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Trey t 47a7871c38 Add 13 new grammar notes with 1010 exercises from video extraction

Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on
14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and
generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic.

- 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives,
  greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo,
  stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present
  indicative conjugation)
- 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing)
- Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks
- Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect,
  subj future) with numbered usage format
- Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade
- Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes,
  structured JSON, and exercise data

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-04-16 08:40:05 -05:00

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38. Past Participles As Adjectives

Source: A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)

Past participles in Spanish (hablado, comido, vivido) can act as adjectives describing the condition of a noun. As adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the noun and are typically paired with estar.

Key Rules

Regular -ar → drop -ar, add -ado: hablar → hablado.
Regular -er/-ir → drop ending, add -ido: comer → comido, vivir → vivido.
-er/-ir with two vowels require an accent on the í: caer → caído, creer → creído, leer → leído, oír → oído, reír → reído, sonreír → sonreído, traer → traído.
Common irregulars: abierto, dicho, descrito, descubierto, escrito, hecho, muerto, puesto, resuelto, roto, visto, vuelto, cubierto.
As adjective: must agree in gender/number — cerrada, cerrados, cerradas. Place after the noun: la puerta cerrada.
With estar: describes a current state — La puerta está cerrada (it's closed right now).
Position: as a regular adjective it follows the noun (el libro abierto).

Conjugation / Pattern Tables

Irregular past participles

Infinitive	Participle	Meaning
abrir	abierto	opened
decir	dicho	said/told
describir	descrito	described
descubrir	descubierto	discovered
escribir	escrito	written
hacer	hecho	done/made
morir	muerto	dead
poner	puesto	put
resolver	resuelto	resolved
romper	roto	broken
ver	visto	seen
volver	vuelto	returned
cubrir	cubierto	covered

Examples

Spanish	English
Yo cerré la puerta.	I closed the door.
La puerta está cerrada.	The door is closed.
La puerta cerrada.	The closed door.
El libro está abierto.	The book is open.
El libro abierto.	The open book.
Los textos están escritos.	The texts are written.
Los textos escritos.	The written texts.
La cama está hecha.	The bed is made.
El problema está resuelto.	The problem is resolved.
Mis respuestas están completas.	My answers are completed.
El día está muerto.	The day is dead.
El Día de los Muertos.	The Day of the Dead.

Notes & Gotchas

Distinguish I finished (preterite: Yo terminé) from I am finished (state: Yo estoy terminado/a).
Compound verb past participles do NOT agree in gender/number with haber — only when used as adjectives.
Always pair condition descriptions with estar, not ser (state vs. essence).

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