47a7871c38
Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
68 lines
2.1 KiB
Markdown
68 lines
2.1 KiB
Markdown
# 22. Stem-Changing Verbs
|
|
|
|
> Source: [video](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=5579s)
|
|
|
|
Stem-changing verbs modify their internal vowel in conjugation to "sound better." Spanish has four categories: e→ie, e→i, o→ue, and u→ue. The change occurs in all forms EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros (the "boot" pattern).
|
|
|
|
## Key Rules
|
|
- The stem change applies to yo, tú, él/ella/usted, ellos/ellas/ustedes — NOT nosotros / vosotros.
|
|
- Four categories: **e → ie**, **e → i**, **o → ue**, **u → ue** (only `jugar`).
|
|
- Endings stay regular; only the stem vowel changes.
|
|
- If you see a verb conjugated with `ie`, `i`, or `ue` in the stem, it's likely a stem-changer.
|
|
|
|
## Conjugation / Pattern Tables
|
|
|
|
### empezar (e → ie) — to start
|
|
| Pronoun | Form |
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| yo | empiezo |
|
|
| tú | empiezas |
|
|
| él/ella | empieza |
|
|
| nosotros | empezamos |
|
|
| vosotros | empezáis |
|
|
| ellos | empiezan |
|
|
|
|
### decir (e → i) — to say (also irregular yo: digo)
|
|
| Pronoun | Form |
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| yo | digo |
|
|
| tú | dices |
|
|
| él/ella | dice |
|
|
| nosotros | decimos |
|
|
| vosotros | decís |
|
|
| ellos | dicen |
|
|
|
|
### recordar (o → ue) — to remember
|
|
| Pronoun | Form |
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| yo | recuerdo |
|
|
| tú | recuerdas |
|
|
| él/ella | recuerda |
|
|
| nosotros | recordamos |
|
|
| vosotros | recordáis |
|
|
| ellos | recuerdan |
|
|
|
|
### jugar (u → ue) — to play
|
|
| Pronoun | Form |
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| yo | juego |
|
|
| tú | juegas |
|
|
| él/ella | juega |
|
|
| nosotros | jugamos |
|
|
| vosotros | jugáis |
|
|
| ellos | juegan |
|
|
|
|
## Examples
|
|
| Spanish | English |
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| Yo empiezo el trabajo a las ocho. | I start work at eight. |
|
|
| Tú dices la verdad. | You tell the truth. |
|
|
| Él recuerda mi nombre. | He remembers my name. |
|
|
| Nosotros jugamos al fútbol. | We play soccer. |
|
|
| Ellos pueden venir mañana. | They can come tomorrow. |
|
|
|
|
## Notes & Gotchas
|
|
- `jugo` on its own = "juice"; the verb stem-changes to `juego` to avoid confusion. `videojuego` = video game.
|
|
- `tener` and `poder` are stem-changers you've already met (tengo/tienes…, puedo/puedes…).
|
|
- Nosotros/vosotros stay regular — that's the "boot" shape on a conjugation chart.
|