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Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on 14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic. - 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives, greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo, stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present indicative conjugation) - 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing) - Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks - Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect, subj future) with numbered usage format - Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade - Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes, structured JSON, and exercise data Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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08. Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives in Spanish describe a person or thing physically or by condition. Unlike English, Spanish adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and number, and they normally come after the noun.
Key Rules
- Adjectives ending in -o are masculine; -a are feminine; some end in -e or a consonant and are neutral (use the same form for both genders).
- Add -s (or -es after a consonant) to pluralize:
fácil → fáciles,feo → feos. - Adjectives normally come after the noun:
el chico inteligente, notel inteligente chico. - Use ser for permanent/factual traits (alto, bonito, inteligente).
- Use estar for temporary states/conditions (cansado, triste, enfermo, relajado).
Common Descriptive Adjectives
With ser (factual / inherent)
| Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|
| alto/a(s) | tall |
| bajo/a(s) | short |
| bonito/a(s) | beautiful |
| feo/a(s) | ugly |
| fácil / fáciles | easy |
| difícil / difíciles | difficult |
| importante(s) | important |
| inteligente(s) | intelligent / smart |
With estar (condition / emotion)
| Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|
| aburrido/a(s) | bored |
| cansado/a(s) | tired |
| enfermo/a(s) | sick |
| listo/a(s) | ready |
| seguro/a(s) | sure |
| preparado/a(s) | prepared |
| relajado/a(s) | relaxed |
| triste(s) | sad |
Examples
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| Yo soy alto y bonito. | I am tall and handsome. (m) |
| Yo soy alta y bonita. | I am tall and beautiful. (f) |
| Ellos son feos. | They are ugly. (m) |
| Estas clases son fáciles. | These classes are easy. |
| Nosotros somos inteligentes. | We are intelligent. |
| El chico es inteligente. | The boy is smart. |
| El chico inteligente. | The smart boy. |
| Este video importante. | This important video. |
| La lección difícil. | The difficult lesson. |
| Yo soy bajo. | I am short. (factual trait → ser) |
| Yo estoy cansado. | I am tired. (changing condition → estar) |
| La chica hermosa / La chica es hermosa. | The beautiful girl / The girl is beautiful. |
| El hombre relajado / El hombre está relajado. | The relaxed man / The man is relaxed. |
| Él es inteligente. | He is smart. |
| Nosotros estamos tristes. | We are sad. |
Notes & Gotchas
- Word order is the #1 mistake for English speakers — adjective goes after the noun.
- Some adjectives change meaning depending on ser vs estar (e.g.,
ser listo= clever;estar listo= ready). - Neutral-ending adjectives (-e, consonant) don't change for gender, but still pluralize.
- Always make number/gender agree across the whole phrase:
nosotros estamos tristes(plural subject → plural adjective).