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Trey t 47a7871c38 Add 13 new grammar notes with 1010 exercises from video extraction

Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on
14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and
generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic.

- 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives,
  greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo,
  stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present
  indicative conjugation)
- 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing)
- Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks
- Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect,
  subj future) with numbered usage format
- Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade
- Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes,
  structured JSON, and exercise data

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-04-16 08:40:05 -05:00

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10. Demonstrative Adjectives

Source: A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish

Demonstrative adjectives point out a specific noun. Where English has only "this/that/these/those," Spanish has gendered and pluralized forms, plus a third "over there" set (aquel).

Key Rules

Demonstratives go before the noun and agree in gender and number.
este/esta = this (near speaker); ese/esa = that (near listener); aquel/aquella = that (over there, far from both).
Plural: este → estos, esta → estas, ese → esos, esa → esas, aquel → aquellos, aquella → aquellas.
The neuter forms esto and eso (and aquello) are used for unidentified things or general ideas: ¿Qué es esto? / Esto es para todos.
No accent on esta / estas (those are the verb forms — está = is, estás = you are).

Pattern Table

Distance	Masc. sing.	Fem. sing.	Masc. pl.	Fem. pl.	Neuter
this (here)	este	esta	estos	estas	esto
that (there)	ese	esa	esos	esas	eso
that (over there)	aquel	aquella	aquellos	aquellas	aquello

Examples

Spanish	English
este libro	this book (m sg)
esta casa	this house (f sg)
ese curso	that course (m sg)
esa mesa	that table (f sg)
estos libros	these books (m pl)
estas casas	these houses (f pl)
esos cursos	those courses (m pl)
esas mesas	those tables (f pl)
¿Qué es esto?	What is this?
¿Qué es eso?	What is that?
Esto es para todos.	This is for everybody.
Eso es para todos.	That is for everybody.

Notes & Gotchas

Use neuter esto/eso/aquello only when you don't know (or don't want to specify) what something is, or for abstract/general statements.
Don't put accents on esta/estas — that turns them into conjugations of estar (está = he/she is; estás = you are).
The masculine plural changes vowel: este → estos, ese → esos (not "estes" / "eses").
aquel is used less often than este/ese but is still important when contrasting distances.

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