{
  "chapter_id": "18",
  "slug": "indirect-object-pronouns",
  "title": "Indirect Object Pronouns",
  "time_range_sec": [4158, 4570],
  "summary": "Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) mark the recipient of the action; le and les are ambiguous and usually clarified with 'a + prepositional pronoun'.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "object-pronouns",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Forms",
      "bullets": [
        "me, te, le, nos, os, les.",
        "le and les do not show gender; clarify with a + él / ella / usted / name / ellos / ellas / ustedes.",
        "Same placement rules as direct object pronouns."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Placement",
      "bullets": [
        "Before a conjugated verb: Yo te compro un coche.",
        "Attached to an infinitive: Él quiere comprarte un libro.",
        "Attached to a gerund with written accent: Estoy diciéndote la verdad."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Clarification structure",
      "bullets": [
        "Use a + pronoun (or a + name) at the start or end of the sentence.",
        "The IOP is still required even when the recipient is named: Le doy el libro a Juan.",
        "Clarification is most necessary with le and les."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo te compro un coche.", "en": "I buy you a car.", "tags": ["te"]},
    {"es": "Ella le compra un coche a él.", "en": "She buys him a car.", "tags": ["le", "clarification"]},
    {"es": "Ella le compra un coche a Juan.", "en": "She buys Juan a car.", "tags": ["le", "name"]},
    {"es": "Él quiere comprarte un libro.", "en": "He wants to buy you a book.", "tags": ["te", "infinitive"]},
    {"es": "Ella puede darnos los papeles.", "en": "She can give us the papers.", "tags": ["nos", "infinitive"]},
    {"es": "Yo les enseño los conceptos.", "en": "I teach them the concepts.", "tags": ["les"]},
    {"es": "Tú le escribes una carta a ella.", "en": "You write her a letter.", "tags": ["le", "clarification"]},
    {"es": "Yo les estoy leyendo el libro.", "en": "I am reading them the book.", "tags": ["les", "progressive"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy leyéndoles el libro.", "en": "I am reading them the book.", "tags": ["les", "gerund", "accent"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros estamos diciéndote la verdad.", "en": "We are telling you the truth.", "tags": ["te", "gerund", "accent"]},
    {"es": "Ella está dándole el dinero a él.", "en": "She is giving him the money.", "tags": ["le", "gerund", "accent"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "dar", "en": "to give", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "decir", "en": "to say/tell", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "escribir", "en": "to write", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "enseñar", "en": "to teach/show", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "carta", "en": "letter", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "papel", "en": "paper", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "dinero", "en": "money", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "verdad", "en": "truth", "pos": "noun"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ doy el libro a María.", "correct": "le", "distractor": "la", "explanation": "Indirect object (recipient) requires le, not the DOP la."},
    {"sentence": "Ella _____ compra los libros (to us).", "correct": "nos", "distractor": "les", "explanation": "Nos = to/for us."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ enseño los conceptos a ellos.", "correct": "les", "distractor": "los", "explanation": "Les is the IOP for them; los would be a DOP."},
    {"sentence": "Quiero comprar_____ un regalo (to him).", "correct": "le", "distractor": "lo", "explanation": "IOP for the recipient him is le, attached to infinitive."},
    {"sentence": "Estoy diciéndo_____ la verdad (to you).", "correct": "te", "distractor": "ti", "explanation": "Te is the IOP; ti is only after prepositions."},
    {"sentence": "Ella le compra un coche _____ él.", "correct": "a", "distractor": "para", "explanation": "Clarification structure uses a + pronoun."},
    {"sentence": "_____ doy el dinero a ellos. (I)", "correct": "Les", "distractor": "Le", "explanation": "Plural recipient ellos requires les."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ escribes una carta a Emma.", "correct": "le", "distractor": "la", "explanation": "Indirect object 'to Emma' uses le."}
  ],
  "caveats": "Source had OCR fragments (e.g., 'L' for él, missing accents); reconstructed from Spanish grammar."
}