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Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
58 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
58 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
# 17. Direct Object Pronouns
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> Source: [video link](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=3806s)
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A direct object pronoun (DOP) replaces the direct object noun in a sentence — the thing or person directly receiving the action of the verb. In Spanish, DOPs come **before** the conjugated verb, or attach to the **end** of an infinitive or gerund.
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## Key Rules
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- A DOP replaces the direct object so you don't have to repeat the noun.
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- DOPs go **before** a conjugated verb: *Yo lo compro* (I buy it).
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- They can attach to the **end of an infinitive**: *Voy a comprarlo*.
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- They can attach to the **end of a gerund** (present participle), in which case you must add a written accent to keep the original stress: *Estoy comprándolo*.
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- You **cannot** attach a DOP to a fully conjugated verb. *Yo compro lo* is wrong.
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- The "personal **a**" precedes a human direct object: *Ella mira a Juan*.
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- **lo, la, los, las** agree in gender and number with the noun they replace.
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## Conjugation / Pattern Tables
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### Direct Object Pronouns
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| English | Singular | English | Plural |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| me | me | us | nos |
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| you (informal) | te | y'all (Spain) | os |
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| him / it (m) / you (Ud.) | lo | them (m) / you (Uds.) | los |
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| her / it (f) / you (Ud. f) | la | them (f) | las |
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### Placement options
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| Construction | Form 1 (before verb) | Form 2 (attached to infinitive/gerund) |
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|---|---|---|
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| Simple verb | Yo lo compro. | — |
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| Modal + infinitive | Yo lo puedo ver. | Yo puedo verlo. |
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| ir a + infinitive | Yo lo voy a leer. | Yo voy a leerlo. |
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| Present progressive | Tú me estás mirando. | Tú estás mirándome. |
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## Examples
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| Spanish | English |
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|---------|---------|
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| Yo compro un coche. → Yo lo compro. | I buy a car. → I buy it. |
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| Quiero los libros. → Los quiero. | I want the books. → I want them. |
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| Ellos tienen una casa. → Ellos la tienen. | They have a house. → They have it. |
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| Yo te amo. | I love you. |
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| Tú nos miras. | You watch us. |
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| Ella mira a Juan. → Ella lo mira. | She watches Juan. → She watches him. |
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| Yo te puedo ver. / Yo puedo verte. | I can see you. |
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| Ellos los quieren comprar. / Ellos quieren comprarlos. | They want to buy them. |
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| Yo lo voy a leer. / Yo voy a leerlo. | I'm going to read it. |
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| Tú me estás mirando. / Tú estás mirándome. | You are watching me. |
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| Ellos lo están leyendo. / Ellos están leyéndolo. | They are reading it. |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- A DOP **cannot** attach to a single conjugated verb — only to infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative commands.
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- When you attach a pronoun to a gerund, add an accent over the original stressed vowel: *mirándome*, *leyéndolo*.
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- Use the **personal a** before a person who is the direct object: *Veo a María* — but the DOP itself is still **la** (*La veo*).
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- **lo** can also act as a neuter "it" referring to an idea: *Lo sé* (I know it).
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- In some Spain dialects, **le** is used instead of **lo** for masculine people (called *leísmo*).
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