{
  "chapter_id": "14",
  "slug": "the-verb-tener",
  "title": "The Verb \"Tener\"",
  "time_range_sec": [3158, 3543],
  "summary": "Tener ('to have') is stem-changing (e → ie) with an irregular yo form (tengo). It expresses possession, obligation (tener que + infinitive), and many 'I am ___' expressions where English uses 'to be'.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "tener-expressions",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Conjugation pattern",
      "bullets": [
        "Stem change e → ie in the boot: tienes, tiene, tienen.",
        "yo form is irregular: tengo (not 'tieno').",
        "nosotros and vosotros keep the regular stem: tenemos, tenéis."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "tener que + infinitive",
      "bullets": [
        "Obligation: tener + que + infinitive (Yo tengo que salir = I have to leave).",
        "Use que (NOT a) — common mistake. Compare ir + a + infinitive."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "tener expressions for being",
      "bullets": [
        "Spanish uses tener (not ser/estar) for: age, hunger, thirst, cold, heat, fear, luck, care.",
        "Tengo 19 años, tengo hambre, tengo frío, tengo calor, tengo miedo, tengo sed, tengo suerte, tengo cuidado.",
        "Intensify with mucho/a (adjective), not muy: tengo mucha hambre, NOT muy hambre."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo tengo un perro.", "en": "I have a dog.", "tags": ["possession"]},
    {"es": "Tú tienes que pagar.", "en": "You have to pay.", "tags": ["tener-que"]},
    {"es": "Él tiene un gato.", "en": "He has a cat.", "tags": ["possession"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros tenemos una clase mañana.", "en": "We have a class tomorrow.", "tags": ["possession"]},
    {"es": "Ellos tienen que leer los libros.", "en": "They have to read the books.", "tags": ["tener-que"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo que salir.", "en": "I have to leave.", "tags": ["tener-que"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo que hacer mi tarea.", "en": "I have to do my homework.", "tags": ["tener-que"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo 19 años.", "en": "I am 19 years old.", "tags": ["tener-expression", "age"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo frío.", "en": "I am cold.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo calor.", "en": "I am hot.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo hambre.", "en": "I am hungry.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo sed.", "en": "I am thirsty.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo miedo.", "en": "I am afraid.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo cuidado.", "en": "I am careful.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]},
    {"es": "Yo tengo suerte.", "en": "I am lucky.", "tags": ["tener-expression"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "tener", "en": "to have", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "tener que", "en": "to have to", "pos": "phrase"},
    {"es": "salir", "en": "to leave", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "pagar", "en": "to pay", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "gato", "en": "cat", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "perro", "en": "dog", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "clase", "en": "class", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "mañana", "en": "tomorrow / morning", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "frío", "en": "cold", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "calor", "en": "heat", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "hambre", "en": "hunger", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "sed", "en": "thirst", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "miedo", "en": "fear", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "cuidado", "en": "care / caution", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "suerte", "en": "luck", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "años", "en": "years", "pos": "noun"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {
        "yo": "tengo",
        "tu": "tienes",
        "el": "tiene",
        "nosotros": "tenemos",
        "vosotros": "tenéis",
        "ellos": "tienen"
      }
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ un perro.", "correct": "tengo", "distractor": "tieno", "explanation": "yo form of tener is irregular: tengo."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ que pagar.", "correct": "tienes", "distractor": "tenes", "explanation": "Stem change e→ie in tú: tienes."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ una clase mañana.", "correct": "tenemos", "distractor": "tienemos", "explanation": "Nosotros keeps the regular stem: tenemos."},
    {"sentence": "Yo tengo _____ salir. (have to)", "correct": "que", "distractor": "a", "explanation": "tener uses que (not a) before an infinitive."},
    {"sentence": "Ellos _____ que leer los libros.", "correct": "tienen", "distractor": "tenen", "explanation": "Ellos is in the boot: tienen."},
    {"sentence": "I'm hungry → Yo _____ hambre.", "correct": "tengo", "distractor": "estoy", "explanation": "Spanish uses tener for hunger; estar is wrong here."},
    {"sentence": "I'm 19 → Yo tengo 19 _____.", "correct": "años", "distractor": "soy", "explanation": "Age is expressed as 'tengo X años'."},
    {"sentence": "I'm very hungry → Tengo _____ hambre.", "correct": "mucha", "distractor": "muy", "explanation": "Use mucha/o (adjective) to intensify a tener expression, not muy."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR misrendered many forms ('Tango', 'tieno', 'T' alone); restored standard tengo/tienes/tiene/tenemos/tenéis/tienen and tener-que pattern."
}