{
  "chapter_id": "28",
  "slug": "irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-2",
  "title": "Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 2",
  "time_range_sec": [7316, 7780],
  "summary": "Finishes the irregular preterites: caber/poder/saber/querer (one-off stems), ver/dar (no accents), 3rd-person stem-changing -ir verbs (e→i, o→u), y-insertion verbs (leer/creer/oír), and -car/-gar/-zar yo-only spelling changes.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "preterite-vs-imperfect",
  "rules": [
    {"title": "More irregular stems", "bullets": ["caber → cupe; poder → pude; saber → supe; querer → quise.", "Same shared endings as Part 1: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron.", "supe often means 'I found out'; quise means 'I tried/wanted (and stopped)'; no quise = 'I refused'."]},
    {"title": "ver and dar", "bullets": ["Use the regular -er/-ir endings but write them without accents: vi/vio, di/dio.", "ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron.", "dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron."]},
    {"title": "3rd-person stem-changing -ir verbs", "bullets": ["Only the él/ella and ellos forms change: e→i (sentir→sintió, pedir→pidió, dormir→durmió, morir→murió).", "All other forms are regular -ir preterite."]},
    {"title": "y-insertion (leer, creer, oír)", "bullets": ["The él form takes -yó, ellos takes -yeron (leyó, creyeron, oyeron).", "Other forms carry written accents to break the vowel cluster: leíste, oímos."]},
    {"title": "Yo-only spelling changes", "bullets": ["-car → -qué (practicar → practiqué; buscar → busqué).", "-gar → -gué (jugar → jugué; llegar → llegué).", "-zar → -cé (organizar → organicé; empezar → empecé).", "Only the yo form changes; all others are regular."]}
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo pude hablar con él.", "en": "I could speak with him.", "tags": ["poder", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Tú pudiste ir a la fiesta.", "en": "You could go to the party.", "tags": ["poder"]},
    {"es": "Yo supe quién ganó el juego.", "en": "I found out who won the game.", "tags": ["saber", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Yo quise jugar contigo.", "en": "I wanted to play with you.", "tags": ["querer", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Ella quiso abrir la puerta.", "en": "She wanted to open the door.", "tags": ["querer"]},
    {"es": "Yo te vi en la fiesta.", "en": "I saw you at the party.", "tags": ["ver"]},
    {"es": "Él vio cómo yo hice mi tarea.", "en": "He saw how I did my homework.", "tags": ["ver"]},
    {"es": "Yo te di mi lápiz.", "en": "I gave you my pencil.", "tags": ["dar"]},
    {"es": "Él nos dio el pase.", "en": "He gave us the pass.", "tags": ["dar"]},
    {"es": "Ellos durmieron toda la tarde.", "en": "They slept all afternoon.", "tags": ["dormir", "stem-change-3rd"]},
    {"es": "Ella pidió un café.", "en": "She ordered a coffee.", "tags": ["pedir", "stem-change-3rd"]},
    {"es": "Él leyó el libro.", "en": "He read the book.", "tags": ["leer", "y-insertion"]},
    {"es": "Yo practiqué el piano ayer.", "en": "I practiced piano yesterday.", "tags": ["car-yo"]},
    {"es": "Yo jugué al fútbol.", "en": "I played soccer.", "tags": ["gar-yo"]},
    {"es": "Yo organicé mis libros.", "en": "I organized my books.", "tags": ["zar-yo"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "caber", "en": "to fit", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "poder", "en": "to be able", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "saber", "en": "to know", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "querer", "en": "to want", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "ver", "en": "to see", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dar", "en": "to give", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "preferir", "en": "to prefer", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dormir", "en": "to sleep", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "morir", "en": "to die", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "leer", "en": "to read", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "creer", "en": "to believe", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "oír", "en": "to hear", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "practicar", "en": "to practice", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "jugar", "en": "to play", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "organizar", "en": "to organize", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "empezar", "en": "to start", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "llegar", "en": "to arrive", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "buscar", "en": "to look for", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {"verb": "poder", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"pude","tu":"pudiste","el":"pudo","nosotros":"pudimos","vosotros":"pudisteis","ellos":"pudieron"}},
    {"verb": "saber", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"supe","tu":"supiste","el":"supo","nosotros":"supimos","vosotros":"supisteis","ellos":"supieron"}},
    {"verb": "querer", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"quise","tu":"quisiste","el":"quiso","nosotros":"quisimos","vosotros":"quisisteis","ellos":"quisieron"}},
    {"verb": "caber", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"cupe","tu":"cupiste","el":"cupo","nosotros":"cupimos","vosotros":"cupisteis","ellos":"cupieron"}},
    {"verb": "ver", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"vi","tu":"viste","el":"vio","nosotros":"vimos","vosotros":"visteis","ellos":"vieron"}},
    {"verb": "dar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"di","tu":"diste","el":"dio","nosotros":"dimos","vosotros":"disteis","ellos":"dieron"}},
    {"verb": "dormir", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"dormí","tu":"dormiste","el":"durmió","nosotros":"dormimos","vosotros":"dormisteis","ellos":"durmieron"}},
    {"verb": "pedir", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"pedí","tu":"pediste","el":"pidió","nosotros":"pedimos","vosotros":"pedisteis","ellos":"pidieron"}},
    {"verb": "leer", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"leí","tu":"leíste","el":"leyó","nosotros":"leímos","vosotros":"leísteis","ellos":"leyeron"}},
    {"verb": "oír", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"oí","tu":"oíste","el":"oyó","nosotros":"oímos","vosotros":"oísteis","ellos":"oyeron"}},
    {"verb": "practicar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"practiqué","tu":"practicaste","el":"practicó","nosotros":"practicamos","vosotros":"practicasteis","ellos":"practicaron"}},
    {"verb": "jugar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"jugué","tu":"jugaste","el":"jugó","nosotros":"jugamos","vosotros":"jugasteis","ellos":"jugaron"}},
    {"verb": "organizar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"organicé","tu":"organizaste","el":"organizó","nosotros":"organizamos","vosotros":"organizasteis","ellos":"organizaron"}}
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo no _____ ir a la fiesta. (poder)", "correct": "pude", "distractor": "podía", "explanation": "Preterite poder = pude (managed to / could). 'Podía' is imperfect."},
    {"sentence": "Ayer yo _____ que estás casado. (saber)", "correct": "supe", "distractor": "sabía", "explanation": "Preterite saber = supe and means 'I found out'. 'Sabía' = 'I knew (already)'."},
    {"sentence": "Ellos _____ ocho horas anoche. (dormir)", "correct": "durmieron", "distractor": "dormieron", "explanation": "dormir is a 3rd-person stem-changer: o→u in ellos: durmieron."},
    {"sentence": "Ella _____ una hamburguesa. (pedir)", "correct": "pidió", "distractor": "pedió", "explanation": "pedir is a 3rd-person stem-changer: e→i in él/ella: pidió."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ a mi amigo en la calle. (ver)", "correct": "vi", "distractor": "ví", "explanation": "Preterite ver = vi (no written accent)."},
    {"sentence": "Yo te _____ un regalo. (dar)", "correct": "di", "distractor": "dí", "explanation": "Preterite dar = di (no written accent)."},
    {"sentence": "Él _____ el periódico esta mañana. (leer)", "correct": "leyó", "distractor": "leió", "explanation": "leer takes y in 3rd person: leyó."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ al tenis ayer. (jugar)", "correct": "jugué", "distractor": "jugé", "explanation": "-gar verbs change yo to -gué: jugué."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ español por dos horas. (practicar)", "correct": "practiqué", "distractor": "practicé", "explanation": "-car verbs change yo to -qué: practiqué."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ a estudiar a las ocho. (empezar)", "correct": "empecé", "distractor": "empezé", "explanation": "-zar verbs change yo to -cé: empecé."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR severely garbled stems (e.g., 'pude' rendered as 'P', 'cupe' as 'cap'); reconstructed from standard irregular preterite tables."
}