47a7871c38
Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
134 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
134 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
# 02. Spanish Fundamentals
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> Source: [video link](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=64s)
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A foundational vocabulary and orthography overview: alphabet, accents, question words, prepositions/adverbs, pronouns, days, months, seasons, time words, and numbers. Most of this chapter is pure memorization — the building blocks before grammar.
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## Key Rules
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- The Spanish alphabet has 27 letters (adds **ñ** to the English 26). Some traditions also count **ch** and **ll** as letters (29).
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- **H** is silent — *hablo* is pronounced "ablo".
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- **ll** is pronounced like English "y" (e.g., *llave* = key).
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- Accents (´) over vowels mark which syllable is stressed; they can also distinguish two otherwise-identical words (e.g., *él* "he" vs. *el* "the"; *tú* "you" vs. *tu* "your"; *sí* "yes" vs. *si* "if"; *qué* "what?" vs. *que* "that"; *dónde* "where?" vs. *donde* "where" relative).
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- Questions need an inverted ¿ at the start and ? at the end. Same for ¡ … !
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- **¿Por qué?** = "Why?" · **porque** = "because" (one word, no accent).
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- Question words pluralize/gender: ¿Quién? → ¿Quiénes? · ¿Cuánto/Cuánta/Cuántos/Cuántas?
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- Days, months, and seasons are **not** capitalized in Spanish.
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- Watch out for **año** (year) vs. **ano** (anus) — the ñ matters.
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- *Mañana* means both "tomorrow" and "morning" (context-dependent).
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- *Pero* (but) vs. *perro* (dog) — the double **rr** matters.
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- *Como* can mean "like / as" or "I eat" (1st-person of *comer*) depending on context.
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## Pronouns
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| Singular | Plural |
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|----------|--------|
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| yo (I) | nosotros / nosotras (we) |
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| tú (you, informal) | vosotros / vosotras (y'all, Spain informal) |
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| él / ella / usted (he / she / you formal) | ellos / ellas / ustedes (they / y'all formal) |
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Focus on **yo, tú, él, ellos** in early practice — *vosotros* and *nosotros* show up much less often in conversation outside Spain.
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## Question Words
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| Spanish | English |
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|---------|---------|
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| ¿Dónde? | Where? |
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| ¿Cuándo? | When? |
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| ¿Qué? | What? |
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| ¿Por qué? | Why? |
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| ¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? | Who? / Who (pl.)? |
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| ¿Cuál? | Which? |
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| ¿Cómo? | How? |
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| ¿Cuánto/a/os/as? | How much / how many? |
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## Prepositions & Adverbs
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FANBOYS:
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| English | Spanish |
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|---------|---------|
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| For | para |
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| And | y |
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| Nor | ni |
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| But | pero |
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| Or | o |
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| Yet (still) | pero / sin embargo |
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| So | así que |
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| By | por |
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Other adverbs/prepositions:
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| English | Spanish |
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|---------|---------|
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| If | si |
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| Then | entonces |
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| Also | también |
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| From, of | de |
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| With | con |
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| To | a |
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| In, on | en |
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| Each | cada |
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## Days, Months, Seasons
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| Days | Months | Seasons |
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|------|--------|---------|
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| lunes | enero, julio | verano (summer) |
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| martes | febrero, agosto | otoño (autumn) |
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| miércoles | marzo, septiembre | invierno (winter) |
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| jueves | abril, octubre | primavera (spring) |
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| viernes | mayo, noviembre | |
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| sábado | junio, diciembre | |
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| domingo | | |
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## Time Words
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| English | Spanish |
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|---------|---------|
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| second | segundo/a |
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| minute | minuto/a |
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| hour | hora |
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| week | semana |
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| month | mes |
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| year | año |
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| yesterday | ayer |
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| today | hoy |
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| tomorrow / morning | mañana |
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## Numbers
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| # | Spanish | # | Spanish |
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|---|---------|---|---------|
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| 1 | uno | 11 | once |
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| 2 | dos | 12 | doce |
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| 3 | tres | 13 | trece |
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| 4 | cuatro | 14 | catorce |
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| 5 | cinco | 15 | quince |
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| 6 | seis | 16 | dieciséis |
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| 7 | siete | 17 | diecisiete |
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| 8 | ocho | 18 | dieciocho |
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| 9 | nueve | 19 | diecinueve |
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| 10 | diez | 20 | veinte |
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Past 20: *veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés…* (one word). 30 = *treinta*, then *treinta y dos*, *treinta y tres*, etc. 40 *cuarenta*, 50 *cincuenta*, 60 *sesenta*, 70 *setenta*, 80 *ochenta*, 90 *noventa*, 100 *cien*, 1.000 *mil*, 1.000.000 *millón*.
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Ordinal positions (gendered):
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| English | Spanish |
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|---------|---------|
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| 1st | primero/a |
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| 2nd | segundo/a |
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| 3rd | tercero/a |
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| 4th | cuarto/a |
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| 5th | quinto/a |
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| 6th | sexto/a |
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| 7th | séptimo/a |
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| 8th | octavo/a |
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| 9th | noveno/a |
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| 10th | décimo/a |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- *Cuarto* can also mean "a quarter (1/4)" in expressions of time.
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- *Segundo* can also mean "in second place" (position) — context decides.
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- *Unos / unas* in front of a number means "some / a few" (e.g., *unos minutos* = a few minutes).
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