Spanish/docs/spanish-fundamentals/structured/36-familiar-tu-commands.json

{
  "chapter_id": "36",
  "slug": "familiar-tu-commands",
  "title": "Familiar Tú Commands",
  "time_range_sec": [9830, 10250],
  "summary": "Tú commands are the singular informal way to give orders. Affirmative regulars use the él form of the present; negatives drop the ending and add -es/-as with no.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "commands-imperative",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Regular affirmative tú commands",
      "bullets": [
        "Use the third-person singular (él) of the present indicative.",
        "hablar → habla, comer → come, vivir → vive.",
        "No subject pronoun is needed."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Regular negative tú commands",
      "bullets": [
        "-ar verbs: drop -ar, add -es, prepend no (habla → no hables).",
        "-er/-ir verbs: drop ending, add -as, prepend no (come → no comas).",
        "Stem changes are preserved."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Irregular affirmatives",
      "bullets": [
        "Memorize: ven, di, sal, haz, ten, ve, pon, sé.",
        "ir → ve and ver → ve are identical; if a follows, it is ir (ve a la escuela)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Irregular negatives",
      "bullets": [
        "Irregular yo verbs: take yo stem + -as (no digas, no hagas, no pongas, no salgas, no traigas, no vengas, no veas, no conduzcas).",
        "-car/-gar/-zar spelling change: practicar→no practiques, jugar→no juegues, organizar→no organices.",
        "Other irregulars: no des, no seas, no estés, no vayas, no sepas."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Object pronouns and reflexives",
      "bullets": [
        "Affirmative: attach pronouns to the verb (add accent if needed): dímelo, ponlo, levántate.",
        "Negative: pronouns go before the verb: no me lo digas, no te levantes.",
        "Reflexive tú commands always use te."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "¡Habla ahora!", "en": "Speak now!", "tags": ["affirmative", "regular"]},
    {"es": "¡No hables!", "en": "Don't speak!", "tags": ["negative", "regular"]},
    {"es": "¡Come tu comida!", "en": "Eat your food!", "tags": ["affirmative", "-er"]},
    {"es": "¡Abre la puerta, por favor!", "en": "Open the door, please.", "tags": ["affirmative", "-ir"]},
    {"es": "Pon tu teléfono en la mesa.", "en": "Put your phone on the table.", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "Haz tu tarea.", "en": "Do your homework.", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "Ven si puedes.", "en": "Come if you can.", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "Ve a la escuela.", "en": "Go to the school.", "tags": ["irregular", "ir"]},
    {"es": "¡Dímelo!", "en": "Tell it to me!", "tags": ["pronouns"]},
    {"es": "¡No me lo digas!", "en": "Don't tell me it!", "tags": ["pronouns", "negative"]},
    {"es": "¡Levántate!", "en": "Get up!", "tags": ["reflexive"]},
    {"es": "¡No te levantes!", "en": "Don't get up!", "tags": ["reflexive", "negative"]},
    {"es": "¡Duérmete!", "en": "Fall asleep!", "tags": ["reflexive", "stem-change"]},
    {"es": "¡No te duermas!", "en": "Don't fall asleep!", "tags": ["reflexive", "negative"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "decir", "en": "to say/tell", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "hacer", "en": "to do/make", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "poner", "en": "to put", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "salir", "en": "to leave", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "tener", "en": "to have", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "venir", "en": "to come", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "levantarse", "en": "to get up", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dormirse", "en": "to fall asleep", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "imp_afirmativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "habla", "el": "hable", "nosotros": "hablemos", "vosotros": "hablad", "ellos": "hablen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "imp_negativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "no hables", "el": "no hable", "nosotros": "no hablemos", "vosotros": "no habléis", "ellos": "no hablen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "imp_afirmativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "come", "el": "coma", "nosotros": "comamos", "vosotros": "comed", "ellos": "coman"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "imp_negativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "no comas", "el": "no coma", "nosotros": "no comamos", "vosotros": "no comáis", "ellos": "no coman"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "imp_afirmativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "ten", "el": "tenga", "nosotros": "tengamos", "vosotros": "tened", "ellos": "tengan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "imp_negativo",
      "forms": {"yo": "—", "tu": "no tengas", "el": "no tenga", "nosotros": "no tengamos", "vosotros": "no tengáis", "ellos": "no tengan"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "(hablar) tú: ¡_____ más despacio!", "correct": "habla", "distractor": "hable", "explanation": "Affirmative tú of regular -ar uses the él form of the present."},
    {"sentence": "Negative of 'come': ¡No _____!", "correct": "comas", "distractor": "comes", "explanation": "Negative tú of -er drops -er and adds -as."},
    {"sentence": "Irregular tú command of 'venir': ¡_____ aquí!", "correct": "ven", "distractor": "viene", "explanation": "Venir has the irregular tú command 'ven'."},
    {"sentence": "¡_____ tu tarea! (hacer)", "correct": "Haz", "distractor": "Hace", "explanation": "Hacer's irregular affirmative is 'haz'."},
    {"sentence": "Negative: ¡No _____ eso! (decir)", "correct": "digas", "distractor": "dices", "explanation": "Take the yo stem 'dig-' + -as."},
    {"sentence": "¡_____ ahora! (levantarse)", "correct": "Levántate", "distractor": "Te levanta", "explanation": "Affirmative reflexive: pronoun attaches to verb with accent."},
    {"sentence": "Negative: ¡No te _____! (dormirse)", "correct": "duermas", "distractor": "duermes", "explanation": "Negative tú of -ir uses -as, stem-change kept (o→ue)."},
    {"sentence": "¡_____! (Tell it to me, decir)", "correct": "Dímelo", "distractor": "Me lo dice", "explanation": "Attach IOP me + DOP lo to 'di' with accent."},
    {"sentence": "¡_____ a la escuela! (ir)", "correct": "Ve", "distractor": "Va", "explanation": "Irregular tú command of ir is 've'; preposition 'a' confirms it's ir, not ver."}
  ],
  "caveats": "Source captions garbled many forms (e.g., 'Trias' for 'traigas', 'kusas' for 'conduzcas', 'Salas' for 'salgas'); reconstructed from Spanish grammar."
}