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47. Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
Source: YouTube
The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings: -ar verbs take -e endings; -er/-ir verbs take -a endings. Almost every present-subjunctive irregularity falls out of this rule.
Key Rules
- Regular verbs — switch the ending vowel:
- -ar verbs use -e endings.
- -er and -ir verbs use -a endings.
- Irregular yo verbs — take the irregular yo stem and apply it to all persons (e.g.,
tener→tengo→tenga, tengas, tenga…). - -car / -gar / -zar verbs — spelling change (think yo form of the preterite):
- -car → -que (marcar → marque)
- -gar → -gue (pagar → pague)
- -zar → -ce (organizar → organice)
- Stem-changing verbs — same stem changes as the present simple, except
-irstem-changers also change in the nosotros/vosotros forms. - Five fully irregular verbs: ser, estar, ir, saber, dar (plus haber for compound tenses).
Conjugation / Pattern Tables
Regular endings
| Pronoun | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hable | coma | viva |
| tú | hables | comas | vivas |
| él/ella | hable | coma | viva |
| nosotros | hablemos | comamos | vivamos |
| vosotros | habléis | comáis | viváis |
| ellos | hablen | coman | vivan |
Irregular yo-verb pattern
| Pronoun | tener | hacer | decir | venir | conducir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | tenga | haga | diga | venga | conduzca |
| tú | tengas | hagas | digas | vengas | conduzcas |
| él | tenga | haga | diga | venga | conduzca |
| nosotros | tengamos | hagamos | digamos | vengamos | conduzcamos |
| vosotros | tengáis | hagáis | digáis | vengáis | conduzcáis |
| ellos | tengan | hagan | digan | vengan | conduzcan |
Other yo-irregulars: oír → oiga, traer → traiga, ver → vea.
-car / -gar / -zar spelling change
| Verb | yo (preterite) | Present subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| marcar | marqué | marque, marques, marque, marquemos, marquéis, marquen |
| pagar | pagué | pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen |
| organizar | organicé | organice, organices, organice, organicemos, organicéis, organicen |
Stem-changers (note -ir exceptions)
| Verb | Pattern | nosotros / vosotros |
|---|---|---|
| pensar (e→ie) | piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen | normal |
| volver (o→ue) | vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan | normal |
| pedir (e→i) | pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan | also changes |
| sentir (e→ie) | sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan | also changes |
| dormir (o→ue) | duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman | also changes |
The 5 irregular verbs
| Pronoun | ser | estar | ir | saber | dar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | sea | esté | vaya | sepa | dé |
| tú | seas | estés | vayas | sepas | des |
| él | sea | esté | vaya | sepa | dé |
| nosotros | seamos | estemos | vayamos | sepamos | demos |
| vosotros | seáis | estéis | vayáis | sepáis | deis |
| ellos | sean | estén | vayan | sepan | den |
Plus haber → haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (used for the present perfect subjunctive).
Examples
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| que yo hable | (that) I speak |
| que tú comas | (that) you eat |
| que él viva | (that) he live |
| que nosotros tengamos | (that) we have |
| que ellos digan | (that) they say |
| que yo pague | (that) I pay |
| que tú duermas | (that) you sleep |
| que él sea | (that) he be |
| que nosotros vayamos | (that) we go |
Notes & Gotchas
- The mnemonic: "Opposite vowel — -ar takes -e, -er/-ir takes -a."
dé(give, subjunctive) carries an accent to distinguish it fromde(preposition, "of").estéandestéskeep accents on the final syllable (like the present indicative ofestar).- For irregular yo verbs, the "yo trick" works:
salgo → salga,pongo → ponga,traigo → traiga.