Spanish/docs/spanish-fundamentals/structured/21-irregular-yo-verbs.json

{
  "chapter_id": "21",
  "slug": "irregular-yo-verbs",
  "title": "Irregular Yo Verbs",
  "time_range_sec": [5388, 5579],
  "summary": "A group of Spanish verbs are regular in every present-tense form except the yo form, which takes an irregular ending such as -go, -zco, -oy, or -eo.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": null,
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Common irregular yo endings",
      "bullets": [
        "-go: salir→salgo, hacer→hago, tener→tengo, poner→pongo, suponer→supongo, traer→traigo.",
        "-zco: -cer/-cir verbs after a vowel: conducir→conduzco, traducir→traduzco, conocer→conozco, parecer→parezco.",
        "-oy: dar→doy, ser→soy, estar→estoy, ir→voy.",
        "-eo: ver→veo.",
        "-jo: proteger→protejo (spelling change to keep the soft consonant)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "All other forms are regular",
      "bullets": [
        "Only the yo form changes; tú/él/nosotros/vosotros/ellos follow the standard -ar/-er/-ir endings.",
        "Some irregular-yo verbs are also stem-changing in other persons (e.g., tener: tengo/tienes/tiene)."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo salgo de la casa.", "en": "I leave the house.", "tags": ["salir"]},
    {"es": "Yo hago la tarea.", "en": "I do the homework.", "tags": ["hacer"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo dos hermanos.", "en": "I have two siblings.", "tags": ["tener"]},
    {"es": "Yo conduzco un coche rojo.", "en": "I drive a red car.", "tags": ["conducir"]},
    {"es": "Yo traduzco el libro al inglés.", "en": "I translate the book into English.", "tags": ["traducir"]},
    {"es": "Yo doy un regalo a María.", "en": "I give María a gift.", "tags": ["dar"]},
    {"es": "Yo veo la película.", "en": "I watch the movie.", "tags": ["ver"]},
    {"es": "Yo pongo el libro en la mesa.", "en": "I put the book on the table.", "tags": ["poner"]},
    {"es": "Yo supongo que sí.", "en": "I suppose so.", "tags": ["suponer"]},
    {"es": "Yo traigo el almuerzo.", "en": "I bring lunch.", "tags": ["traer"]},
    {"es": "Yo protejo a mi familia.", "en": "I protect my family.", "tags": ["proteger"]},
    {"es": "Yo conozco a Juan.", "en": "I know Juan.", "tags": ["conocer", "personal-a"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "salir", "en": "to leave/go out", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "hacer", "en": "to do/make", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "tener", "en": "to have", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "poner", "en": "to put", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "suponer", "en": "to suppose", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "traer", "en": "to bring", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "conducir", "en": "to drive", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "traducir", "en": "to translate", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "conocer", "en": "to know (be familiar with)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dar", "en": "to give", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "ver", "en": "to see", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "proteger", "en": "to protect", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "salir",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "salgo", "tu": "sales", "el": "sale", "nosotros": "salimos", "vosotros": "salís", "ellos": "salen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hacer",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "hago", "tu": "haces", "el": "hace", "nosotros": "hacemos", "vosotros": "hacéis", "ellos": "hacen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "tengo", "tu": "tienes", "el": "tiene", "nosotros": "tenemos", "vosotros": "tenéis", "ellos": "tienen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "poner",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "pongo", "tu": "pones", "el": "pone", "nosotros": "ponemos", "vosotros": "ponéis", "ellos": "ponen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "traer",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "traigo", "tu": "traes", "el": "trae", "nosotros": "traemos", "vosotros": "traéis", "ellos": "traen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "conducir",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "conduzco", "tu": "conduces", "el": "conduce", "nosotros": "conducimos", "vosotros": "conducís", "ellos": "conducen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "traducir",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "traduzco", "tu": "traduces", "el": "traduce", "nosotros": "traducimos", "vosotros": "traducís", "ellos": "traducen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "conocer",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "conozco", "tu": "conoces", "el": "conoce", "nosotros": "conocemos", "vosotros": "conocéis", "ellos": "conocen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "dar",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "doy", "tu": "das", "el": "da", "nosotros": "damos", "vosotros": "dais", "ellos": "dan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "ver",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "veo", "tu": "ves", "el": "ve", "nosotros": "vemos", "vosotros": "veis", "ellos": "ven"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "proteger",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "protejo", "tu": "proteges", "el": "protege", "nosotros": "protegemos", "vosotros": "protegéis", "ellos": "protegen"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ de la casa a las ocho. (salir)", "correct": "salgo", "distractor": "salo", "explanation": "Salir takes -go in yo form."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ la tarea cada día. (hacer)", "correct": "hago", "distractor": "haco", "explanation": "Hacer takes -go in yo form."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ un coche nuevo. (conducir)", "correct": "conduzco", "distractor": "conduco", "explanation": "-cir verbs take -zco in yo form."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ a Juan. (conocer)", "correct": "conozco", "distractor": "conoco", "explanation": "-cer verbs after a vowel take -zco."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ la película. (ver)", "correct": "veo", "distractor": "vo", "explanation": "Ver has the irregular yo form veo."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ un regalo. (dar)", "correct": "doy", "distractor": "do", "explanation": "Dar has the irregular yo form doy."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ el libro en la mesa. (poner)", "correct": "pongo", "distractor": "pono", "explanation": "Poner takes -go in yo form."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ el almuerzo. (traer)", "correct": "traigo", "distractor": "trago", "explanation": "Traer is traigo (note the i); trago is from tragar (to swallow)."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ a mi familia. (proteger)", "correct": "protejo", "distractor": "protego", "explanation": "Proteger spells the yo form with j (protejo) to keep the soft consonant sound."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ que sí. (suponer)", "correct": "supongo", "distractor": "supono", "explanation": "Suponer follows the -go pattern like poner."}
  ],
  "caveats": "Source had OCR like 'Yoo'/'yuso' for conduzco/traduzco; reconstructed from grammar."
}