{
  "chapter_id": "03",
  "slug": "conjugating-verbs-present",
  "title": "Conjugating Verbs (Present)",
  "time_range_sec": [632, 983],
  "summary": "How to conjugate regular -ar/-er/-ir verbs in the present indicative by dropping the infinitive ending and adding one of six person endings.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": null,
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Identifying verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "English infinitives use 'to' (to eat).",
        "Spanish infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Conjugation procedure",
      "bullets": [
        "Drop the -ar/-er/-ir ending.",
        "Add the ending that matches the subject pronoun.",
        "Six endings per tense (one per pronoun)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Practical focus",
      "bullets": [
        "yo, tú, él, ellos are by far the most-used persons in conversation.",
        "Subject pronouns are usually omitted because the verb ending tells you who.",
        "-er and -ir share endings except for nosotros and vosotros."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo hablo español.", "en": "I speak Spanish.", "tags": ["hablar"]},
    {"es": "Tú hablas mucho.", "en": "You talk a lot.", "tags": ["hablar"]},
    {"es": "Ella habla con su madre.", "en": "She talks with her mother.", "tags": ["hablar"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros hablamos inglés.", "en": "We speak English.", "tags": ["hablar"]},
    {"es": "Yo como pizza.", "en": "I eat pizza.", "tags": ["comer"]},
    {"es": "Comemos en casa.", "en": "We eat at home.", "tags": ["comer"]},
    {"es": "Ellos comen tacos.", "en": "They eat tacos.", "tags": ["comer"]},
    {"es": "Yo vivo en Madrid.", "en": "I live in Madrid.", "tags": ["vivir"]},
    {"es": "Tú vives cerca.", "en": "You live nearby.", "tags": ["vivir"]},
    {"es": "Ellos viven juntos.", "en": "They live together.", "tags": ["vivir"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "hablar", "en": "to speak", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "comer", "en": "to eat", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "vivir", "en": "to live", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "hablo", "tu": "hablas", "el": "habla", "nosotros": "hablamos", "vosotros": "habláis", "ellos": "hablan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "como", "tu": "comes", "el": "come", "nosotros": "comemos", "vosotros": "coméis", "ellos": "comen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "vivir",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "vivo", "tu": "vives", "el": "vive", "nosotros": "vivimos", "vosotros": "vivís", "ellos": "viven"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ español todos los días.", "correct": "hablo", "distractor": "hablas", "explanation": "yo takes -o in -ar verbs: hablo."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ pizza los viernes.", "correct": "comes", "distractor": "comen", "explanation": "tú takes -es in -er verbs: comes."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ en Madrid.", "correct": "vivimos", "distractor": "vivís", "explanation": "nosotros + -ir = -imos."},
    {"sentence": "Ellos _____ con sus amigos.", "correct": "hablan", "distractor": "habla", "explanation": "ellos + -ar = -an."},
    {"sentence": "Ella _____ mucho café.", "correct": "come", "distractor": "como", "explanation": "ella + -er = -e (like the él form)."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ cerca de la escuela.", "correct": "vivo", "distractor": "vive", "explanation": "yo + -ir = -o."}
  ],
  "caveats": null
}