oyeron |
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### yo-only spelling changes
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| Ending | yo form | Example |
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|---|---|---|
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| -car | -qué | practicar → practiqué |
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| -gar | -gué | jugar → jugué |
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| -zar | -cé | organizar → organicé |
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All other forms of these verbs are regular.
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## Examples
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| Spanish | English |
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|---|---|
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| Yo pude hablar con él. | I could speak with him. |
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| Tú pudiste ir a la fiesta. | You could go to the party. |
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| Yo supe quién ganó el juego. | I found out who won the game. |
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| Yo quise jugar contigo. | I wanted to play with you. |
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| Ella quiso abrir la puerta. | She wanted to open the door. |
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| Yo te vi en la fiesta. | I saw you at the party. |
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| Tú viste a mi madre en la casa. | You saw my mother at the house. |
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| Él vio cómo yo hice mi tarea. | He saw how I did my homework. |
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| Yo te di mi lápiz. | I gave you my pencil. |
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| Él nos dio el pase. | He gave us the pass. |
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| Yo practiqué el piano ayer. | I practiced piano yesterday. |
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| Yo jugué al fútbol. | I played soccer. |
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| Yo organicé mis libros. | I organized my books. |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- `Saber` in the preterite (`supe`) often means "I found out" rather than "I knew."
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- `Querer` in the preterite (`quise`) implies the wanting is over; `no quise` = "I refused."
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- `Poder` in the preterite (`pude`) = "I managed to" / "I could (and did)." Don't confuse with the conditional `podría` ("I could / would be able to").
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- The 3rd-person stem changes for `-ir` verbs in preterite mirror the same letter changes seen in present tense (`pedir → pide → pidió`).
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- The yo spelling changes (`-qué, -gué, -cé`) preserve the consonant **sound** of the infinitive.
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