47a7871c38
Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
57 lines
2.4 KiB
Markdown
57 lines
2.4 KiB
Markdown
# 04. Articles
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> Source: [video link](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=983s)
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Spanish has **definite** articles ("the") and **indefinite** articles ("a / an / some"). Unlike English, both kinds carry **gender** (masculine / feminine) and **number** (singular / plural), and they must agree with the noun they precede.
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## Key Rules
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- Most nouns ending in **-o** are masculine; most ending in **-a** are feminine.
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- Definite article = "the" (specifies); indefinite article = "a/an/some" (generalizes).
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- *uno* before a noun means "one" (the number). To say "a / an" use **un** (no final o): *un libro* = a book, *uno libro* = one book.
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- Common exceptions: words ending in **-ma** of Greek origin (*el problema, el programa*), plus **el día** and **el agua** are masculine despite ending in -a.
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- Words ending in **-e** like *clase, carne* are feminine: *la clase, la carne*.
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- Words ending in **-d** (*ciudad, universidad*) and in **-ción** (*acción, canción*) are usually feminine.
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- *La foto* is feminine because it's short for *la fotografía*.
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## Definite Articles ("the")
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| | Masculine | Feminine |
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|---|-----------|----------|
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| Singular | el | la |
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| Plural | los | las |
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## Indefinite Articles ("a / an / some")
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| | Masculine | Feminine |
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|---|-----------|----------|
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| Singular | un | una |
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| Plural | unos | unas |
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## Examples
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| Spanish | English |
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|---------|---------|
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| el libro | the book |
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| la piscina | the pool |
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| los libros | the books |
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| las piscinas | the pools |
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| un libro | a book |
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| una piscina | a pool |
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| unos libros | some books |
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| unas piscinas | some pools |
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| la clase | the class |
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| la carne | the meat |
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| la ciudad | the city |
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| la universidad | the university |
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| la acción | the action |
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| el problema | the problem |
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| el programa | the program |
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| el día | the day |
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| el agua | the water |
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| la foto (← la fotografía) | the photo |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- *un libro* (a book) ≠ *uno libro* (incorrect — would imply "one book" using a number, and you'd actually say *un libro* even for "one"; *uno* stands alone, not in front of a noun).
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- *El agua* uses *el* not because it's masculine but because of a Spanish euphony rule: feminine singular nouns starting with stressed *a-* take *el* in the singular (but plural is *las aguas*). The video presents these as straightforward exceptions to memorize.
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- Always learn the article *with* the noun — gender is rarely guessable from English.
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