{
  "chapter_id": "02",
  "slug": "spanish-fundamentals",
  "title": "Spanish Fundamentals",
  "time_range_sec": [64, 632],
  "summary": "Foundational vocabulary survey covering the alphabet, accent marks, question words, prepositions/adverbs, pronouns, days, months, seasons, time words, and numbers.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "accent-marks-stress",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Alphabet & pronunciation",
      "bullets": [
        "27 letters: English alphabet plus ñ.",
        "H is silent: hablo sounds like 'ablo'.",
        "ll sounds like English 'y' (llave = key).",
        "Some traditions also count ch and ll as letters (29 total)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Accents distinguish words",
      "bullets": [
        "él (he) vs el (the).",
        "tú (you) vs tu (your).",
        "sí (yes) vs si (if).",
        "qué (what?) vs que (that).",
        "dónde (where?) vs donde (relative where).",
        "¿Por qué? = why?  ·  porque = because (one word, no accent)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Punctuation",
      "bullets": [
        "Questions wrap with ¿ … ?",
        "Exclamations wrap with ¡ … !"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Capitalization",
      "bullets": [
        "Days, months, and seasons are NOT capitalized in Spanish."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Spelling traps",
      "bullets": [
        "año (year) vs ano (anus) — ñ matters.",
        "pero (but) vs perro (dog) — double rr matters.",
        "mañana = tomorrow OR morning (context).",
        "como = 'like/as' OR 'I eat' (context)."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo hablo español.", "en": "I speak Spanish.", "tags": ["pronoun", "verb"]},
    {"es": "Él habló.", "en": "He spoke.", "tags": ["accent"]},
    {"es": "¿Dónde estás?", "en": "Where are you?", "tags": ["question"]},
    {"es": "Aquí es de donde yo vengo.", "en": "This is where I come from.", "tags": ["relative"]},
    {"es": "Yo quería decirte que estoy feliz.", "en": "I wanted to tell you that I'm happy.", "tags": ["que"]},
    {"es": "¿Por qué? Porque sí.", "en": "Why? Because (just because).", "tags": ["por-que", "porque"]},
    {"es": "Estoy en segundo lugar.", "en": "I'm in second place.", "tags": ["ordinal"]},
    {"es": "Unos minutos.", "en": "A few minutes.", "tags": ["indefinite"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "hola", "en": "hello", "pos": "interjection"},
    {"es": "hablar", "en": "to speak", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "año", "en": "year", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "mañana", "en": "tomorrow / morning", "pos": "noun/adverb"},
    {"es": "hoy", "en": "today", "pos": "adverb"},
    {"es": "ayer", "en": "yesterday", "pos": "adverb"},
    {"es": "lunes", "en": "Monday", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "enero", "en": "January", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "verano", "en": "summer", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "primavera", "en": "spring", "pos": "noun"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "_____ hablo español.", "correct": "Yo", "distractor": "Tú", "explanation": "yo = I; matches the -o conjugation hablo."},
    {"sentence": "¿_____ estás? — Estoy en casa.", "correct": "Dónde", "distractor": "Donde", "explanation": "Question words take an accent."},
    {"sentence": "_____ qué estudias español? — Porque me gusta.", "correct": "Por", "distractor": "Para", "explanation": "¿Por qué? = Why?; the response uses one-word porque."},
    {"sentence": "Un _____ tiene doce meses.", "correct": "año", "distractor": "ano", "explanation": "año (with ñ) = year."},
    {"sentence": "Tengo un _____. Se llama Rex.", "correct": "perro", "distractor": "pero", "explanation": "perro (rr) = dog; pero = but."},
    {"sentence": "Hoy es _____, mañana es martes.", "correct": "lunes", "distractor": "Lunes", "explanation": "Days aren't capitalized in Spanish."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR severely garbled some slides (number/letter list); reconstructed standard Spanish vocabulary from author's spoken intent."
}