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Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
70 lines
3.6 KiB
Markdown
70 lines
3.6 KiB
Markdown
# 21. Irregular "Yo" Verbs
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> Source: [video link](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5388s)
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Some Spanish verbs are perfectly regular in every present-tense form **except the yo form**, which takes an unexpected ending so the word "sounds right." These are called *irregular yo verbs*.
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## Key Rules
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- The yo form is irregular; **all other present-tense forms follow the normal -ar / -er / -ir pattern.**
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- Common irregular yo endings:
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- **-go**: salir → salgo, hacer → hago, tener → tengo, poner → pongo, suponer → supongo, traer → traigo (with -i-).
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- **-zco**: verbs ending in *-cir* and *-cer* after a vowel: conducir → conduzco, traducir → traduzco, conocer → conozco, parecer → parezco.
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- **-oy**: dar → doy, ser → soy, estar → estoy, ir → voy.
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- **-eo**: ver → veo.
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- **-jo**: proteger → protejo (this is the only verb of its kind; it is actually a spelling change so g sounds like /x/ before -o).
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- Some "irregular yo" verbs are **also stem-changing** in other forms (e.g., **tener**: *tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen*).
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## Conjugation / Pattern Tables
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### -go group
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| Verb | yo | tú | él/ella/Ud. | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/Uds. |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| salir (to leave) | salgo | sales | sale | salimos | salís | salen |
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| hacer (to do/make) | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
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| tener (to have)* | tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
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| poner (to put) | pongo | pones | pone | ponemos | ponéis | ponen |
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| suponer (to suppose) | supongo | supones | supone | suponemos | suponéis | suponen |
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| traer (to bring) | traigo | traes | trae | traemos | traéis | traen |
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*tener is also stem-changing (e → ie).
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### -zco group
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| Verb | yo | tú | él/ella/Ud. | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/Uds. |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| conducir (to drive) | conduzco | conduces | conduce | conducimos | conducís | conducen |
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| traducir (to translate) | traduzco | traduces | traduce | traducimos | traducís | traducen |
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| conocer (to know) | conozco | conoces | conoce | conocemos | conocéis | conocen |
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### Other patterns
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| Verb | yo | tú | él/ella/Ud. | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/Uds. |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| dar (to give) | doy | das | da | damos | dais | dan |
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| ver (to see) | veo | ves | ve | vemos | veis | ven |
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| proteger (to protect) | protejo | proteges | protege | protegemos | protegéis | protegen |
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## Examples
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| Spanish | English |
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|---------|---------|
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| Yo salgo de la casa. | I leave the house. |
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| Yo hago la tarea. | I do the homework. |
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| Yo tengo dos hermanos. | I have two siblings. |
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| Yo conduzco un coche rojo. | I drive a red car. |
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| Yo traduzco el libro al inglés. | I translate the book into English. |
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| Yo doy un regalo a María. | I give María a gift. |
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| Yo veo la película. | I watch the movie. |
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| Yo pongo el libro en la mesa. | I put the book on the table. |
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| Yo supongo que sí. | I suppose so. |
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| Yo traigo el almuerzo. | I bring lunch. |
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| Yo protejo a mi familia. | I protect my family. |
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## Notes & Gotchas
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- The **-go** ending is by far the most common irregular-yo pattern.
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- For **-cer / -cir** verbs preceded by a vowel, the yo form takes **-zco**, not just **-co** (avoids the awkward *traduco*, *conoco*).
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- Some of these verbs combine an irregular yo with stem changes (e.g., **tener → tengo / tienes**, **decir → digo / dices**).
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- **Proteger** is unique: the *g* is preserved as **j** in *protejo* so the consonant stays soft (Spanish *g* before *o/a* would otherwise become a hard /g/).
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- Don't confuse **traigo** (I bring, from *traer*) with **trago** (I swallow, from *tragar*) — that vowel matters.
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