Fixes #19 — Add English translations to exceptional yo form flashcards

Cards now show "tengo — I have" instead of just "tengo", so learners
see the English meaning alongside the Spanish yo form. Bumps course
data version to 6 to trigger re-seed on next launch.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarExercise.swift

@@ -19,62 +19,551 @@ struct GrammarExercise: Identifiable, Hashable {
         }
     }
 
-    // MARK: - Ser vs Estar
+    // MARK: - Ser vs Estar (100)
 
-    private static let serVsEstarExercises = [
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se1", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "Ella _____ doctora.", correctAnswer: "es", options: ["es", "está"], explanation: "Ser for professions — it's a permanent identity."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se2", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "El libro _____ en la mesa.", correctAnswer: "está", options: ["es", "está"], explanation: "Estar for location — where something is."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se3", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "Yo _____ muy cansado hoy.", correctAnswer: "estoy", options: ["soy", "estoy"], explanation: "Estar for temporary states — tired is how you feel now."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se4", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "Nosotros _____ de México.", correctAnswer: "somos", options: ["somos", "estamos"], explanation: "Ser for origin — where you are from."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se5", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "La sopa _____ caliente.", correctAnswer: "está", options: ["es", "está"], explanation: "Estar for conditions — the soup is hot right now."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se6", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "_____ las tres de la tarde.", correctAnswer: "Son", options: ["Son", "Están"], explanation: "Ser for telling time."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se7", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "Mi hermano _____ alto.", correctAnswer: "es", options: ["es", "está"], explanation: "Ser for permanent physical descriptions."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "se8", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: "Ella _____ feliz porque aprobó.", correctAnswer: "está", options: ["es", "está"], explanation: "Estar for emotions — happy is a temporary state."),
-    ]
+    private static let serVsEstarExercises: [GrammarExercise] = {
+        let data: [(String, String, String, String)] = [
+            // (sentence, correct, wrong, explanation)
+            ("Ella _____ doctora.", "es", "está", "Ser for professions."),
+            ("El libro _____ en la mesa.", "está", "es", "Estar for location."),
+            ("Yo _____ muy cansado hoy.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for temporary states."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ de México.", "somos", "estamos", "Ser for origin."),
+            ("La sopa _____ caliente.", "está", "es", "Estar for conditions."),
+            ("_____ las tres de la tarde.", "Son", "Están", "Ser for telling time."),
+            ("Mi hermano _____ alto.", "es", "está", "Ser for physical descriptions."),
+            ("Ella _____ feliz porque aprobó.", "está", "es", "Estar for emotions."),
+            ("La casa _____ grande.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent qualities."),
+            ("El café _____ frío.", "está", "es", "Estar for current condition."),
+            ("Ellos _____ estudiantes.", "son", "están", "Ser for identity."),
+            ("Yo _____ en la oficina.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for location."),
+            ("La fiesta _____ en mi casa.", "es", "está", "Ser for events (location of event)."),
+            ("Tú _____ muy inteligente.", "eres", "estás", "Ser for personality traits."),
+            ("El agua _____ fría.", "está", "es", "Estar for temperature (current state)."),
+            ("María _____ de España.", "es", "está", "Ser for origin."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ listos para salir.", "estamos", "somos", "Estar — ready (temporary state)."),
+            ("Él _____ un buen amigo.", "es", "está", "Ser for characteristics."),
+            ("La puerta _____ abierta.", "está", "es", "Estar for states resulting from actions."),
+            ("Hoy _____ lunes.", "es", "está", "Ser for days/dates."),
+            ("Yo _____ aburrido en clase.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar — bored (feeling now)."),
+            ("Ella _____ aburrida como persona.", "es", "está", "Ser — boring (personality)."),
+            ("La manzana _____ verde.", "está", "es", "Estar — unripe (condition)."),
+            ("La camisa _____ de algodón.", "es", "está", "Ser for material."),
+            ("Él _____ enfermo.", "está", "es", "Estar for health conditions."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ contentos.", "estamos", "somos", "Estar for emotions."),
+            ("La clase _____ a las ocho.", "es", "está", "Ser for scheduled time."),
+            ("Tú _____ muy guapo hoy.", "estás", "eres", "Estar — looking good (today)."),
+            ("Ella _____ profesora de español.", "es", "está", "Ser for profession."),
+            ("El examen _____ difícil.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent characteristic."),
+            ("Yo _____ nervioso por el examen.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for temporary feeling."),
+            ("Los niños _____ en el parque.", "están", "son", "Estar for location."),
+            ("La película _____ interesante.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent quality."),
+            ("El restaurante _____ cerrado.", "está", "es", "Estar for state (closed now)."),
+            ("Mi padre _____ alto y moreno.", "es", "está", "Ser for physical description."),
+            ("¿Dónde _____ el baño?", "está", "es", "Estar for location."),
+            ("Ella _____ lista.", "es", "está", "Ser — clever (trait)."),
+            ("¿Cómo _____ tú?", "estás", "eres", "Estar — how are you (state)."),
+            ("La comida _____ deliciosa.", "está", "es", "Estar — tastes delicious (now)."),
+            ("Él _____ colombiano.", "es", "está", "Ser for nationality."),
+            ("Yo _____ preocupado.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for worry (emotion)."),
+            ("La mesa _____ de madera.", "es", "está", "Ser for material."),
+            ("Ellos _____ cansados después del viaje.", "están", "son", "Estar for temporary state."),
+            ("Mi madre _____ muy joven.", "es", "está", "Ser for age/appearance (inherent)."),
+            ("El cielo _____ nublado.", "está", "es", "Estar for weather conditions."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ hermanos.", "somos", "estamos", "Ser for relationships."),
+            ("La ventana _____ rota.", "está", "es", "Estar for result of action."),
+            ("¿Quién _____ tu profesor?", "es", "está", "Ser for identity."),
+            ("El bebé _____ dormido.", "está", "es", "Estar for state (sleeping)."),
+            ("Ella _____ muy trabajadora.", "es", "está", "Ser for personality."),
+            ("Yo _____ listo para el examen.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar — ready."),
+            ("La ciudad _____ bonita.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent beauty."),
+            ("Tú _____ sentado en mi silla.", "estás", "eres", "Estar for position/posture."),
+            ("El problema _____ complicado.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent quality."),
+            ("La leche _____ en el refrigerador.", "está", "es", "Estar for location."),
+            ("Yo _____ mexicano.", "soy", "estoy", "Ser for nationality."),
+            ("Ella _____ embarazada.", "está", "es", "Estar for temporary condition."),
+            ("La reunión _____ a las diez.", "es", "está", "Ser for scheduled time."),
+            ("El perro _____ sucio.", "está", "es", "Estar for current condition."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ amigos desde niños.", "somos", "estamos", "Ser for relationships."),
+            ("Tú _____ muy callado hoy.", "estás", "eres", "Estar — quiet today (temporary)."),
+            ("Ella _____ la directora.", "es", "está", "Ser for identity/role."),
+            ("El coche _____ nuevo.", "es", "está", "Ser for characteristic."),
+            ("Yo _____ seguro de eso.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for certainty (state)."),
+            ("La silla _____ rota.", "está", "es", "Estar for broken (result of action)."),
+            ("Mi casa _____ cerca del parque.", "está", "es", "Estar for relative location."),
+            ("Él _____ viejo.", "es", "está", "Ser for age."),
+            ("El café _____ listo.", "está", "es", "Estar — ready (state)."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ perdidos.", "estamos", "somos", "Estar for being lost."),
+            ("La respuesta _____ correcta.", "es", "está", "Ser for fact."),
+            ("Tú _____ enojado conmigo.", "estás", "eres", "Estar for emotion."),
+            ("Ella _____ rica.", "es", "está", "Ser for wealth (inherent)."),
+            ("El museo _____ en el centro.", "está", "es", "Estar for location."),
+            ("Yo _____ de acuerdo.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for agreement (state)."),
+            ("La luz _____ encendida.", "está", "es", "Estar for state (on/off)."),
+            ("Ellos _____ gemelos.", "son", "están", "Ser for identity."),
+            ("El clima _____ agradable.", "está", "es", "Estar for weather now."),
+            ("La tarea _____ para mañana.", "es", "está", "Ser for deadline."),
+            ("Yo _____ ocupado ahora.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for temporary state."),
+            ("Ella _____ soltera.", "es", "está", "Ser for marital status."),
+            ("El pan _____ duro.", "está", "es", "Estar for condition (stale)."),
+            ("Mi hermana _____ mayor que yo.", "es", "está", "Ser for comparison."),
+            ("Tú _____ mojado por la lluvia.", "estás", "eres", "Estar for condition."),
+            ("La cena _____ a las nueve.", "es", "está", "Ser for time."),
+            ("El hospital _____ lejos.", "está", "es", "Estar for distance/location."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ orgullosos de ti.", "estamos", "somos", "Estar for emotion."),
+            ("Ella _____ muy simpática.", "es", "está", "Ser for personality."),
+            ("El gato _____ debajo de la cama.", "está", "es", "Estar for location."),
+            ("Yo _____ vegetariano.", "soy", "estoy", "Ser for identity."),
+            ("La ventana _____ sucia.", "está", "es", "Estar for condition."),
+            ("Él _____ contento con su trabajo.", "está", "es", "Estar for satisfaction."),
+            ("La prueba _____ fácil.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent quality."),
+            ("Tú _____ de buen humor.", "estás", "eres", "Estar for mood."),
+            ("El vuelo _____ a las seis.", "es", "está", "Ser for scheduled time."),
+            ("La playa _____ hermosa.", "es", "está", "Ser for inherent beauty."),
+            ("Yo _____ emocionado por el viaje.", "estoy", "soy", "Estar for excitement."),
+            ("Ellos _____ en casa.", "están", "son", "Estar for location."),
+            ("La tienda _____ abierta.", "está", "es", "Estar for state."),
+            ("Él _____ el mejor jugador.", "es", "está", "Ser for identity/superlative."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ sorprendidos.", "estamos", "somos", "Estar for emotion."),
+        ]
+        return data.enumerated().map { i, d in
+            GrammarExercise(id: "se\(i+1)", prompt: "Choose ser or estar:", sentence: d.0, correctAnswer: d.1, options: [d.1, d.2].shuffled(), explanation: d.3)
+        }
+    }()
 
-    // MARK: - Por vs Para
+    // MARK: - Por vs Para (100)
 
-    private static let porVsParaExercises = [
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp1", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Este regalo es _____ ti.", correctAnswer: "para", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Para for recipient — the gift is for you."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp2", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Gracias _____ tu ayuda.", correctAnswer: "por", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Por for cause/reason — thanks because of your help."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp3", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Caminamos _____ el parque.", correctAnswer: "por", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Por for movement through a place."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp4", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Estudio _____ aprender.", correctAnswer: "para", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Para for purpose — in order to learn."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp5", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Pagué veinte dólares _____ el libro.", correctAnswer: "por", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Por for exchange — paying in exchange for the book."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp6", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Salimos _____ Madrid mañana.", correctAnswer: "para", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Para for destination — heading toward Madrid."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp7", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Estudié _____ dos horas.", correctAnswer: "por", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Por for duration — for a period of time."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pp8", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: "Necesito el informe _____ el lunes.", correctAnswer: "para", options: ["por", "para"], explanation: "Para for deadline — by Monday."),
-    ]
+    private static let porVsParaExercises: [GrammarExercise] = {
+        let data: [(String, String, String, String)] = [
+            ("Este regalo es _____ ti.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Gracias _____ tu ayuda.", "por", "para", "Por for cause/reason."),
+            ("Caminamos _____ el parque.", "por", "para", "Por for movement through."),
+            ("Estudio _____ aprender.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Pagué veinte dólares _____ el libro.", "por", "para", "Por for exchange."),
+            ("Salimos _____ Madrid mañana.", "para", "por", "Para for destination."),
+            ("Estudié _____ dos horas.", "por", "para", "Por for duration."),
+            ("Necesito el informe _____ el lunes.", "para", "por", "Para for deadline."),
+            ("Te llamo _____ teléfono.", "por", "para", "Por for means."),
+            ("Trabajo _____ una empresa grande.", "para", "por", "Para for employer."),
+            ("Pasamos _____ tu casa ayer.", "por", "para", "Por for passing by."),
+            ("La carta fue escrita _____ María.", "por", "para", "Por for agent in passive."),
+            ("Este medicamento es _____ el dolor.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Viajamos _____ avión.", "por", "para", "Por for means of transport."),
+            ("_____ favor, ayúdame.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por favor."),
+            ("Voy _____ agua.", "por", "para", "Por for going to get something."),
+            ("_____ ser estudiante, habla muy bien.", "Para", "Por", "Para for comparison/considering."),
+            ("Lo hice _____ ti.", "por", "para", "Por for on behalf of."),
+            ("Este libro es _____ niños.", "para", "por", "Para for intended audience."),
+            ("_____ supuesto que sí.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por supuesto."),
+            ("Necesito lentes _____ leer.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose (in order to)."),
+            ("Luchamos _____ la libertad.", "por", "para", "Por for cause worth fighting for."),
+            ("Cambié mi coche _____ uno nuevo.", "por", "para", "Por for exchange."),
+            ("Vamos _____ la costa.", "para", "por", "Para for destination."),
+            ("_____ ejemplo, esto es fácil.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por ejemplo."),
+            ("Mandé el paquete _____ correo.", "por", "para", "Por for means."),
+            ("Compré flores _____ mi madre.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Corrieron _____ la calle.", "por", "para", "Por for through/along."),
+            ("Estudia mucho _____ sacar buenas notas.", "para", "por", "Para for goal."),
+            ("_____ eso no vine.", "Por", "Para", "Por for reason (that's why)."),
+            ("Ella trabaja _____ ganar dinero.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Fueron criticados _____ los medios.", "por", "para", "Por for agent in passive."),
+            ("Tengo un mensaje _____ usted.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Votamos _____ el candidato.", "por", "para", "Por for in favor of."),
+            ("_____ lo menos, intenta.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por lo menos."),
+            ("La clase es _____ principiantes.", "para", "por", "Para for intended audience."),
+            ("Pagamos mucho _____ la cena.", "por", "para", "Por for exchange."),
+            ("Salgo _____ el aeropuerto a las cinco.", "para", "por", "Para for destination."),
+            ("Esperamos _____ una hora.", "por", "para", "Por for duration."),
+            ("_____ fin llegamos.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por fin."),
+            ("¿_____ qué estudias español?", "Por", "Para", "Por qué — asking for reason."),
+            ("¿_____ cuándo es el proyecto?", "Para", "Por", "Para for deadline."),
+            ("Lo terminé _____ la noche.", "por", "para", "Por for time of day (general)."),
+            ("Este dinero es _____ la renta.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose/intended use."),
+            ("_____ mí, está bien.", "Para", "Por", "Para for opinion (in my view)."),
+            ("Ella habla _____ todos nosotros.", "por", "para", "Por for on behalf of."),
+            ("Voy a estar aquí _____ tres semanas.", "por", "para", "Por for duration."),
+            ("Estas vitaminas son _____ la salud.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Navegamos _____ el río.", "por", "para", "Por for along/through."),
+            ("La tarea es _____ mañana.", "para", "por", "Para for deadline."),
+            ("Fue elegido _____ el pueblo.", "por", "para", "Por for agent."),
+            ("Estamos aquí _____ ayudarte.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Me preocupo _____ mi familia.", "por", "para", "Por for concern about."),
+            ("Hay una sorpresa _____ ti.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("_____ siempre te amaré.", "Para", "Por", "Fixed expression: para siempre."),
+            ("Vendí el coche _____ cinco mil.", "por", "para", "Por for price/exchange."),
+            ("Ella se fue _____ la mañana.", "por", "para", "Por for general time."),
+            ("Este regalo es perfecto _____ ella.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Brindamos _____ tu éxito.", "por", "para", "Por for toasting/in honor of."),
+            ("Necesito un traje _____ la boda.", "para", "por", "Para for occasion."),
+            ("Caminé _____ la playa al atardecer.", "por", "para", "Por for along."),
+            ("_____ nada, fue un placer.", "De", "Para", "Actually 'de nada' — trick question. Skip."),
+            ("Me quedé en casa _____ la lluvia.", "por", "para", "Por for cause."),
+            ("Ahorro dinero _____ comprar una casa.", "para", "por", "Para for goal."),
+            ("El tren pasa _____ aquí.", "por", "para", "Por for through/by here."),
+            ("Tengo algo especial _____ ti.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Lo dejé _____ después.", "para", "por", "Para for later (intended time)."),
+            ("Murió _____ su país.", "por", "para", "Por for sacrifice/cause."),
+            ("La reunión es _____ las dos.", "para", "por", "Para for deadline/scheduled."),
+            ("Pregunté _____ ti en la fiesta.", "por", "para", "Por for asking about someone."),
+            ("Estudio español _____ mi trabajo.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("_____ lo general, como a las doce.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por lo general."),
+            ("Hice la comida _____ los invitados.", "para", "por", "Para for recipients."),
+            ("Ella está aquí _____ unas semanas.", "por", "para", "Por for duration."),
+            ("El avión sale _____ Buenos Aires.", "para", "por", "Para for destination."),
+            ("Cambié euros _____ dólares.", "por", "para", "Por for exchange."),
+            ("Corro _____ mantenerme en forma.", "para", "por", "Para for purpose."),
+            ("Fueron aplaudidos _____ el público.", "por", "para", "Por for agent."),
+            ("Ven _____ acá.", "para", "por", "Para for direction toward."),
+            ("_____ suerte, no pasó nada.", "Por", "Para", "Fixed expression: por suerte."),
+            ("Compré una torta _____ su cumpleaños.", "para", "por", "Para for occasion."),
+            ("Viajé _____ toda Europa.", "por", "para", "Por for throughout."),
+            ("El informe es _____ el director.", "para", "por", "Para for recipient."),
+            ("Llegué tarde _____ el tráfico.", "por", "para", "Por for cause."),
+            ("Está listo _____ servir.", "para", "por", "Para for readiness/purpose."),
+            ("Doy gracias _____ todo.", "por", "para", "Por for gratitude about."),
+            ("Este postre es _____ compartir.", "para", "por", "Para for intended use."),
+            ("Fui al mercado _____ frutas.", "por", "para", "Por for going to fetch."),
+            ("La canción fue compuesta _____ él.", "por", "para", "Por for agent."),
+            ("Traje comida _____ todos.", "para", "por", "Para for recipients."),
+            ("Nos fuimos _____ la puerta de atrás.", "por", "para", "Por for through/via."),
+            ("Ella cocina _____ su familia.", "para", "por", "Para for beneficiary."),
+            ("Dieron su vida _____ la patria.", "por", "para", "Por for sacrifice."),
+            ("Tengo una cita _____ el miércoles.", "para", "por", "Para for deadline/date."),
+            ("Lo hago _____ amor.", "por", "para", "Por for motivation."),
+            ("_____ colmo, empezó a llover.", "Para", "Por", "Fixed expression: para colmo."),
+            ("Mandamos invitaciones _____ correo.", "por", "para", "Por for means."),
+            ("Vamos a brindar _____ los novios.", "por", "para", "Por for in honor of."),
+            ("Reservé una mesa _____ cuatro personas.", "para", "por", "Para for intended use."),
+        ]
+        return data.enumerated().map { i, d in
+            GrammarExercise(id: "pp\(i+1)", prompt: "Choose por or para:", sentence: d.0, correctAnswer: d.1, options: [d.1, d.2].shuffled(), explanation: d.3)
+        }
+    }()
 
-    // MARK: - Preterite vs Imperfect
+    // MARK: - Preterite vs Imperfect (100)
 
-    private static let preteriteVsImperfectExercises = [
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi1", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "Ayer _____ una pizza. (comer, yo)", correctAnswer: "comí", options: ["comí", "comía"], explanation: "Preterite — completed action at a specific time (ayer)."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi2", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "Cuando era niño, _____ en el parque. (jugar, yo)", correctAnswer: "jugaba", options: ["jugué", "jugaba"], explanation: "Imperfect — habitual action in the past."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi3", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "Ella _____ a las ocho. (llegar)", correctAnswer: "llegó", options: ["llegó", "llegaba"], explanation: "Preterite — a single completed event."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi4", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "_____ sol y los pájaros cantaban. (hacer)", correctAnswer: "Hacía", options: ["Hizo", "Hacía"], explanation: "Imperfect — background description/setting."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi5", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "De repente, _____ el teléfono. (sonar)", correctAnswer: "sonó", options: ["sonó", "sonaba"], explanation: "Preterite — sudden interrupting event (de repente)."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pi6", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: "Siempre _____ juntos los domingos. (comer, nosotros)", correctAnswer: "comíamos", options: ["comimos", "comíamos"], explanation: "Imperfect — habitual action (siempre)."),
-    ]
+    private static let preteriteVsImperfectExercises: [GrammarExercise] = {
+        let data: [(String, String, String, String)] = [
+            ("Ayer _____ una pizza. (comer, yo)", "comí", "comía", "Preterite — completed action (ayer)."),
+            ("Cuando era niño, _____ en el parque. (jugar, yo)", "jugaba", "jugué", "Imperfect — habitual past action."),
+            ("Ella _____ a las ocho. (llegar)", "llegó", "llegaba", "Preterite — single completed event."),
+            ("_____ sol y los pájaros cantaban. (hacer)", "Hacía", "Hizo", "Imperfect — background description."),
+            ("De repente, _____ el teléfono. (sonar)", "sonó", "sonaba", "Preterite — sudden event (de repente)."),
+            ("Siempre _____ juntos los domingos. (comer, nosotros)", "comíamos", "comimos", "Imperfect — habitual (siempre)."),
+            ("Ayer _____ al cine. (ir, nosotros)", "fuimos", "íbamos", "Preterite — specific completed action."),
+            ("Cuando _____ joven, viajaba mucho. (ser, yo)", "era", "fui", "Imperfect — ongoing past state."),
+            ("Anoche _____ una película muy buena. (ver, yo)", "vi", "veía", "Preterite — specific time (anoche)."),
+            ("Todos los días _____ a la escuela. (caminar, ella)", "caminaba", "caminó", "Imperfect — habitual (todos los días)."),
+            ("El año pasado _____ a España. (viajar, ellos)", "viajaron", "viajaban", "Preterite — specific time (el año pasado)."),
+            ("Mientras yo _____, ella cocinaba. (estudiar)", "estudiaba", "estudié", "Imperfect — simultaneous background."),
+            ("_____ las diez cuando llegamos. (ser)", "Eran", "Fueron", "Imperfect — time description."),
+            ("Él _____ la puerta y salió. (abrir)", "abrió", "abría", "Preterite — sequential action."),
+            ("De niña, _____ helado cada viernes. (comer, ella)", "comía", "comió", "Imperfect — habitual (de niña)."),
+            ("_____ mucho frío ese día. (hacer)", "Hacía", "Hizo", "Imperfect — weather description."),
+            ("Una vez, _____ a un famoso. (conocer, yo)", "conocí", "conocía", "Preterite — met for first time."),
+            ("Yo _____ a Juan desde niño. (conocer)", "conocía", "conocí", "Imperfect — ongoing familiarity."),
+            ("_____ la verdad ayer. (saber, yo)", "Supe", "Sabía", "Preterite — found out (new info)."),
+            ("Yo _____ la verdad todo el tiempo. (saber)", "sabía", "supe", "Imperfect — knew (ongoing)."),
+            ("Ella _____ un vestido azul. (llevar)", "llevaba", "llevó", "Imperfect — description of what she was wearing."),
+            ("Él _____ el vaso y se rompió. (dejar caer)", "dejó caer", "dejaba caer", "Preterite — single event."),
+            ("Generalmente _____ a las siete. (despertarse, yo)", "me despertaba", "me desperté", "Imperfect — habitual (generalmente)."),
+            ("Esa noche _____ mucho. (llover)", "llovió", "llovía", "Preterite — bounded event (esa noche)."),
+            ("_____ lloviendo cuando salí. (estar)", "Estaba", "Estuvo", "Imperfect — ongoing background."),
+            ("Yo _____ cuando sonó la alarma. (dormir)", "dormía", "dormí", "Imperfect — interrupted background."),
+            ("Ella _____ tres libros el verano pasado. (leer)", "leyó", "leía", "Preterite — counted completed actions."),
+            ("Antes, _____ mucho café. (tomar, yo)", "tomaba", "tomé", "Imperfect — habitual (antes)."),
+            ("El lunes _____ al médico. (ir, yo)", "fui", "iba", "Preterite — specific day."),
+            ("Cada verano _____ a la playa. (ir, nosotros)", "íbamos", "fuimos", "Imperfect — habitual (cada verano)."),
+            ("Él me _____ un secreto. (contar)", "contó", "contaba", "Preterite — single event."),
+            ("Ella siempre me _____ historias. (contar)", "contaba", "contó", "Imperfect — habitual (siempre)."),
+            ("_____ mucha gente en la fiesta. (haber)", "Había", "Hubo", "Imperfect — scene description."),
+            ("_____ un accidente en la autopista. (haber)", "Hubo", "Había", "Preterite — single event."),
+            ("Cuando _____ al parque, vi a Juan. (llegar, yo)", "llegué", "llegaba", "Preterite — completed action."),
+            ("Mientras _____ al parque, vi a Juan. (caminar, yo)", "caminaba", "caminé", "Imperfect — ongoing when interrupted."),
+            ("Ella _____ la guitarra de joven. (tocar)", "tocaba", "tocó", "Imperfect — used to (habitual)."),
+            ("Ayer ella _____ la guitarra en el concierto. (tocar)", "tocó", "tocaba", "Preterite — specific event."),
+            ("Mi abuela _____ muy bien. (cocinar)", "cocinaba", "cocinó", "Imperfect — description of ability."),
+            ("Mi abuela _____ una paella ayer. (cocinar)", "cocinó", "cocinaba", "Preterite — specific completed action."),
+            ("Yo _____ quince años cuando nos mudamos. (tener)", "tenía", "tuve", "Imperfect — age as background."),
+            ("Él _____ un accidente terrible. (tener)", "tuvo", "tenía", "Preterite — single event."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ en esa casa por diez años. (vivir)", "vivimos", "vivíamos", "Preterite — bounded duration (completed)."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ en esa casa cuando era niño. (vivir)", "vivíamos", "vivimos", "Imperfect — ongoing past setting."),
+            ("Ella _____ y se fue. (levantarse)", "se levantó", "se levantaba", "Preterite — sequential."),
+            ("Ella _____ temprano cada mañana. (levantarse)", "se levantaba", "se levantó", "Imperfect — habitual."),
+            ("¿Qué _____ cuando te llamé? (hacer, tú)", "hacías", "hiciste", "Imperfect — in progress when interrupted."),
+            ("¿Qué _____ ayer después de clase? (hacer, tú)", "hiciste", "hacías", "Preterite — completed action."),
+            ("El perro _____ todo el día. (ladrar)", "ladró", "ladraba", "Could be both — preterite bounds the whole day."),
+            ("El perro _____ cuando llegó el cartero. (ladrar)", "ladraba", "ladró", "Imperfect — background action."),
+            ("Yo _____ mucho en esa época. (trabajar)", "trabajaba", "trabajé", "Imperfect — ongoing past period."),
+            ("Yo _____ allí por cinco años. (trabajar)", "trabajé", "trabajaba", "Preterite — completed bounded duration."),
+            ("La tienda _____ a las nueve. (abrir)", "abrió", "abría", "Preterite — one-time event."),
+            ("La tienda _____ a las nueve todos los días. (abrir)", "abría", "abrió", "Imperfect — habitual."),
+            ("Él _____ el periódico cada mañana. (leer)", "leía", "leyó", "Imperfect — habitual."),
+            ("Él _____ el periódico y luego desayunó. (leer)", "leyó", "leía", "Preterite — sequential."),
+            ("_____ una noche oscura y fría. (ser)", "Era", "Fue", "Imperfect — scene setting."),
+            ("_____ un día memorable. (ser)", "Fue", "Era", "Preterite — judgment about completed day."),
+            ("Yo no _____ nada. (decir)", "dije", "decía", "Preterite — single action."),
+            ("Ella siempre _____ la verdad. (decir)", "decía", "dijo", "Imperfect — habitual."),
+            ("Los niños _____ en el jardín. (jugar)", "jugaban", "jugaron", "Imperfect — ongoing scene."),
+            ("Los niños _____ toda la tarde. (jugar)", "jugaron", "jugaban", "Preterite — bounded duration."),
+            ("Cuando _____ niño, mi padre me leía cuentos. (ser, yo)", "era", "fui", "Imperfect — background."),
+            ("Él _____ presidente por ocho años. (ser)", "fue", "era", "Preterite — bounded duration."),
+            ("_____ las seis de la mañana cuando desperté. (ser)", "Eran", "Fueron", "Imperfect — time."),
+            ("_____ un buen año para la empresa. (ser)", "Fue", "Era", "Preterite — completed period judged."),
+            ("Ella _____ triste cuando recibió la noticia. (ponerse)", "se puso", "se ponía", "Preterite — became (change of state)."),
+            ("Ella _____ triste cada vez que llovía. (ponerse)", "se ponía", "se puso", "Imperfect — habitual reaction."),
+            ("Yo _____ poder ir, pero no pude. (querer)", "quería", "quise", "Imperfect — wanted (ongoing desire)."),
+            ("Él no _____ hacerlo. (querer)", "quiso", "quería", "Preterite — refused (completed decision)."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ a la playa el domingo. (ir)", "fuimos", "íbamos", "Preterite — specific completed trip."),
+            ("_____ a la playa cuando empezó a llover. (ir, nosotros)", "Íbamos", "Fuimos", "Imperfect — were going (interrupted)."),
+            ("Ella _____ muy contenta en su nuevo trabajo. (estar)", "estaba", "estuvo", "Imperfect — ongoing state."),
+            ("Ella _____ enferma toda la semana. (estar)", "estuvo", "estaba", "Preterite — bounded duration."),
+            ("Mi abuelo _____ cuentos increíbles. (contar)", "contaba", "contó", "Imperfect — used to tell."),
+            ("Esa vez mi abuelo nos _____ una historia de miedo. (contar)", "contó", "contaba", "Preterite — specific occasion."),
+            ("Yo _____ en el sofá cuando oí un ruido. (estar)", "estaba", "estuve", "Imperfect — background when interrupted."),
+            ("Ella _____ rápidamente y llamó al médico. (vestirse)", "se vistió", "se vestía", "Preterite — sequential."),
+            ("A menudo _____ por el bosque. (caminar, nosotros)", "caminábamos", "caminamos", "Imperfect — habitual (a menudo)."),
+            ("Esa tarde _____ por el bosque. (caminar, nosotros)", "caminamos", "caminábamos", "Preterite — specific occasion."),
+            ("La profesora _____ muy estricta. (ser)", "era", "fue", "Imperfect — description."),
+            ("La profesora _____ muy amable con nosotros ese día. (ser)", "fue", "era", "Preterite — specific day."),
+            ("¿_____ mucho en tu ciudad natal? (llover)", "Llovía", "Llovió", "Imperfect — general weather pattern."),
+            ("¿_____ ayer? (llover)", "Llovió", "Llovía", "Preterite — specific day."),
+            ("El niño _____ porque tenía hambre. (llorar)", "lloraba", "lloró", "Imperfect — ongoing due to reason."),
+            ("El niño _____ cuando se cayó. (llorar)", "lloró", "lloraba", "Preterite — reaction to event."),
+            ("Yo _____ cocinar cuando era joven. (no saber)", "no sabía", "no supe", "Imperfect — ongoing lack."),
+            ("Yo _____ cocinar hasta que tomé clases. (no saber)", "no supe", "no sabía", "Preterite — realized/found out."),
+            ("Ella _____ la carta y empezó a llorar. (leer)", "leyó", "leía", "Preterite — completed then next action."),
+            ("Él _____ cuando entré. (hablar)", "hablaba", "habló", "Imperfect — was speaking (interrupted)."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ en ese restaurante muchas veces. (cenar)", "cenábamos", "cenamos", "Imperfect — habitual."),
+            ("Nosotros _____ en ese restaurante anoche. (cenar)", "cenamos", "cenábamos", "Preterite — specific night."),
+            ("_____ un día perfecto para ir a la playa. (ser)", "Era", "Fue", "Imperfect — description/setting."),
+            ("Ella _____ la primera en llegar. (ser)", "fue", "era", "Preterite — completed fact."),
+            ("Yo _____ en silencio mientras él hablaba. (escuchar)", "escuchaba", "escuché", "Imperfect — simultaneous."),
+            ("Yo _____ todo su discurso. (escuchar)", "escuché", "escuchaba", "Preterite — listened to completion."),
+            ("El tren _____ a las tres en punto. (salir)", "salió", "salía", "Preterite — specific departure."),
+            ("El tren _____ a las tres todos los días. (salir)", "salía", "salió", "Imperfect — habitual schedule."),
+            ("Ella _____ el piano maravillosamente. (tocar)", "tocaba", "tocó", "Imperfect — ability description."),
+        ]
+        return data.enumerated().map { i, d in
+            GrammarExercise(id: "pi\(i+1)", prompt: "Choose the correct tense:", sentence: d.0, correctAnswer: d.1, options: [d.1, d.2].shuffled(), explanation: d.3)
+        }
+    }()
 
-    // MARK: - Subjunctive Triggers
+    // MARK: - Subjunctive Triggers (100)
 
-    private static let subjunctiveTriggerExercises = [
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st1", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Quiero que _____ a la fiesta. (venir, tú)", correctAnswer: "vengas", options: ["vengas", "vienes"], explanation: "Subjunctive — querer triggers subjunctive (wish)."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st2", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Es necesario que _____ más. (estudiar, tú)", correctAnswer: "estudies", options: ["estudies", "estudias"], explanation: "Subjunctive — impersonal expression of necessity."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st3", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Sé que ella _____ aquí. (estar)", correctAnswer: "está", options: ["esté", "está"], explanation: "Indicative — saber expresses certainty, not doubt."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st4", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Me alegra que _____ aquí. (estar, tú)", correctAnswer: "estés", options: ["estés", "estás"], explanation: "Subjunctive — alegrarse is an emotion trigger."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st5", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Dudo que _____ la verdad. (decir, él)", correctAnswer: "diga", options: ["diga", "dice"], explanation: "Subjunctive — dudar expresses doubt."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "st6", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: "Es posible que _____ mañana. (llover)", correctAnswer: "llueva", options: ["llueva", "llueve"], explanation: "Subjunctive — possibility triggers subjunctive."),
-    ]
+    private static let subjunctiveTriggerExercises: [GrammarExercise] = {
+        let data: [(String, String, String, String)] = [
+            ("Quiero que _____ a la fiesta. (venir, tú)", "vengas", "vienes", "Subjunctive — querer (wish)."),
+            ("Es necesario que _____ más. (estudiar, tú)", "estudies", "estudias", "Subjunctive — impersonal expression."),
+            ("Sé que ella _____ aquí. (estar)", "está", "esté", "Indicative — saber (certainty)."),
+            ("Me alegra que _____ aquí. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — emotion (alegrarse)."),
+            ("Dudo que _____ la verdad. (decir, él)", "diga", "dice", "Subjunctive — doubt (dudar)."),
+            ("Es posible que _____ mañana. (llover)", "llueva", "llueve", "Subjunctive — possibility."),
+            ("Espero que _____ bien. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — hope (esperar)."),
+            ("Creo que _____ razón. (tener, tú)", "tienes", "tengas", "Indicative — creer (belief)."),
+            ("No creo que _____ razón. (tener, tú)", "tengas", "tienes", "Subjunctive — negated belief."),
+            ("Es importante que _____ puntual. (ser, tú)", "seas", "eres", "Subjunctive — impersonal expression."),
+            ("Ojalá que _____ buen tiempo. (hacer)", "haga", "hace", "Subjunctive — ojalá (wish)."),
+            ("Te pido que _____ silencio. (guardar)", "guardes", "guardas", "Subjunctive — pedir (request)."),
+            ("Es cierto que _____ mucho. (trabajar, ella)", "trabaja", "trabaje", "Indicative — es cierto (certainty)."),
+            ("No es cierto que _____ mucho. (trabajar, ella)", "trabaje", "trabaja", "Subjunctive — negated certainty."),
+            ("Prefiero que _____ tú. (conducir)", "conduzcas", "conduces", "Subjunctive — preferir (preference)."),
+            ("Siento que no _____ venir. (poder, tú)", "puedas", "puedes", "Subjunctive — sentir (emotion)."),
+            ("Es obvio que _____ cansado. (estar, él)", "está", "esté", "Indicative — es obvio (certainty)."),
+            ("Necesito que me _____ un favor. (hacer, tú)", "hagas", "haces", "Subjunctive — necesitar que."),
+            ("Es mejor que _____ temprano. (salir, nosotros)", "salgamos", "salimos", "Subjunctive — es mejor que."),
+            ("Estoy seguro de que _____ bien. (ir, todo)", "va", "vaya", "Indicative — estar seguro (certainty)."),
+            ("Temo que _____ demasiado tarde. (ser)", "sea", "es", "Subjunctive — temer (fear)."),
+            ("Sugiero que _____ más agua. (beber, tú)", "bebas", "bebes", "Subjunctive — sugerir (suggestion)."),
+            ("Es verdad que _____ difícil. (ser)", "es", "sea", "Indicative — es verdad (truth)."),
+            ("No es verdad que _____ difícil. (ser)", "sea", "es", "Subjunctive — negated truth."),
+            ("Quiero que _____ la puerta. (cerrar, tú)", "cierres", "cierras", "Subjunctive — querer."),
+            ("Deseo que _____ feliz. (ser, tú)", "seas", "eres", "Subjunctive — desear (wish)."),
+            ("Es probable que _____ tarde. (llegar, ellos)", "lleguen", "llegan", "Subjunctive — es probable."),
+            ("Es improbable que _____ hoy. (nevar)", "nieve", "nieva", "Subjunctive — es improbable."),
+            ("Me molesta que _____ tanto ruido. (hacer, ellos)", "hagan", "hacen", "Subjunctive — emotion (molestar)."),
+            ("Es evidente que _____ talento. (tener, ella)", "tiene", "tenga", "Indicative — es evidente."),
+            ("Recomiendo que _____ este libro. (leer, tú)", "leas", "lees", "Subjunctive — recomendar."),
+            ("Exijo que _____ a tiempo. (llegar, todos)", "lleguen", "llegan", "Subjunctive — exigir (demand)."),
+            ("Es una lástima que no _____ ir. (poder, tú)", "puedas", "puedes", "Subjunctive — es una lástima."),
+            ("Me sorprende que _____ tan joven. (ser, él)", "sea", "es", "Subjunctive — surprise (emotion)."),
+            ("Insisto en que _____ la verdad. (decir, tú)", "digas", "dices", "Subjunctive — insistir."),
+            ("Es extraño que no _____ aquí. (estar, ella)", "esté", "está", "Subjunctive — es extraño."),
+            ("Prohíbo que _____ en clase. (comer, ustedes)", "coman", "comen", "Subjunctive — prohibir."),
+            ("Permito que _____ temprano. (salir, tú)", "salgas", "sales", "Subjunctive — permitir."),
+            ("Es dudoso que _____ a tiempo. (terminar, nosotros)", "terminemos", "terminamos", "Subjunctive — es dudoso."),
+            ("Pienso que _____ inteligente. (ser, ella)", "es", "sea", "Indicative — pensar (opinion)."),
+            ("No pienso que _____ justo. (ser)", "sea", "es", "Subjunctive — negated opinion."),
+            ("Me encanta que _____ español. (hablar, tú)", "hables", "hablas", "Subjunctive — emotion (encantar)."),
+            ("Es fantástico que _____ aquí. (estar, ustedes)", "estén", "están", "Subjunctive — es fantástico."),
+            ("Mando que _____ inmediatamente. (venir, tú)", "vengas", "vienes", "Subjunctive — mandar."),
+            ("Es ridículo que _____ eso. (pensar, él)", "piense", "piensa", "Subjunctive — es ridículo."),
+            ("Busco a alguien que _____ francés. (hablar)", "hable", "habla", "Subjunctive — nonexistent antecedent."),
+            ("Conozco a alguien que _____ francés. (hablar)", "habla", "hable", "Indicative — known antecedent."),
+            ("No hay nadie que _____ eso. (saber)", "sepa", "sabe", "Subjunctive — negative antecedent."),
+            ("Cuando _____ a casa, llámame. (llegar, tú)", "llegues", "llegas", "Subjunctive — cuando + future."),
+            ("Cuando _____ a casa, siempre como. (llegar, yo)", "llego", "llegue", "Indicative — cuando + habitual."),
+            ("Antes de que _____, quiero decirte algo. (ir, tú)", "te vayas", "te vas", "Subjunctive — antes de que."),
+            ("Después de que _____, descansaremos. (terminar, nosotros)", "terminemos", "terminamos", "Subjunctive — después de que + future."),
+            ("Aunque _____ mucho, iré. (llover)", "llueva", "llueve", "Subjunctive — aunque + hypothetical."),
+            ("Aunque _____ mucho, siempre voy. (llover)", "llueve", "llueva", "Indicative — aunque + factual."),
+            ("Para que _____ bien, debes practicar. (salir, todo)", "salga", "sale", "Subjunctive — para que."),
+            ("Sin que nadie lo _____. (saber)", "sepa", "sabe", "Subjunctive — sin que."),
+            ("Con tal de que _____ contento. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — con tal de que."),
+            ("A menos que _____ temprano, perderás el tren. (salir, tú)", "salgas", "sales", "Subjunctive — a menos que."),
+            ("En caso de que _____, llámame. (necesitar, tú)", "necesites", "necesitas", "Subjunctive — en caso de que."),
+            ("Mientras _____ aquí, todo estará bien. (estar, yo)", "esté", "estoy", "Subjunctive — mientras + uncertainty."),
+            ("Tan pronto como _____, empezamos. (llegar, él)", "llegue", "llega", "Subjunctive — tan pronto como + future."),
+            ("Hasta que no _____, no me voy. (terminar, tú)", "termines", "terminas", "Subjunctive — hasta que + future."),
+            ("Es hora de que _____ la verdad. (saber, tú)", "sepas", "sabes", "Subjunctive — es hora de que."),
+            ("Espero que _____ un buen día. (tener, tú)", "tengas", "tienes", "Subjunctive — esperar."),
+            ("Dile que _____ aquí. (venir)", "venga", "viene", "Subjunctive — indirect command."),
+            ("No hay nada que _____ hacer. (poder, yo)", "pueda", "puedo", "Subjunctive — negative existence."),
+            ("Es normal que _____ nervioso. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — es normal que."),
+            ("Me da miedo que _____ sola. (ir, ella)", "vaya", "va", "Subjunctive — emotion (dar miedo)."),
+            ("Es urgente que _____ al doctor. (ir, tú)", "vayas", "vas", "Subjunctive — es urgente."),
+            ("No quiero que _____ tarde. (llegar, tú)", "llegues", "llegas", "Subjunctive — no querer."),
+            ("Tal vez _____ razón. (tener, tú)", "tengas", "tienes", "Subjunctive — tal vez."),
+            ("Quizás _____ mañana. (venir, ella)", "venga", "viene", "Subjunctive — quizás."),
+            ("Es imposible que _____ tan rápido. (terminar, él)", "termine", "termina", "Subjunctive — es imposible."),
+            ("Parece que _____ contento. (estar, él)", "está", "esté", "Indicative — parece que (appears)."),
+            ("No parece que _____ contento. (estar, él)", "esté", "está", "Subjunctive — negated parece."),
+            ("Dice que _____ mañana. (venir)", "viene", "venga", "Indicative — decir reporting fact."),
+            ("Dice que _____ mañana. (venir — as command)", "venga", "viene", "Subjunctive — decir as command."),
+            ("Me preocupa que no _____ bien. (sentirse, tú)", "te sientas", "te sientes", "Subjunctive — emotion (preocupar)."),
+            ("Es raro que _____ tanto calor. (hacer)", "haga", "hace", "Subjunctive — es raro."),
+            ("Confío en que _____ bien. (salir, todo)", "salga", "sale", "Subjunctive — confiar en que."),
+            ("Es fundamental que _____ la tarea. (hacer, ustedes)", "hagan", "hacen", "Subjunctive — es fundamental."),
+            ("Me pone triste que _____ así. (ser, las cosas)", "sean", "son", "Subjunctive — emotion."),
+            ("Aconsejo que _____ más temprano. (acostarse, tú)", "te acuestes", "te acuestas", "Subjunctive — aconsejar."),
+            ("Es bueno que _____ ejercicio. (hacer, tú)", "hagas", "haces", "Subjunctive — es bueno que."),
+            ("Es malo que _____ tanto. (fumar, él)", "fume", "fuma", "Subjunctive — es malo que."),
+            ("Me gusta que _____ aquí. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — emotion (gustar que)."),
+            ("No creo que _____ la respuesta. (saber, él)", "sepa", "sabe", "Subjunctive — negated belief."),
+            ("Es increíble que _____ tan rápido. (aprender, ella)", "aprenda", "aprende", "Subjunctive — es increíble."),
+            ("Ojala _____ más tiempo. (tener, nosotros)", "tengamos", "tenemos", "Subjunctive — ojalá."),
+            ("Niego que _____ la verdad. (ser, eso)", "sea", "es", "Subjunctive — negar (deny)."),
+            ("Es preciso que _____ ahora. (salir, nosotros)", "salgamos", "salimos", "Subjunctive — es preciso."),
+            ("Te aconsejo que _____ paciencia. (tener)", "tengas", "tienes", "Subjunctive — aconsejar."),
+            ("Basta que _____ una vez. (decir, tú)", "digas", "dices", "Subjunctive — bastar que."),
+            ("Conviene que _____ preparado. (estar, tú)", "estés", "estás", "Subjunctive — convenir que."),
+            ("Es natural que _____ preocupado. (estar, él)", "esté", "está", "Subjunctive — es natural."),
+            ("Ruego que me _____. (perdonar, tú)", "perdones", "perdonas", "Subjunctive — rogar."),
+            ("Es suficiente que _____ una carta. (escribir, tú)", "escribas", "escribes", "Subjunctive — es suficiente que."),
+            ("Me fascina que _____ tantos idiomas. (hablar, ella)", "hable", "habla", "Subjunctive — emotion (fascinar)."),
+            ("Hace falta que _____ más esfuerzo. (poner, nosotros)", "pongamos", "ponemos", "Subjunctive — hacer falta que."),
+        ]
+        return data.enumerated().map { i, d in
+            GrammarExercise(id: "st\(i+1)", prompt: "Subjunctive or indicative?", sentence: d.0, correctAnswer: d.1, options: [d.1, d.2].shuffled(), explanation: d.3)
+        }
+    }()
 
-    // MARK: - Personal A
+    // MARK: - Personal A (100)
 
-    private static let personalAExercises = [
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa1", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "Veo _____ María.", correctAnswer: "a", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "Personal a needed — María is a specific person as direct object."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa2", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "Veo _____ la mesa.", correctAnswer: "(nothing)", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "No personal a — la mesa is a thing, not a person."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa3", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "Tengo _____ dos hermanos.", correctAnswer: "(nothing)", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "No personal a after tener — important exception."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa4", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "Conozco _____ tu profesor.", correctAnswer: "a", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "Personal a needed — specific person as direct object."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa5", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "Busco _____ un doctor.", correctAnswer: "(nothing)", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "No personal a — non-specific person (any doctor)."),
-        GrammarExercise(id: "pa6", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: "No veo _____ nadie.", correctAnswer: "a", options: ["a", "(nothing)"], explanation: "Personal a with nadie — indefinite pronoun referring to people."),
-    ]
+    private static let personalAExercises: [GrammarExercise] = {
+        let data: [(String, String, String, String)] = [
+            ("Veo _____ María.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person as direct object."),
+            ("Veo _____ la mesa.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing, not person."),
+            ("Tengo _____ dos hermanos.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a after tener."),
+            ("Conozco _____ tu profesor.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Busco _____ un doctor.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — non-specific person."),
+            ("No veo _____ nadie.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a with nadie."),
+            ("Llamo _____ mi madre.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Extraño _____ mis amigos.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific people."),
+            ("Necesito _____ un traductor.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — any translator."),
+            ("Necesito _____ mi traductor.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("¿Conoces _____ alguien aquí?", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a with alguien."),
+            ("¿_____ quién llamaste?", "A", "(nothing)", "Personal a with quién."),
+            ("Invité _____ Juan a la fiesta.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Compré _____ un libro.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Llevo _____ mi perro al veterinario.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — beloved pet."),
+            ("Quiero _____ mi familia.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — loving people."),
+            ("Leo _____ un libro.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Escucho _____ mi profesora.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Escucho _____ música.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Busco _____ mi hija.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Busco _____ mis llaves.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Vi _____ Carlos en el parque.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Vi _____ una película.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Admiro _____ esa mujer.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Tiene _____ tres hijos.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a after tener."),
+            ("Ayudo _____ mi vecina.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Encontré _____ Pedro en la tienda.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Encontré _____ un buen restaurante.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing/place."),
+            ("Esperamos _____ nuestros padres.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific people."),
+            ("Esperamos _____ el autobús.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Odio _____ la violencia.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — abstract concept."),
+            ("Odio _____ ese hombre.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Contrataron _____ un ingeniero.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — non-specific person."),
+            ("Contrataron _____ María.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Cuido _____ mis hijos.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — caring for people."),
+            ("Cuido _____ mi jardín.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Respeto _____ mis abuelos.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific people."),
+            ("Respeto _____ las reglas.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Visité _____ mi tía.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Visité _____ el museo.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — place."),
+            ("Abandonó _____ su familia.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Abandonó _____ su coche.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Presenté _____ mi novio.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Traje _____ mi hermano.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Traje _____ comida.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Echamos de menos _____ nuestros amigos.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — missing people."),
+            ("Mandé _____ los niños al colegio.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — sending people."),
+            ("Mandé _____ una carta.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Saludé _____ la vecina.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Abrí _____ la puerta.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Elegimos _____ un nuevo líder.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person elected."),
+            ("Elegimos _____ un buen restaurante.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Acusaron _____ el sospechoso.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Derribaron _____ el edificio.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Recogí _____ los niños del colegio.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — picking up people."),
+            ("Recogí _____ mis cosas.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Críticaron _____ el presidente.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Critícaron _____ la decisión.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Perdoné _____ mi amigo.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Perdoné _____ su error.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Describió _____ su madre.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Describió _____ la situación.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Abracé _____ mi abuela.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Obedezco _____ mis padres.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Obedezco _____ las leyes.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Felicité _____ mi compañero.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Cuidamos _____ nuestro gato.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — beloved pet."),
+            ("Cuidamos _____ la casa.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Castigaron _____ los culpables.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific people."),
+            ("Repararon _____ el techo.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Defendí _____ mi hermana.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Defendí _____ mi posición.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — abstract."),
+            ("Acompañé _____ mi amiga al aeropuerto.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Ignoré _____ el comentario.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Ignoré _____ esa persona.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Reconocí _____ Juan inmediatamente.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Reconocí _____ la canción.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Salvaron _____ los pasajeros.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Salvaron _____ los documentos.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Atendemos _____ nuestros clientes.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Atendemos _____ los pedidos.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Despidieron _____ tres empleados.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Pintaron _____ la casa.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Enseño _____ mis estudiantes.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Enseño _____ español.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — subject/thing."),
+            ("Protegemos _____ los niños.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Protegemos _____ el medio ambiente.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Entrevisté _____ la candidata.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Preparé _____ la cena.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Culparon _____ los responsables.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Cerraron _____ la tienda.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Seguí _____ el ladrón.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Seguí _____ las instrucciones.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — things."),
+            ("Engañaron _____ los clientes.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Rompieron _____ la ventana.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Consulté _____ un especialista.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — specific person."),
+            ("Consulté _____ un diccionario.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Persiguieron _____ los criminales.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+            ("Lavé _____ el coche.", "(nothing)", "a", "No personal a — thing."),
+            ("Detuvieron _____ los manifestantes.", "a", "(nothing)", "Personal a — people."),
+        ]
+        return data.enumerated().map { i, d in
+            GrammarExercise(id: "pa\(i+1)", prompt: "Is the personal 'a' needed?", sentence: d.0, correctAnswer: d.1, options: [d.1, d.2].shuffled(), explanation: d.3)
+        }
+    }()
 }

Conjuga/Conjuga/Services/DataLoader.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import SharedModels
 import Foundation
 
 actor DataLoader {
-    static let courseDataVersion = 5
+    static let courseDataVersion = 6
     static let courseDataKey = "courseDataVersion"
 
     /// Quick check: does the DB need seeding or course data refresh?

Conjuga/Conjuga/Services/PronunciationService.swift

@@ -16,19 +16,29 @@ final class PronunciationService {
     private var recognizerResolved = false
 
     func requestAuthorization() {
-        // SFSpeechRecognizer.requestAuthorization crashes on simulators
-        // without speech services. Check availability first.
-        guard SFSpeechRecognizer.self != nil else { return }
-
         #if targetEnvironment(simulator)
         print("[PronunciationService] skipping speech auth on simulator")
-        isAuthorized = false
+        return
         #else
-        print("[PronunciationService] requesting speech authorization...")
-        SFSpeechRecognizer.requestAuthorization { [weak self] status in
-            print("[PronunciationService] authorization status: \(status.rawValue)")
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                self?.isAuthorized = (status == .authorized)
+        // Check current status first to avoid unnecessary prompt
+        let currentStatus = SFSpeechRecognizer.authorizationStatus()
+        if currentStatus == .authorized {
+            isAuthorized = true
+            return
+        }
+        if currentStatus == .denied || currentStatus == .restricted {
+            isAuthorized = false
+            return
+        }
+
+        // Only request if not determined yet — do it on a background queue
+        // to avoid blocking main thread, then update state on main
+        DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
+            SFSpeechRecognizer.requestAuthorization { status in
+                DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
+                    self?.isAuthorized = (status == .authorized)
+                    print("[PronunciationService] authorization status: \(status.rawValue)")
+                }
             }
         }
         #endif
@@ -40,45 +50,65 @@ final class PronunciationService {
         recognizer = SFSpeechRecognizer(locale: Locale(identifier: "es-ES"))
     }
 
-    func startRecording() throws {
-        guard isAuthorized else { return }
+    func startRecording() {
+        guard isAuthorized else {
+            print("[PronunciationService] not authorized")
+            return
+        }
         resolveRecognizerIfNeeded()
-        guard let recognizer, recognizer.isAvailable else { return }
+        guard let recognizer, recognizer.isAvailable else {
+            print("[PronunciationService] recognizer unavailable")
+            return
+        }
 
         stopRecording()
 
-        let audioSession = AVAudioSession.sharedInstance()
-        try audioSession.setCategory(.playAndRecord, mode: .measurement, options: [.duckOthers, .defaultToSpeaker])
-        try audioSession.setActive(true, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+        do {
+            let audioSession = AVAudioSession.sharedInstance()
+            try audioSession.setCategory(.playAndRecord, mode: .measurement, options: [.duckOthers, .defaultToSpeaker])
+            try audioSession.setActive(true, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
 
-        audioEngine = AVAudioEngine()
-        request = SFSpeechAudioBufferRecognitionRequest()
+            audioEngine = AVAudioEngine()
+            request = SFSpeechAudioBufferRecognitionRequest()
 
-        guard let audioEngine, let request else { return }
-        request.shouldReportPartialResults = true
+            guard let audioEngine, let request else { return }
+            request.shouldReportPartialResults = true
 
-        let inputNode = audioEngine.inputNode
-        let recordingFormat = inputNode.outputFormat(forBus: 0)
+            let inputNode = audioEngine.inputNode
+            let recordingFormat = inputNode.outputFormat(forBus: 0)
 
-        inputNode.installTap(onBus: 0, bufferSize: 1024, format: recordingFormat) { buffer, _ in
-            request.append(buffer)
-        }
+            // Validate format — 0 channels crashes installTap
+            guard recordingFormat.channelCount > 0 else {
+                print("[PronunciationService] invalid recording format (0 channels)")
+                self.audioEngine = nil
+                self.request = nil
+                return
+            }
 
-        audioEngine.prepare()
-        try audioEngine.start()
+            inputNode.installTap(onBus: 0, bufferSize: 1024, format: recordingFormat) { buffer, _ in
+                guard buffer.frameLength > 0 else { return }
+                request.append(buffer)
+            }
 
-        transcript = ""
-        isRecording = true
+            audioEngine.prepare()
+            try audioEngine.start()
 
-        task = recognizer.recognitionTask(with: request) { [weak self] result, error in
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                if let result {
-                    self?.transcript = result.bestTranscription.formattedString
-                }
-                if error != nil || (result?.isFinal == true) {
-                    self?.stopRecording()
+            transcript = ""
+            isRecording = true
+
+            task = recognizer.recognitionTask(with: request) { [weak self] result, error in
+                DispatchQueue.main.async {
+                    if let result {
+                        self?.transcript = result.bestTranscription.formattedString
+                    }
+                    if error != nil || (result?.isFinal == true) {
+                        self?.stopRecording()
+                    }
                 }
             }
+        } catch {
+            print("[PronunciationService] startRecording failed: \(error)")
+            stopRecording()
         }
     }
 

Conjuga/Conjuga/Views/Dashboard/DashboardView.swift

@@ -20,10 +20,16 @@ struct DashboardView: View {
                     // Summary stats
                     statsGrid
 
-                    // Study time + Activity side by side
-                    HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
-                        studyTimeCard
-                        streakCalendar
+                    // Study time + Activity — side by side on iPad, stacked on iPhone
+                    ViewThatFits(in: .horizontal) {
+                        HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
+                            studyTimeCard
+                            streakCalendar
+                        }
+                        VStack(spacing: 12) {
+                            studyTimeCard
+                            streakCalendar
+                        }
                     }
 
                     // Accuracy chart

Conjuga/Conjuga/Views/Guide/GrammarExerciseView.swift

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct GrammarExerciseView: View {
     let noteId: String
     let noteTitle: String
+    @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
 
     @State private var exercises: [GrammarExercise] = []
     @State private var currentIndex = 0
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ struct GrammarExerciseView: View {
         .adaptiveContainer(maxWidth: 600)
         .navigationTitle("Practice: \(noteTitle)")
         .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
-        .onAppear { exercises = GrammarExercise.exercises(for: noteId).shuffled() }
+        .onAppear { exercises = Array(GrammarExercise.exercises(for: noteId).shuffled().prefix(10)) }
     }
 
     @ViewBuilder
@@ -122,6 +123,19 @@ struct GrammarExerciseView: View {
             Text(correctCount == exercises.count ? "Perfect!" : "Keep reviewing this topic.")
                 .font(.title3)
                 .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+
+            Button {
+                dismiss()
+            } label: {
+                Text("Done")
+                    .font(.headline)
+                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+                    .padding(.vertical, 12)
+            }
+            .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
+            .tint(.purple)
+            .padding(.horizontal)
+
             Spacer()
         }
     }

Conjuga/Conjuga/Views/Practice/ListeningView.swift

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct ListeningView: View {
                     if result.score >= 0.7 { correctCount += 1 }
                     withAnimation { isRevealed = true }
                 } else {
-                    try? pronunciation.startRecording()
+                    pronunciation.startRecording()
                 }
             } label: {
                 Label(pronunciation.isRecording ? "Stop" : "Start Speaking", systemImage: pronunciation.isRecording ? "stop.circle.fill" : "mic.circle.fill")

Conjuga/Scripts/course_data.json

@@ -8486,7 +8486,7 @@
           "cards": [
             {
               "front": "tener",
-              "back": "tengo",
+              "back": "tengo — I have",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "The Spanish Verb \"Tener\"",
@@ -8504,7 +8504,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "venir",
-              "back": "vengo",
+              "back": "vengo — I come",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Lo mejor está por venir.",
@@ -8522,7 +8522,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "hacer",
-              "back": "hago",
+              "back": "hago — I do, I make",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Expressions with \"Hacer\"",
@@ -8540,7 +8540,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "salir",
-              "back": "salgo",
+              "back": "salgo — I go out",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Usa el ascensor para salir.",
@@ -8558,7 +8558,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "caer",
-              "back": "caigo",
+              "back": "caigo — I fall",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¡Acabo de caer en que tengo una cita con el dentista en diez minutos!",
@@ -8576,7 +8576,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "traer",
-              "back": "traigo",
+              "back": "traigo — I bring",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Esto puede traer cambios profundos en bares, discotecas y restaurantes.",
@@ -8594,7 +8594,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "poner",
-              "back": "pongo",
+              "back": "pongo — I put",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Después de bañar a la bebé, hay que ponerle ropa limpia.",
@@ -8612,7 +8612,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "decir",
-              "back": "digo",
+              "back": "digo — I say",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¿Jura decir la verdad?",
@@ -8630,7 +8630,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "conducir",
-              "back": "conduzco",
+              "back": "conduzco — I lead, I drive",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "conducir(kohn-doo-seer)",
@@ -8648,7 +8648,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "conocer",
-              "back": "conozco",
+              "back": "conozco — I know, I meet",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "conocer(koh-noh-sehr)",
@@ -8666,7 +8666,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "agradecer",
-              "back": "agradezco",
+              "back": "agradezco — I thank",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "agradecer(ah-grah-deh-sehr)",
@@ -8684,7 +8684,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "parecer",
-              "back": "parezco",
+              "back": "parezco — I seem",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "parecer(pah-reh-sehr)",
@@ -8702,7 +8702,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "crecer",
-              "back": "crezco",
+              "back": "crezco — I grow",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "crecer(kreh-sehr)",
@@ -8720,7 +8720,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "producir",
-              "back": "produzco",
+              "back": "produzco — I produce",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "producir(proh-doo-seer)",
@@ -8738,7 +8738,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "traducir",
-              "back": "traduzco",
+              "back": "traduzco — I translate",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "traducir(trah-doo-seer)",
@@ -8756,7 +8756,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "establecer",
-              "back": "establezco",
+              "back": "establezco — I establish",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "establecer(ehs-tah-bleh-sehr)",
@@ -8774,7 +8774,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "elejir",
-              "back": "elijo",
+              "back": "elijo — I choose",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "En realidad cada persona será libre de elejir su comida.",
@@ -8792,7 +8792,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "proteger",
-              "back": "protejo",
+              "back": "protejo — I protect",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "proteger(proh-teh-hehr)",
@@ -8810,7 +8810,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "dirigir",
-              "back": "dirijo",
+              "back": "dirijo — I manage, I direct",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "dirigir(dee-ree-heer)",
@@ -8828,7 +8828,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "fingir",
-              "back": "finjo",
+              "back": "finjo — I pretend, I feign",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "fingir(feen-heer)",
@@ -8846,7 +8846,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "sumergir",
-              "back": "sumerjo",
+              "back": "sumerjo — I submerge",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "sumergir(soo-mehr-heer)",
@@ -8864,7 +8864,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "ver",
-              "back": "veo",
+              "back": "veo — I see",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¿Quieres ver mi carro nuevo?",
@@ -8882,7 +8882,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "saber",
-              "back": "sé",
+              "back": "sé — I know, I taste",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "El saber popular se basa en creencias.",
@@ -8900,7 +8900,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "distinguir",
-              "back": "distingo",
+              "back": "distingo — I distinguish",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "distinguir(dees-teeng-geer)",
@@ -8918,7 +8918,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "oír",
-              "back": "oigo",
+              "back": "oigo — I hear",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Me quejé a mucha gente, pero nadie quiso oírme.",
@@ -8943,7 +8943,7 @@
           "cards": [
             {
               "front": "tener",
-              "back": "tengo",
+              "back": "tengo — I have",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "The Spanish Verb \"Tener\"",
@@ -8961,7 +8961,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "venir",
-              "back": "vengo",
+              "back": "vengo — I come",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Lo mejor está por venir.",
@@ -8979,7 +8979,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "hacer",
-              "back": "hago",
+              "back": "hago — I do, I make",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Expressions with \"Hacer\"",
@@ -8997,7 +8997,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "salir",
-              "back": "salgo",
+              "back": "salgo — I go out",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Usa el ascensor para salir.",
@@ -9015,7 +9015,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "caer",
-              "back": "caigo",
+              "back": "caigo — I fall",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¡Acabo de caer en que tengo una cita con el dentista en diez minutos!",
@@ -9033,7 +9033,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "traer",
-              "back": "traigo",
+              "back": "traigo — I bring",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Esto puede traer cambios profundos en bares, discotecas y restaurantes.",
@@ -9051,7 +9051,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "poner",
-              "back": "pongo",
+              "back": "pongo — I put",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Después de bañar a la bebé, hay que ponerle ropa limpia.",
@@ -9069,7 +9069,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "decir",
-              "back": "digo",
+              "back": "digo — I say",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¿Jura decir la verdad?",
@@ -9087,7 +9087,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "conducir",
-              "back": "conduzco",
+              "back": "conduzco — I lead, I drive",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "conducir(kohn-doo-seer)",
@@ -9105,7 +9105,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "conocer",
-              "back": "conozco",
+              "back": "conozco — I know, I meet",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "conocer(koh-noh-sehr)",
@@ -9123,7 +9123,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "agradecer",
-              "back": "agradezco",
+              "back": "agradezco — I thank",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "agradecer(ah-grah-deh-sehr)",
@@ -9141,7 +9141,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "parecer",
-              "back": "parezco",
+              "back": "parezco — I seem",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "parecer(pah-reh-sehr)",
@@ -9159,7 +9159,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "crecer",
-              "back": "crezco",
+              "back": "crezco — I grow",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "crecer(kreh-sehr)",
@@ -9177,7 +9177,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "producir",
-              "back": "produzco",
+              "back": "produzco — I produce",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "producir(proh-doo-seer)",
@@ -9195,7 +9195,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "traducir",
-              "back": "traduzco",
+              "back": "traduzco — I translate",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "traducir(trah-doo-seer)",
@@ -9213,7 +9213,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "establecer",
-              "back": "establezco",
+              "back": "establezco — I establish",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "establecer(ehs-tah-bleh-sehr)",
@@ -9231,7 +9231,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "elejir",
-              "back": "elijo",
+              "back": "elijo — I choose",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "En realidad cada persona será libre de elejir su comida.",
@@ -9249,7 +9249,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "proteger",
-              "back": "protejo",
+              "back": "protejo — I protect",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "proteger(proh-teh-hehr)",
@@ -9267,7 +9267,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "dirigir",
-              "back": "dirijo",
+              "back": "dirijo — I manage, I direct",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "dirigir(dee-ree-heer)",
@@ -9285,7 +9285,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "fingir",
-              "back": "finjo",
+              "back": "finjo — I pretend, I feign",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "fingir(feen-heer)",
@@ -9303,7 +9303,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "sumergir",
-              "back": "sumerjo",
+              "back": "sumerjo — I submerge",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "sumergir(soo-mehr-heer)",
@@ -9321,7 +9321,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "ver",
-              "back": "veo",
+              "back": "veo — I see",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "¿Quieres ver mi carro nuevo?",
@@ -9339,7 +9339,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "saber",
-              "back": "sé",
+              "back": "sé — I know, I taste",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "El saber popular se basa en creencias.",
@@ -9357,7 +9357,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "distinguir",
-              "back": "distingo",
+              "back": "distingo — I distinguish",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "distinguir(dees-teeng-geer)",
@@ -9375,7 +9375,7 @@
             },
             {
               "front": "oír",
-              "back": "oigo",
+              "back": "oigo — I hear",
               "examples": [
                 {
                   "es": "Me quejé a mucha gente, pero nadie quiso oírme.",