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Trey t 47a7871c38 Add 13 new grammar notes with 1010 exercises from video extraction

Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on
14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and
generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic.

- 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives,
  greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo,
  stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present
  indicative conjugation)
- 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing)
- Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks
- Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect,
  subj future) with numbered usage format
- Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade
- Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes,
  structured JSON, and exercise data

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-04-16 08:40:05 -05:00

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47. Verbs in the Present Subjunctive

Source: YouTube

The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings: -ar verbs take -e endings; -er/-ir verbs take -a endings. Almost every present-subjunctive irregularity falls out of this rule.

Key Rules

Regular verbs — switch the ending vowel:
- -ar verbs use -e endings.
- -er and -ir verbs use -a endings.
Irregular yo verbs — take the irregular yo stem and apply it to all persons (e.g., tener → tengo → tenga, tengas, tenga…).
-car / -gar / -zar verbs — spelling change (think yo form of the preterite):
- -car → -que (marcar → marque)
- -gar → -gue (pagar → pague)
- -zar → -ce (organizar → organice)
Stem-changing verbs — same stem changes as the present simple, except -ir stem-changers also change in the nosotros/vosotros forms.
Five fully irregular verbs: ser, estar, ir, saber, dar (plus haber for compound tenses).

Conjugation / Pattern Tables

Regular endings

Pronoun	-ar (hablar)	-er (comer)	-ir (vivir)
yo	hable	coma	viva
tú	hables	comas	vivas
él/ella	hable	coma	viva
nosotros	hablemos	comamos	vivamos
vosotros	habléis	comáis	viváis
ellos	hablen	coman	vivan

Irregular yo-verb pattern

Pronoun	tener	hacer	decir	venir	conducir
yo	tenga	haga	diga	venga	conduzca
tú	tengas	hagas	digas	vengas	conduzcas
él	tenga	haga	diga	venga	conduzca
nosotros	tengamos	hagamos	digamos	vengamos	conduzcamos
vosotros	tengáis	hagáis	digáis	vengáis	conduzcáis
ellos	tengan	hagan	digan	vengan	conduzcan

Other yo-irregulars: oír → oiga, traer → traiga, ver → vea.

-car / -gar / -zar spelling change

Verb	yo (preterite)	Present subjunctive
marcar	marqué	marque, marques, marque, marquemos, marquéis, marquen
pagar	pagué	pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen
organizar	organicé	organice, organices, organice, organicemos, organicéis, organicen

Stem-changers (note `-ir` exceptions)

Verb	Pattern	nosotros / vosotros
pensar (e→ie)	piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen	normal
volver (o→ue)	vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan	normal
pedir (e→i)	pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan	also changes
sentir (e→ie)	sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan	also changes
dormir (o→ue)	duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman	also changes

The 5 irregular verbs

Pronoun	ser	estar	ir	saber	dar
yo	sea	esté	vaya	sepa	dé
tú	seas	estés	vayas	sepas	des
él	sea	esté	vaya	sepa	dé
nosotros	seamos	estemos	vayamos	sepamos	demos
vosotros	seáis	estéis	vayáis	sepáis	deis
ellos	sean	estén	vayan	sepan	den

Plus haber → haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (used for the present perfect subjunctive).

Examples

Spanish	English
que yo hable	(that) I speak
que tú comas	(that) you eat
que él viva	(that) he live
que nosotros tengamos	(that) we have
que ellos digan	(that) they say
que yo pague	(that) I pay
que tú duermas	(that) you sleep
que él sea	(that) he be
que nosotros vayamos	(that) we go

Notes & Gotchas

The mnemonic: "Opposite vowel — -ar takes -e, -er/-ir takes -a."
dé (give, subjunctive) carries an accent to distinguish it from de (preposition, "of").
esté and estés keep accents on the final syllable (like the present indicative of estar).
For irregular yo verbs, the "yo trick" works: salgo → salga, pongo → ponga, traigo → traiga.

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