{
  "chapter_id": "38",
  "slug": "past-participles-as-adjectives",
  "title": "Past Participles As Adjectives",
  "time_range_sec": [10646, 10912],
  "summary": "Past participles can be used as adjectives that agree in gender and number with the noun, typically paired with estar to describe a current state.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "ser-vs-estar",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Forming past participles",
      "bullets": [
        "-ar verbs: drop -ar, add -ado (hablar→hablado).",
        "-er/-ir verbs: drop ending, add -ido (comer→comido, vivir→vivido).",
        "-er/-ir with two vowels need an accent: caído, creído, leído, oído, reído, sonreído, traído."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Common irregular participles",
      "bullets": [
        "abierto, dicho, descrito, descubierto, escrito, hecho, muerto, puesto, resuelto, roto, visto, vuelto, cubierto."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Adjective agreement and placement",
      "bullets": [
        "As adjectives, participles agree in gender and number: cerrado/a/os/as.",
        "Place after the noun: la puerta cerrada.",
        "Use estar for the resulting state: La puerta está cerrada."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "La puerta está cerrada.", "en": "The door is closed.", "tags": ["estar", "fem"]},
    {"es": "La puerta cerrada.", "en": "The closed door.", "tags": ["adjective"]},
    {"es": "El libro está abierto.", "en": "The book is open.", "tags": ["estar", "irregular"]},
    {"es": "El libro abierto.", "en": "The open book.", "tags": ["adjective", "irregular"]},
    {"es": "Los textos están escritos.", "en": "The texts are written.", "tags": ["plural"]},
    {"es": "Los textos escritos.", "en": "The written texts.", "tags": ["adjective", "plural"]},
    {"es": "La cama está hecha.", "en": "The bed is made.", "tags": ["irregular", "fem"]},
    {"es": "El problema está resuelto.", "en": "The problem is resolved.", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "Mis respuestas están completas.", "en": "My answers are completed.", "tags": ["plural", "fem"]},
    {"es": "El día está muerto.", "en": "The day is dead.", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "El Día de los Muertos.", "en": "The Day of the Dead.", "tags": ["plural", "noun-use"]},
    {"es": "Yo estoy terminado.", "en": "I am finished.", "tags": ["state"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "abierto", "en": "open/opened", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "cerrado", "en": "closed", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "escrito", "en": "written", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "hecho", "en": "done/made", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "roto", "en": "broken", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "muerto", "en": "dead", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "resuelto", "en": "resolved", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "vuelto", "en": "returned", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "puesto", "en": "put/placed", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "visto", "en": "seen", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "dicho", "en": "said/told", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "leído", "en": "read", "pos": "adj"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "La puerta está _____ (cerrar).", "correct": "cerrada", "distractor": "cerrado", "explanation": "Puerta is feminine; participle agrees."},
    {"sentence": "El libro está _____ (abrir).", "correct": "abierto", "distractor": "abrido", "explanation": "Abrir has irregular participle 'abierto'."},
    {"sentence": "Los textos están _____ (escribir).", "correct": "escritos", "distractor": "escribidos", "explanation": "Irregular 'escrito', plural masculine."},
    {"sentence": "La cama está _____ (hacer).", "correct": "hecha", "distractor": "hacida", "explanation": "Hacer→hecho; agrees with feminine cama."},
    {"sentence": "El problema está _____ (resolver).", "correct": "resuelto", "distractor": "resolvido", "explanation": "Resolver has irregular 'resuelto'."},
    {"sentence": "Mis respuestas están _____ (completar).", "correct": "completas", "distractor": "completados", "explanation": "Respuestas is feminine plural."},
    {"sentence": "El día está _____ (morir).", "correct": "muerto", "distractor": "morido", "explanation": "Morir has irregular 'muerto'."},
    {"sentence": "El _____ Día de los _____.", "correct": "Muertos", "distractor": "Muerto", "explanation": "Plural masculine: Muertos."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR omitted accents on leído/oído/caído; restored. Some examples ('al respuestas') reconstructed."
}