{
  "chapter_id": "07",
  "slug": "the-verb-estar",
  "title": "The Verb Estar",
  "time_range_sec": [1568, 1948],
  "summary": "Estar is the Spanish 'to be' for things happening right now: present progressive, location/spatial relationships, and conditions/emotions/health that change over time. Contrast with ser (factual identity).",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "ser-vs-estar",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "When to use estar",
      "bullets": [
        "Present progressive (Yo estoy hablando).",
        "Location and spatial relationships (Estoy en casa; Estoy al lado de la mesa).",
        "Health, conditions, and emotions that change over time (Estoy feliz; Estás ocupado; Las puertas están abiertas).",
        "Weather expressions like 'Está nublado'."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mental model: estar = right now",
      "bullets": [
        "Estar describes a current state likely to change.",
        "Ser describes factual identity that doesn't change.",
        "Él está alto = he's feeling/looking tall (rare); Él es alto = he's tall (normal)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Spelling traps",
      "bullets": [
        "estoy (I am) vs esto (this).",
        "estás (you are) vs estas (these).",
        "está (he/she is) vs esta (this, fem.).",
        "Always write the accents on estás / está / están."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Estar with adjectives",
      "bullets": [
        "Emotions: feliz, triste, enojado, cansado, contento → estar.",
        "Conditions: ocupado, enfermo, abierto, cerrado, listo → estar.",
        "Physical traits: alto, bajo, guapo, joven, viejo → ser."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Él está corriendo.", "en": "He is running.", "tags": ["estar", "progressive"]},
    {"es": "Tú estás pensando.", "en": "You are thinking.", "tags": ["estar", "progressive"]},
    {"es": "¿Dónde estás?", "en": "Where are you?", "tags": ["estar", "location"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy en la casa.", "en": "I am in the house.", "tags": ["estar", "location"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy al lado de la casa.", "en": "I am next to the house.", "tags": ["estar", "location"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy bien.", "en": "I am good / fine.", "tags": ["estar", "condition"]},
    {"es": "Tú estás ocupado.", "en": "You are busy.", "tags": ["estar", "condition"]},
    {"es": "Las puertas están abiertas.", "en": "The doors are open.", "tags": ["estar", "condition"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy feliz.", "en": "I am happy (right now).", "tags": ["estar", "emotion"]},
    {"es": "Está nublado.", "en": "It is cloudy.", "tags": ["estar", "weather"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "estar", "en": "to be (location / condition / progressive)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "feliz", "en": "happy", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "ocupado/a", "en": "busy", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "abierto/a", "en": "open", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "cerrado/a", "en": "closed", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "cansado/a", "en": "tired", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "enfermo/a", "en": "sick", "pos": "adjective"},
    {"es": "nublado", "en": "cloudy", "pos": "adjective"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "estar",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "estoy", "tu": "estás", "el": "está", "nosotros": "estamos", "vosotros": "estáis", "ellos": "están"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ feliz hoy.", "correct": "estoy", "distractor": "soy", "explanation": "Emotion that changes over time → estar."},
    {"sentence": "¿Dónde _____ tú?", "correct": "estás", "distractor": "eres", "explanation": "Location → estar."},
    {"sentence": "Las puertas _____ abiertas.", "correct": "están", "distractor": "son", "explanation": "Current condition → estar."},
    {"sentence": "Él _____ alto.", "correct": "es", "distractor": "está", "explanation": "Physical trait → factual → ser."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ en el parque.", "correct": "estamos", "distractor": "somos", "explanation": "Location → estar."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ ocupado ahora.", "correct": "estás", "distractor": "eres", "explanation": "Temporary condition right now → estar."},
    {"sentence": "Hoy _____ nublado.", "correct": "está", "distractor": "es", "explanation": "Weather adjective → estar."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR slightly garbled spellings like 'corriendo' (rendered cleanly above)."
}