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Trey t 47a7871c38 Add 13 new grammar notes with 1010 exercises from video extraction

Scraped a 4h Spanish fundamentals YouTube video (transcript + OCR on
14810 frames), extracted structured content across 52 chapters, and
generated fill-in-the-blank quizzes for every grammar topic.

- 13 new GrammarNote entries (articles, possessives, demonstratives,
  greetings, poder, al/del, prepositional pronouns, irregular yo,
  stem-changing, stressed possessives, present/future perfect, present
  indicative conjugation)
- 1010 generated exercises across all 36 grammar notes (new + existing)
- Fix tense guide parser to handle unnumbered *Usages* blocks
- Rewrite 6 broken tense guide bodies (imperative, subj pluperfect,
  subj future) with numbered usage format
- Bump courseDataVersion 5→6 with TenseGuide refresh on upgrade
- Add docs/spanish-fundamentals/ with raw transcripts, polished notes,
  structured JSON, and exercise data

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-04-16 08:40:05 -05:00

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21. Irregular "Yo" Verbs

Source: video link

Some Spanish verbs are perfectly regular in every present-tense form except the yo form, which takes an unexpected ending so the word "sounds right." These are called irregular yo verbs.

Key Rules

The yo form is irregular; all other present-tense forms follow the normal -ar / -er / -ir pattern.
Common irregular yo endings:
- -go: salir → salgo, hacer → hago, tener → tengo, poner → pongo, suponer → supongo, traer → traigo (with -i-).
- -zco: verbs ending in -cir and -cer after a vowel: conducir → conduzco, traducir → traduzco, conocer → conozco, parecer → parezco.
- -oy: dar → doy, ser → soy, estar → estoy, ir → voy.
- -eo: ver → veo.
- -jo: proteger → protejo (this is the only verb of its kind; it is actually a spelling change so g sounds like /x/ before -o).
Some "irregular yo" verbs are also stem-changing in other forms (e.g., tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen).

Conjugation / Pattern Tables

-go group

Verb	yo	tú	él/ella/Ud.	nosotros	vosotros	ellos/Uds.
salir (to leave)	salgo	sales	sale	salimos	salís	salen
hacer (to do/make)	hago	haces	hace	hacemos	hacéis	hacen
tener (to have)*	tengo	tienes	tiene	tenemos	tenéis	tienen
poner (to put)	pongo	pones	pone	ponemos	ponéis	ponen
suponer (to suppose)	supongo	supones	supone	suponemos	suponéis	suponen
traer (to bring)	traigo	traes	trae	traemos	traéis	traen

*tener is also stem-changing (e → ie).

-zco group

Verb	yo	tú	él/ella/Ud.	nosotros	vosotros	ellos/Uds.
conducir (to drive)	conduzco	conduces	conduce	conducimos	conducís	conducen
traducir (to translate)	traduzco	traduces	traduce	traducimos	traducís	traducen
conocer (to know)	conozco	conoces	conoce	conocemos	conocéis	conocen

Other patterns

Verb	yo	tú	él/ella/Ud.	nosotros	vosotros	ellos/Uds.
dar (to give)	doy	das	da	damos	dais	dan
ver (to see)	veo	ves	ve	vemos	veis	ven
proteger (to protect)	protejo	proteges	protege	protegemos	protegéis	protegen

Examples

Spanish	English
Yo salgo de la casa.	I leave the house.
Yo hago la tarea.	I do the homework.
Yo tengo dos hermanos.	I have two siblings.
Yo conduzco un coche rojo.	I drive a red car.
Yo traduzco el libro al inglés.	I translate the book into English.
Yo doy un regalo a María.	I give María a gift.
Yo veo la película.	I watch the movie.
Yo pongo el libro en la mesa.	I put the book on the table.
Yo supongo que sí.	I suppose so.
Yo traigo el almuerzo.	I bring lunch.
Yo protejo a mi familia.	I protect my family.

Notes & Gotchas

The -go ending is by far the most common irregular-yo pattern.
For -cer / -cir verbs preceded by a vowel, the yo form takes -zco, not just -co (avoids the awkward traduco, conoco).
Some of these verbs combine an irregular yo with stem changes (e.g., tener → tengo / tienes, decir → digo / dices).
Proteger is unique: the g is preserved as j in protejo so the consonant stays soft (Spanish g before o/a would otherwise become a hard /g/).
Don't confuse traigo (I bring, from traer) with trago (I swallow, from tragar) — that vowel matters.

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