por movement para time = action ga 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. A reason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions


past por movement para time =p action (= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions


past future por movement para time => action «= 1. General motion 1. Destinations 2. Duration of an event 2. Deadlines 3. Areason for action 3. Purposes 4. Object of a search 4. Recipients 5. An exchange 5. Comparisons 6. Units of measurement 6. Employment 7. Idiomatic expressions


Comparatives & Superlatives Explain the differences between people and things


Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young ~ younger > youngest


Comparatives & Superlatives In English: small > smaller > smallest old > older > oldest young > younger > youngest good > better > best bad > worse ~ worst less > least more > most


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Spanish does NOT have a notion of adding letters, so it relies on the words mas & menos (more & less)


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es pequena This class is small


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is smaller


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is smaller


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: Esta clase es mas pequena This class is more small


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish:


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the smallest Esta clase es la mas pequena


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is the most small Esta clase es !a mas pequenha


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequena Esta clase es la menos pequenha


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This class is less small This class is the least small Esta clase es menos pequeha Esta clase es la menos pequenha


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is expensive Esta camisa es cara


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/least expensive


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es la mas/menos cara


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: This shirt is more/less expensive This shirt is the most/less expensive Esta camisa es mas/menos cara Esta camisa es |a mas/menos cara


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular)


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) ¢ bueno/a - good e malo/a - bad e joven - young ¢ viejo/a - old


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) This lesson is good This lesson is better This lesson is the best


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccion es buena Esta lecci6n es mejor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Esta leccién es buena Esta leccion es mejor Esta leccion es la mejor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Este libro es malo Este libro es peor Este libro es el peor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifo es joven El niho es menor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) El nifhio es joven El nifio es menor El nifo es el menor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) Ella es vieja Ella es mayor Ella es la mayor


Comparatives & Superlatives In Spanish: (irregular) bueno/a | mejor | el/lamejor malo/a = el/la peor joven el/la menor viejo/a | mayor | el/lamayor


Indefinite: Negative:


Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither


Indefinite: Negative: algo - something nada - nothing alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any siempre - always nunca - never también - also tampoco - neither These words refer to people and things but NOT specifically


In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian


In English: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian ate)


In Spanish: | do not speak French He does not speak Italian Yo no hablo francés El no habla italiano


In Spanish: Can you come today?


In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy?


In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today


In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today


In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, I can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy


In Spanish: Can you come today? éPuedes venir hoy? No, | can not come today No, yo no puedo venir hoy


Did you go to the store?


Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store


Did you go to the store? No, | did not go to the store éFuiste a la tienda? No, yo no fui a la tienda


In English: Nobody eats She never runs


In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre


In English: Nobody eats > Nadie come She never runs > Ella nunca corre Unlike English, Spanish can contain two or more negative words


| do not eat anything


| do not eat anything Yo no como nada


| do not eat anything Yo no como nada (nothing)


| do not see anything


| do not see anything Yo no veo nada


You never eat anything


You never eat anything Tu nunca comes nada


He does not know anything


He does not know anything El no sabe nada


alguien - someone nadie - no one algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any


alguien - someone nadie - no one When speaking about people, alguien & nadie have to use the personal a which is used before the words


Did you see someone?


Did you see someone? No, I did not see someone


éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie


éViste a alguien? No, yo no via nadie (no one)


algun/o/a(s) - any ningun/o/a(s) - not any


éTienes algun libro aqui?


éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here?


éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, I do not have any book here


éTienes algun libro aqui? Do you have any book here? No, yo no tengo ningun libro aqui No, | do not have any book here


éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here?


éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, I do not have any books here


éTienes algunos libros aqui? Do you have some books here? No, yo no tengo ningunos libros aqui No, | do not have any books here


éConoces alguna tienda por aqui?


éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here?


éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna


éConoces alguna tienda por aqui? Are you familiar with any store around here? No, yo no conozco ninguna No, | am not familiar with any


Spanish: How Negatives Work In The Language


Familiar Tu Commands


Familiar Ta Commands A singular informal way to tell someone what to do when you speak to them


Eat your food! Tie your shoes! Look up! Get up! Leave now!


-ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is a/e an/en


-ar, -er, -ir verb endings: fe) amos/emos/imos as/es ais/éis/is — an/en


él habla > he speaks


él habla > he speaks jHabla! > Speak!


Comer - To eat jCome tu comida! Eat your food!


Abrir - To open Abre la puerta por favor Open the door please


Irregular Affirmative Commands:


Irregular Affirmative Commands: ¢ Ver (to see) - ;Ve! > See! e Ir (to go) - ;Ve! > Go! * Decir (to say/tell) - ;Di! > Say/Tell! e Ser (to be) - ;Sé! > Be! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jHaz! > Do/Make! ¢ Poner (to put) - jPon! > Put! ¢ Salir (to leave) - jSal! > Leave! ¢ Tener (to have) - jTen! > Have! ¢ Venir (to come) - ;Ven! > Come!


Pon tu teléfono en la mesa


Pon tu teléfono en la mesa Put your phone on the table


Haz tu tarea Do your homework


Ven si puedes Come if you can


Ver (to see) Ir (to go)


Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve


Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve If you see the preposition a after ve, the verb has to be ir


Ver (to see) Ir (to go) ve Ve ala escuela - Go to the school


Negative Tu Commands:


Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: no + (verb) + es


Negative Tu Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: no+(verb)+es no+(verb) +as


jHabla ahora! - Speak now!


jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo!


jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hablar!


jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo habl!


jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables!


jHabla ahora! - Speak now! jNo hables! - Don’t Speak!


jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open!


jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! jNo abras!


jCome! - Eat! jAbre! - Open! jNo comas! - Don’t eat! jNo abras! - Don’t open!


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular)


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) Irregular “Yo” verbs Verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar Irregular verbs in general


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) ° Decir (to say/tell) ¢ Hacer (to do/make) © Poner (to put) ° Salir (to leave) ¢ Traer (to bring) ¢ Venir (to come) ° Ver (to see)


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Conducir (to drive) - conduzco ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - digo ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - hago ¢ Poner (to put) - pongo * Salir (to leave) - salgo ¢ Traer (to bring) - traigo ¢ Venir (to come) - vengo ° Ver (to see) - veo


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) © Conducir (to drive) - ;jNo conduzcas! ¢ Decir (to say/tell) - jNo digas! ¢ Hacer (to do/make) - jNo hagas! ¢ Poner (to put) - jNo pongas! Salir (to leave) - jNo salgas! ¢ Traer (to bring) - jNo traigas! ¢ Venir (to come) - jNo vengas! © Ver (to see) - jNo veas!


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar e Jugar e Organizar


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar e Organizar


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! ¢ Organizar important Note: Stem-changing verbs will keep their stem-changing rule in both the affirmative and negative commands


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) e Practicar - ;jNo practiques! e Jugar - jNo juegues! e Organizar - jNo organices!


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) ¢ Ser (to be) e Estar (to be) e Ir (to go) e Saber (to know)


Negative Tu Commands: (Irregular) ¢ Dar (to give) - jNo des! e Ser (to be) - jNo seas! e Estar (to be) - jNo estés! e Ir (to go) - jNo vayas! e Saber (to know) - jNo sepas!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs:


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! Tell me! Tell me it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! Tell me it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! jDime! - Tell me! j;Dimelo! Tell me it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: decir - to say/tell jDi! - Tell! jNo digas! - Don’t tell! j;Dime! - Tell me! iNo me digas! - Don’t tell me! jDimelo! Tell me it! iNo me lo digas! - Don’t tell me it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jPonlo! > Put it! jNo lo pongas! > Don’t put it!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jVenme! > Come to me!


Tu Commands with DOPs & IOPs: jiVenme! > Come to me! jNo me vengas! > Don’t come to me!


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs:


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up!


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jLevantate! - Get up! jLevanta! - Lift/Raise!


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: levantarse - to get up jNo te levantes! - Don’t get up!


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep!


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! important Note: Reflexive verbs that are used within tu commands will always use the pronoun “te” because they refer to the “tu” pronoun


Tu Commands with Reflexive Verbs: (o>ue) dormirse - to fall asleep jDuérmete! - Fall asleep! jNo te duermas! - Don’t fall asleep!


Nosotros Commands Let’s


“We” Commands In English:


“We” Commands In English: Let’s speak Let’s eat Let’s open


Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: amos


Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos emos/imos


Nosotros Commands: -ar verbs: -er/-ir verbs: emos amos


Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak


Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak


Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat


Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat comamos > let’s eat


Nosotros Commands: hablamos ~ we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos > we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open


Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak hablemos > let’s speak comemos ~ we eat comamos > let’s eat abrimos > we open abramos > let’s open


Nosotros Commands: hablamos > we speak no hablemos > let’s not speak comemos > we eat no comamos > let’s not eat abrimos > we open no abramos > let’s not open


Irregular Nosotros Commands:


Irregular Nosotros Commands: © Conducir (to drive) - conduzcamos (let’s drive) * Decir (to say/tell) - digamos (let’s say/tell) © Hacer (to do/make) - hagamos (let’s do/make) © Oir (to hear) - oigamos (let’s hear) * Tener (to have) - tengamos (let‘s have) * Traer (to bring) - traigamos (let’s bring) © Venir (to come) - vengamos (let’s come) * Ver (to see) - veamos (let’s see) © Dar (to give) - demos (let’s give) ¢ Ser (to be) - seamos (let‘s be) ¢ Estar (to be) - estemos (let’s be) ¢ Saber (to know) - sepamos (let’s know)


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar)


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar) Practicar > practiquemos (let’s practice) Jugar > juguemos (let’s play) Organizar > organicemos (let’s organize)


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs)


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) Important Note: ONLY stem-changing verbs that end in ir CHANGE their stem, but only with ONE letter


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ou) dormir - to sleep durmamos > let’s sleep _ToermertiQs.


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (ei) pedir - to ask for


Irregular Nosotros Commands: (stem-changing verbs) (ei) sentir - to feel (e>i) pedir - to ask for sintamos > let’s feel pidamos > let’s ask for


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs:


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: important Note: In the affirmative, DOPs & IOPs are attached to the verb (with accents), but in the negative, they’re separated with no accent


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object)


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it


Nosotros Commands With DOPs & IOPs: abramoslo > let’s open it no lo abramos > let’s not open it comprémoslos > let’s buy them (an object) no los compremos > let’s not buy them llevémostelo > let’s bring you it no te lo llevemos > let’s not bring you it


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs:


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros)


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémosnos > let’s sit down


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) sentarse - to sit down sentémonos > let’s sit down no nos sentemos > let’s not sit down


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: (nos will always be used, hence nosotros) VERY Important Note: When nos or se is attached to the affirmative nosotros command, the final “s” is dropped from the verb ending in order to generate a better sound


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démosselo a él


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s give him it > démoselo a él let’s not give him it > no se lo demos a él


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s make her it > hagamoselo a ella let’s not make her it > no se lo hagamos a ella


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath > bahémonos


Nosotros Commands With Reflexive Verbs: let’s take a bath > bahémonos let’s not take a bath > no nos bahemos


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)”


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” we’re going - vamos let’s go - vamos


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” vamos - let’s go vayamos - let’s go


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out)


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vayamonos > let’s go out


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vaysmnaBos + let’s go out


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out vamos ———+» irse


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out In the negative, we \iUST use the irregular form of “irse,” being vayamos


Nosotros Commands With “ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vamos


Nosotros Commands With “Ir (to go)” (irse - let’s go out) vamonos > let’s go out no nos vayamos > let’s not go out


Past Participles As Adjectives


Past Participles As Adjectives A verb used to forma perfect or a passive tense as an adjective


Past Participles As Adjectives (In English)


Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) e talk > talked e clean > cleaned


Past Participles As Adjectives (In English) ¢ buy > bought e drive > driven ¢ speak > spoken


Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs)


Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -ar verbs) e hablar > hablado ¢ speak > spoken


Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs)


Past Participles As Adjectives (regular -er & -ir verbs) ¢ comer > comido ¢ vivir > vivido ° eat > eaten e live > lived


Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on f)


Past Participles As Adjectives (irregular -er & -ir verbs that have 2 vowels; require an accent on i) ¢ Caer (to fall) > caido (fallen) e Creer (to believe) > creido (believed) e Leer (to read) > leido (read) e Oir (to hear) > oido (heard) e Reir (to laugh) > reido (laughed) e Sonreir (to smile) > sonreido (smiled) ¢ Traer (to bring) > traido (brought)


Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs)


Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto (opened) ¢ decir (to say/tell) > dicho (said/told) e describir (to describe) > descrito (described) ¢ descubrir (to discover) > descubierto (discovered) e escribir (to write) > escrito (written) e hacer (to do/make) > hecho (done/make) * morir (to die) > muerto (dead) © poner (to put) > puesto (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto (resolved) * romper (to break) > roto (broken) ° ver (to see) > visto (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto (returned)


Past participles are used with estar because estar applies to health, condition, and emotions When we use past participles as adjectives, we’re using adjectives to describe something for the moment


Past Participles As Adjectives (generally irregular verbs) ¢ abrir (to open) > abierto/a(s) (opened) © decir (to say/tell) » dicho/a(s) (said/told) ¢ describir (to describe) » descrito/a(s) (described) e descubrir (to discover) > descubierto/a(s) (discovered) ¢ escribir (to write) > escrito/a(s) (written) ¢ hacer (to do/make) > hecho/a(s) (done/make) ¢ morir (to die) > muerto/a(s) (dead) * poner (to put) > puesto/a(s) (put) ¢ resolver (to resolve) > resuelto/a(s) (resolved) © romper (to break) roto/a(s) (broken) ¢ ver (to see) > visto/a(s) (seen) ¢ volver (to return) > vuelto/a(s) (returned)


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door > La puerta cerrada


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives | closed the door > Yo cerré la puerta The door is closed > La puerta esta cerrada The closed door ~ La puerta cerrada


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The book is open > El libro esta abierto El libro abierto ~ The open book


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The texts are written > Los textos estan escritos Los textos escritos - The written texts


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The bed is made > La cama esta hecha La cama hecha > The made bed


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The problem is resolved


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The problem is resolved > El problema esta resuelto El problema resuelto > The resolved problem


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives My answers are completed ~ Mis respuestas estan completas Mis respuestas completas > My completed answers


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day ~ El dia muerto The Day of the Dead


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead ~ El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead $e


Examples With Past Participles As Adjectives The day is dead > El dia esta muerto The dead day > El dia muerto The Day of the Dead El Dia de los Muertos


| finished lam finished


I finished lam finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminé


I finished | am finished Yo terminé Yo estoy terminado


The Present Perfect Talking about something that someone HAS done + past participles


The Present Perfect: (In English) | have talked You have eaten He has left


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish)


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) haber - to have done something (needs to be conjugated) + past participles


“haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he hemos has habéis ha han


“haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] he h emo nas tabi as Be ha an


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido El ha leido


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Yo he hablado > | have spoken Tu has comido > You have eaten El ha leido - He has read


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The past participle does NOT change form when it’s in the present perfect; it ONLY changes once it’s used as an ADJECTIVE


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) The doors are closed - Las puertas estan cerradas Yo he cerrado las puertas - | have closed the doors


The Present Perfect: (In Spanish) Important Note: The construction “haber + [a past participle]“ ALWAYS has to be together and can NEVER be separated, meaning that negatives, DOPs, and IOPS will ALWAYS come before the construction


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro?


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book?


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? Si, yo lo he leido > | have read it


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Has leido el libro? > Have you read the book? No, yo no lo he leido > No, | have not read it


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has told me it John me lo ha dicho (IOP) (DOP)


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & |OPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho


The Present Perfect: (With Negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) John has not told me it John no me lo ha dicho


The Present Perfect To have had something


The Present Perfect (In English - “to have”) e | have to go e | have a dog e | have read e | have eaten


The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “tener” & “haber”) e | have to go - Yo tengo que ir e | have a dog - Yo tengo un perro e | have read - Yo he leido e | have eaten - Yo he comido


The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends


The Present Perfect (In Spanish - “haber” & “tener”) | have had a lot of friends Yo he tenido muchos amigos


| have to read | have read


| have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo tengo leido


| have to read | have read Yo tengo que leer Yo he leido


The Past Perfect Talking about something that someone HAD done


The Past Perfect Talking about something that someone HAD done “haber” + [a past participle]


The Past: “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] habia | habiamos habias habiais habia | habian


The Past: “haber (to have done something):” + [a past participle] habia | habiam@s i Diais habias | hab habia abia


The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”)


The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Ella ya habia salido


The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Ella ya habia salido She had left already She already had left


The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Yo ya habia estudiado


The Past Perfect (ya - already, placed before “haber”) Yo ya habia estudiado | had studied already | already had studied


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before)


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) “antes de este ano” > before this year “antes de llegar” > before arriving


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de llegar a la escuela, yo ya habia comido


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de llegar a la escuela, yo ya habia comido Before arriving to the school, | had eaten already


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de este mes, yo habia trabajado mucho


The Past Perfect (antes de + [noun/infinitive] > before) Antes de este mes, yo habia trabajado mucho Before this month, I had worked a lot


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs)


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El me lo habia mostrado


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El me lo habia mostrado He had shown me it


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El nunca me lo habia mostrado


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El nunca me lo habia mostrado He never had shown me it


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) El no me lo habia mostrado


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & lOPs) El no me lo habia mostrado He had not shown me it


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) Antes de ir al trabajo, me habia duchado


The Past Perfect (negatives, reflexive verbs, DOPs & IOPs) Antes de ir al trabajo, me habia duchado Before going to work, | had taken a shower


The Past Perfact (ne, flexive verbs, Ps) Antes deira io bia duchado Before goin rk, | ena shower


| had to study | had a dog | had eaten


| had to study (regular past/preterite) | had a dog (imperfect past) | had eaten (past perfect)


| had to study > Yo tuve que estudiar (regular past/preterite) | had a dog > Yo tenia un perro (imperfect past) | had eaten > Yo habia comido (past perfect)


The Future Tense An action that will simply happen in the future; the simple future


The Future Tense In English:


The Future Tense In English: | will + [averb] | We will + [a verb] You will + [averb] | Y’all will + [a verb] He will + [a verb] | They will + [a verb]


The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters)


The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir


The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) é emos as éis a an The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars)


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) diré | diremos diras | diréis dira | diran decir - to say/to tell


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) haré | haremos haras | haréis hara | haran hacer - to do/to make


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) podré | podremos podras | podréis podra | podran poder - to can


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) pondré | pondremos pondras | pondréis pondra | pondran poner - to put


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) querrée | querremos querras | querréis querra | querran querer - to want


The Future Tense In Spanish: (Irregulars) sabré | sabremos sabras | sabréis sabra | sabran saber - to know


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) saldré | saldremos saldras | saldréis saldra | saldran salir - to leave


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) tendré | tendremos tendras | tendréis tendra | tendran tener - to have


The Future Tense In Spanish: (irregulars) vendre | vendremos vendras | vendréis vendra | vendran venir - to come


| will do my homework


| will do my homework Yo haré mi tarea


You will buy a house in the future


You will buy a house in the future Tu compraras una casa en el futuro


He will be 30 years old


He will be 30 years old El tendra 30 afos


He will be 30 years old El tendra 30 afios


Nosotros aprenderemos espanol manana


Nosotros aprenderemos espanol manana We will learn Spanish tomorrow


Ellos vendran si ellos quieren


Ellos vendran si ellos quieren They will come if they want


Yo te lo daré | will give you it


Else banhara He will take a bath


Else banara He will take a bath


How to think in Spanish in terms of the future


err? Explained In 6 Minutes


“Ir” can be used to express the near future using the construction “ir a + {an infinitive]” in the present simple


Yo voy acomer por la tarde


Yo voy acomer por la tarde I’m going to eat in the afternoon


Yo voy airala escuela


Yo voy airala escuela I’m going to go to the school


Yo voy air ala escuela Pm going to go to the school


Yo voy airala escuela Yo iré ala escuela I’m going to go to the school | will go to the school


Yo voy air ala escuela Yo iré ala escuela P?'m going to go to the school I will go to the school


Ella va a caminar She is going to walk


Ellavaacaminar Ella caminara She is going to walk She will walk


Ellavaacaminar Ella caminara She is going to walk She will walk The two phrases express the future


The Future Perfect Tense


The Future Perfect Tense What will have happened at some point in the future


The Future Perfect In English: (will have + participle) | will have + [pa] | We will have + [pa] You will have + [pa] | Y’all will have + [pa] He will have + [pa] | They will have + [pa]


The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have)


The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pa]


The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habremos + [pa] habras + [pa] | habréis + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran + [pal]


The Future Tense In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) é emos as éis a an


The Future Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > will have) habré + [pa] | habrFemos# [pa] habras + [pa] ‘habraié + [pa] habra + [pa] | habran‘’ [pal]


The future perfect with time expressions:


The future perfect with time expressions: e “Para” + [time expression] > “By” ¢ “Dentro de” + [time expression] > “Within”


Para el lunes, yo habré terminado mis tareas


Para el lunes, yo habré terminado mis tareas By Monday, | will have finished my tasks


Para [el lunes], yo habré terminado mis tareas By [Monday], | will have finished my tasks


Dentro de un ano, tu habras dejado tu trabajo


Dentro de un ano, tu habras dejado tu trabajo Within a year, you will have left your job


Dentro de [un ano], tu habras dejado tu trabajo Within [a year], you will have left your job


Para esa fecha, John habra recibido muchas ofertas


Para esa fecha, John habra recibido muchas ofertas By that date, John will have received many offers


Para [esa fecha], John habra recibido muchas ofertas By [that date], John will have received many offers


The Conditional Tense


The Conditional Tense What one would do or what would happen in a situation


The Conditional In English: | would + [a verb] | We would + [a verb] You would + [a verb] | Y’all would + [a verb] He would + [a verb] | They would + [a verb]


The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters)


The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir


The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) la lamos las lais la lan Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir


The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) la lamos jas | iai< ia ian Similar to the future tense - The changing rule applies to almost every verb in Spanish, REGARDLESS of ending in -ar, -er, or -ir


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars)


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) Easy To Remember: Irregular verbs in the conditional are the same as in the future tense


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) diria | diriamos dirias | diriais diria | dirian decir - to say/tell


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) haria | hariamos harias | hariais haria |harian hacer - to do/make


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) podria | podriamos podrias | podriais podria | podrian poder - to can


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) pondria | pondriamos pondrias | pondriais pondria | pondrian poner - to put


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) querria | querriamos querrias | querriais querria | querrian querer - to want


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) sabria | sabriamos sabrias | sabriais sabria | sabrian saber - to know


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) saldria | saldriamos saldrias | saldriais saldria | saldrian salir - to leave


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) tendria | tendriamos tendrias | tendriais tendria | tendrian tener - to have


The Conditional In Spanish: (irregulars) vendria | vendriamos vendrias | vendriais vendria | vendrian venir - to come


élrias conmigo? Would you go with me?


Si, yo iria contigo Yes, | would go with you


~Compraria él ese auto?


éCompraria él ese auto? Would he buy that car?


Si, el compraria ese auto Yes, he would buy that car


éVivirian ellos en esta region?


éVivirian ellos en esta region? Would they live in this region?


Si, ellos vivirian en esta region Yes, they would live in this region


Querriamos un plato por favor


Querriamos un plato por favor We would want a plate please


Tu dirias que esta leccion es buena


Tu dirias que esta leccion es buena You would say that this lesson is good


Sin ti, yo no sé qué yo haria


Sin ti, yo no sé qué yo haria Without you, | don’t know what | would do


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs)


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) poder - to can podria - could


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & lIOPs) éPodrias abrir la ventana?


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias abrir la ventana? Could you open the window?


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) Si, yo podria abrir la ventana Yes, | could open the window


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no podria abrir la ventana No, | could not open the window


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no la podria abrir No, yo no podria abrirla


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no la podria abrir No, yo no podria abrirla No, | could not open it


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias darmelo? éMe lo podrias dar?


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) éPodrias darmelo? éMe lo podrias dar? Could you give me it?


The Conditional Tense (negatives, DOPs, & IOPs) No, yo no podria dartelo No, yo no te lo podria dar No, | could not give you it


The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs)


The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath e You would go out e We would have fun


The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath > (banharse) ¢ You would go out > (irse) e We would have fun > (divertirse)


The Conditional Tense (reflexive verbs) e | would take a bath > (banarse) e You would go out > (irse) ¢ We would have fun > (divertirse) ¢ Me banaria e Te irias ¢ Nos divertiriamos


Th nditionalAense ‘eflexive verb: e | woul b anarse) ¢ You woul (irse) e We would ~ (divertirse) e Me ban ° Te iri e No ertiriamos


The Conditional Perfect


The Conditional Perfect What would have happened or what one would have done


The Conditional Perfect In English: (would have + participle) | would have + [pa] | We would have + [pa] You would have + [pa] | Y’all would have + [pa] He would have + [pa] | They would have + [pa]


The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have)


The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]


The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” » would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos + [pa] habrias + [pa] | habriais + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian + [pa]


The Conditional In Spanish: (infinitive form + ending letters) ia ijamos ias fais ia ian


The Conditional Perfect In Spanish: (conjugation of “haber” > would have) habria + [pa] | habriamos* [pa] habrias + [pa] ‘habrigi + [pa] habria + [pa] | habrian *{[pa]


Yo habria terminado mi trabajo


Yo habria terminado mi trabajo | would have finished my job


Tu habrias disfrutado estar ahi


Tu habrias disfrutado estar ahi You would have enjoyed being there


Ella habria abierto las ventanas


Ella habria abierto las ventanas She would have opened the windows


“Qué” & “Lo que” “What”


“That” “What” (conjunction)


(T9 Q u e” 6 99 That (conjunction expressing a subordinate clause)


| will use the phone that I bought


| will use the phone that | bought Yo usaré el teléfono que yo compré


| will use the phone | bought Yo usaré el teléfono que yo compré


He wants the book that is on the shelf


He wants the book that is on the shelf El quiere el libro que esta en el estante


The house that you see is big


The house that you see is big La casa que tu ves es grande


We went to a restaurant that is expensive


We went to arestaurant that is expensive Nosotros fuimos a un restaurante que es caro


They will do the job that they have


They will do the job that they have Ellos haran el trabajo que ellos tienen


| have taken the medicine that the doctor gave me


| have taken the medicine that the doctor gave me Yo he tomado la medicina que el doctor me dio


| see that that man is standing


| see that that man is standing Yo veo que ese hombre esta caminando


ieee | see that that man is standing Yo veo que ese hombre esta caminando


(T3 99 Lo que “What” (NOT as a question, used in the beginning or middle of a sentence)


Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro


Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro When | was young, I had a dog


Cuando yo era joven, yo tenia un perro When | was young, | had a dog


Yo tenia un perro cuando yo era joven I had a dog when I was young


“Lo que” is used the SAME way


What | want is a house


What | want is a house Lo que yo quiero es una casa


What I want is a house A house is what | want Lo que yo quiero es una casa Una casa es lo que yo quiero


What I want is a house A house is what I want Lo que yo quiero es una casa Una casa es lo que yo quiero


You don‘t know what you want


You don‘t know what you want Tu no sabes lo que tu quieres


You don‘t know what you want What you want, you don’t know Tu no sabes lo que tu quieres Lo que tu quieres, tu no sabes


He has to do what he needs to do


He has to do what he needs to do El tiene que hacer lo que él necesita hacer


He has to do what he needs to do What he needs to do, he has to do El tiene que hacer lo que él necesita hacer Lo que él necesita hacer, él tiene que hacer


What they need is something to eat


What they need is something to eat Lo que ellos necesitan es algo para comer


What they need is something to eat Something to eat is what they need Lo que ellos necesitan es algo para comer Algo para comer es lo que ellos necesitan


| did not see what you gave me


| did not see what you gave me Yo no vi lo que tu me diste


| did not see what you gave me What you gave me, | did not see Yo no vi lo que tu me diste Lo que tu me diste, yo no vi


To visually show what I want to say


To visually show what | want to say Para visualmente mostrar lo que yo quiero decir


The Subjunctive In Spanish


The subjunctive is difficult because it has the most variations


The Past Tense (Variations): e Regular Past e Imperfect Past e Past Perfect


The Future Tense (Variations): e Regular Future e Future Perfect


The Subjunctive (Variations): e Present Subjunctive e Past Subjunctive e Present Perfect Subjunctive e Past Perfect Subjunctive


The subjunctive is amood that expresses the speaker’s attitude towards events, actions, and states that are uncertain/hypothetical


The iunctive i ood that exp Ss peaker’s attitude s events, actions, that are unc /hyp tical


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase:


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V S/V + que+S/V


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + that + S/V S/V + que + S/V A sentence can start with ANY subject and ANY verb and continue with ANY subject and ANY verb


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE FIRST VERB IN THE SENTENCE


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V “ The first verb in the sentence UST bea verb of Permits Will, Emotion, Influence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V * The first verb in the sentence MUST bea verb of Ponders THE Will, Emotion, !nfluence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial WEIRD


| believe that you ate


| believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste


| believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste The phrase is NOT subjunctive because the verb “creer” doesn’t come from WEIRD; it’s verb that expresses an opinion


I believe that you ate Yo creo que tu comiste The phrase is NOT subjunctive because the verb “creer” doesn’t come from WEIRD; it’s verb that expresses an opinion


| know that you ate Yo sé que tu comiste


| know that you ate Yo sé que tu comiste This sentence also is NOT subjunctive because “saber” means to know factually; therefore, it does NOT come from WEIRD


| know that you ate Yo se que tu comiste This sentence also is NOT subjunctive because “saber” means to know factually; therefore, it does NOT come from WEIRD


1). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que+S/V * The first verb in the sentence MUST bea verb of Print THE Will, Emotion, !nfluence, FIRST VERB IN THE Recommendation, or SENTENCE Doubt/Disbelief/Denial WEIRD


Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) will: Emotion: ¢ Preferir - to prefer ¢ Esperar - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to need © Gustar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ¢ Tener miedo - to be afraid Recommendation: Influence: * Aconesjar - to advise ¢ Desear-towish/todesire + Sugerir - to suggest ¢ Insistir (en) - to insist (on) —* Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial * Dudar - to doubt ¢ Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think


Verb t activate the ctive: (the firs! e sentence, con W.E.1.R.D) will: Emg ° Preferir - to pi - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to net ar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ner miedo - to be afraid amendation: Influence: esjar - to advise * Desear - to wi e to suggest * Insistir (e! (on) eh ar - to recommend bt/Disbelief/Denial ¢ Dudar - to doubt « Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think


2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/V + que+S/V 7 The second verb MUST be modified in the most irregular way possible


2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/\V + que + S/V 7 * The second verb MUST be Verb coming modified in the from W.E.I.R.D most irregular way possible


2). The second verb MUST be conjugated VERY IRREGULARLY S/V + que + S/V 7 * * The second verb . ANY subject/. MUST be Verb coming ANY verb modified in the from W.E.I.R.D most irregular way possible


This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb ¢ You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun ¢ You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used ¢ You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another


This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb ¢ You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun ¢ You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used ¢ You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another S/V + que + S/V


This is what makes the subjunctive VERY DIFFICULT: ¢ You will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb * You will have to memorize how each conjugation corresponds with each pronoun * You will have to understand how stem-changing, irregular “yo” verbs, irregular verbs, and reflexive verbs are used * You will have to memorize and understand every tense in the subjunctive (present, past, present perfect, past perfect) They are ALL DIFFERENT from one another S/V + que + S/V any S+anyV


3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive S/V + que+S/V


3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive [main clause] + [subordinate clause]


3). Separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive (IMC. + S.C.]), ¢ Es necesario que - It’s necessary that ¢ Es importante que - It’s important that e Es urgente que - It’s urgent that e Es bueno que - It’s good that e Es mejor que - It’s better that ¢ Es malo que - It‘s bad that e Es triste que - It’s sad that


it’s a fact that you ate Es un hecho que tu comiste


it’s a fact that you ate Es un hecho que tu comiste This sentence is NOT subjunctive because the expression is simply a fact, not relating to W.E.!.R.D


The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V


The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.!.R.D


The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, Influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.!.R.D 3). The second verb of the sentence ABSOLUTELY MUST be modified in the oddest way possible, depending on the tense that you want to utilize


The Subjunctive In Spanish: 1a). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: S/V + que + S/V 1b). Spotting a subjunctive phrase: [M.C] + que + S/V 2). Taken from 1a, the first verb in the phrase MUST come from Will, Influence, Emotion, Recommendation, or Doubt/Disbelief/Denial, also known as W.E.|.R.D 3). The second verb of the sentence ABSOLUTELY MUST be modified in the oddest way possible, depending on the tense that you want to utilize 4). The second part of either phrase can have ANY subject and ANY verb which UST be conjugated depending on the subject and the tense (present, past, present perfect, past perfect)


The Subjunctive In Spanish


The Present Subjunctive:


The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general


The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general subject/verb/que/subject/verb


The Present Subjunctive: e Irregular “yo” verbs ¢ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar e Stem-changing verbs e Irregular verbs in general subject/verb/que/subject/verb WEIRD


Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs:


Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: (similar to negative tu commands)


Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) O amos as | ais a an


Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) Oo | amos as ais a an


Regular -ar verbs: (present subjunctive) e |emos es éis e en


Regular -ar verbs: (present simple) hablo | hablamos hablas | hablais habla | hablan hablar - to speak


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) fe) emos/imos es éis/is e en


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) fe) emos/imos es_ | éis/is e jen


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present subjunctive) a amos as ais a jan


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (present simple) como/vivo | comemos/vivimos comes/vives | coméis/vivis come/vive | comen/viven comer - to eat / vivir - to live


Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er & -ir verbs: e a es as e a emos amos éis ais en an


Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er &-ir verbs: e a es as e a emos amos éis ais en an


Regular -ar, -er, & -ir verbs: -ar verbs: -er & -ir verbs: e a es as e F cmos“ sNiqueisey OS els M.C.que/S/V als en an


2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands)


2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands) ¢ Conducir - to drive ¢ Decir - to say/tell e Hacer - to do/make ¢ Oir - to hear e Tener - to have ¢ Traer - to bring ¢ Venir - to come e Ver - to see


2. Irregular “Yo” verbs: (similar to nosotros commands) ° Gonducir-te drive pay cLose ¢ Decir - to say/tell ATTENTION e Hacer - to do/make To How ° Oir - to hear => CONJUGATE e Tener - to have AND ¢ Traer - to bring MEMORIZE ¢ Venir - to come THEM e Ver - to see


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) conduzco | conducimos conduces | conducis conduce | conducen conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzco conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzc | conduzc conduzc | conduzc conduzc | conduzc conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzca | conduzcamos conduzcas | conduzcais conduzca | conduzcan conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) conduzco conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) conduzca | conduzcamos conduzcas contiuredis_ conduzca | conduzcan conducir - to drive


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive)


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) decir - to say/tell


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present simple) digo decir - to say/tell


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) diga | digamos digas | digdis diga | digan decir - to say/tell


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) hacer - to do/make


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) haga | hagamos hagas | hagais haga | hagan hacer - to do/make


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) oir - to hear


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) oiga | oigamos oigas | oigais oiga | oigan oir - to hear


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) tener - to have


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) tenga | tengamos tengas | tengais tenga | tengan tener - to have


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) traer - to bring


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) traiga | traigamos traigas| traigdais traiga | traigan traer - to bring


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) venir - to come


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) venga | vengamos vengas | vengais venga | vengan venir - to come


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) ver - to see


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) vea veamos veas veais vea vean ver - to see


3. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar: (they have a spelling change; think of “yo” from the past simple)


3. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, & -zar: (they have a spelling change; think of “yo” from the past simple) e Marcar - to mark e Pagar - to pay e Organizar - to organize


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (past simple) marqué marcar - to mark


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) marqu | marqu marqu marqu marqu | marqu marcar - to mark


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) marque | marquemos marques | marquéis marque | marquen marcar - to mark


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) pagar - to pay


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) pague | paguemos pagues | paguéis pague | paguen pagar - to pay


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) organizar - to organize


Verbs ending in -car, -gar & -zar: (present subjunctive) organice | organicemos organices | organicéis organice | organicen organizar - to organize


4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (they keep the same changes as in the present simple, except when changing the vowel in the end)


4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (they keep the same changes as in the present simple, except when changing the vowel in the end) e Pensar (e>ie) - to think e Volver (o>ue) - to return


Stem-Changing Verbs: (present simple) pienso/vuelvo | pensamos/volvemos piensas/vuelves | pensais/volvéis piensa/vuelve | piensan/vuelven pensar - to think / volver - to return


Stem-Changing Verbs: (present subjunctive) piense/vuelva | pensemos/volvamos pienses/vuelvas | penséis/volvais piense/vuelva | piensen/vuelvan pensar - to think / volver - to return


4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (verbs ending in -ir change their stem in nosotros & vosotros)


4. Stem-Changing Verbs: (verbs ending in -ir change their stem in nosotros & vosotros) ¢ Pedir (ei) - to ask for (pidamos & pidais) ¢ Sentir (e>ie) - to feel (sintamos & sintais) ¢ Dormir (o>ue) - to sleep (durmamos & durmais)


5. Irregular Verbs In General: (they have little to no pattern to follow; there’s only 5 of them)


5. Irregular Verbs In General: (they have little to no pattern to follow; there’s only 5 of them) e Estar - to be e Dar - to give e Ser - to be e Saber - to know e Ir- to go


Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) esté | estemos estés | estéis esté | estén Estar - to be


Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) dé | demos des | deis dé | den Dar - to give


Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) sea seamos seas | seais sea sean Ser - to be


Irregular “Yo” verbs: (present subjunctive) vea veamos veas veais vea vean ver - to see


Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) sepa | sepamos sepas | sepais sepa | sepan Saber - to know


Irregular Verbs In General: (estar, dar, ser, saber, ir) vaya | vayamos vayas | vayais vaya | vayan Ir - to go


subject/verb/que/subject/verb main clause que/subject/verb


WEIRD subject/verb/que/subject/verb main clause que/subject/verb


Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) Wilk Emotion: ¢ Preferir - to prefer ¢ Esperar - to hope ¢ Necesitar - to need © Gustar - to be pleased © Querer - to want ¢ Tener miedo - to be afraid Influence: Recommendation: * Desear - to wish/to desire * Aconsejar - to advise ¢ Insistir (en) - to insist (on) ¢ Sugerir - to suggest ¢ Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial: ¢ Dudar - to doubt « Negar - to deny © No pensar - to not think


Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) Will: Emotion: ¢ Querer - to want Esperar - to hope influence: Recommendation: © Desear - to wish/to desire ¢ Recomendar - to recommend Doubt/Disbelief/Denial: © Dudar - to doubt


Verbs that activate the subjunctive: (the first verb in the sentence, coming from W.E.!.R.D) ¢ Will - Yo quiero que sujeto/verbo ¢ Emotion - Tu esperas que sujeto/verbo e Influence - Ella desea que sujeto/verbo ¢ Recommendation - Recomendamos que sujeto/verbo ¢ Doubt/Disbelief/Denial - Ellos dudan que sujeto/verbo


Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol


Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol | want that you study Spanish


Yo quiero que tu estudies espanol | want that you study Spanish | want you to study Spanish


| want him to use it


| want him to use it Yo quiero que éllo use


| want that he uses it | want him to use it Yo quiero que él lo use


| want that they win the game | want them to win the game


| want that they win the game | want them to win the game Yo quiero que ellos ganen el juego


You hope that I buy the book


You hope that | buy the book Tu esperas que yo compre el libro


You hope that he eats his food


You hope that he eats his food Tu esperas que él coma su comida


You hope that they read some books


You hope that they read some books Tu esperas que ellos lean algunos libros


She desires that you share it with her


She desires that you share it with her Ella desea que tu lo compartas con ella


She desires that we write more


She desires that we write more Ella desea que escribamos mas


We recommend that you drive this car We recommend you to drive this car


We recommend that you drive this car We recommend you to drive this car Te recomendamos que tu conduzcas este coche


We recommend that he drives with safety We recommend him to drive with safety


We recommend that he drives with safety We recommend him to drive with safety A élle recomendamos que él conduzca con seguridad


They doubt that he says much


They doubt that he says much Ellos dudan que él diga mucho


They doubt that you tell them that


They doubt that you tell them that Ellos dudan que tu les digas eso


| want that you do it


| want that you do it Yo quiero que tu lo hagas


| want that they make some food


| want that they make some food Yo quiero que ellos hagan algo de comida


You hope that we have what you need


You hope that we have what you need Tu esperas que tengamos lo que tu necesitas


You hope that he has something else


You hope that he has something else Tu esperas que él tenga algo mas


She desires that you come right now


She desires that you come right now Ella desea que tu vengas ahora mismo


She desires that we come tomorrow


She desires that we come tomorrow Ella desea que vengamos manana


They doubt that I see them


They doubt that | see them Ellos dudan que yo los vea


They doubt that you see me


They doubt that you see me Ellos dudan que tu me veas


We recommend that you practice every day We recommend you to practice every day


We recommend that you practice every day We recommend you to practice every day Te recomendamos que tu practiques todos los dias


We recommend that he practices on the weekends We recommend him to practice on the weekends


We recommend that he practices on the weekends We recommend him to practice on the weekends A él le recomendamos que él practique los fines de semana


| want that he plays with his friends | want him to play with his friends


| want that he plays with his friends | want him to play with his friends Yo quiero que el juegue con sus amigos


| want that they play alone | want them to play alone


| want that they play alone | want them to play alone Yo quiero que ellos juezuen solos


| want that you analyze this phrase | want you to analyze this phrase


| want that you analyze this phrase | want you to analyze this phrase Yo quiero que tu analices esta frase


You hope that I can do it


You hope that I can do it Tu esperas que yo pueda hacerlo


You hope that they can study in silence


You hope that they can study in silence Tu esperas que ellos puedan estudiar en silencio


You hope that I understand you


You hope that | understand you Tu esperas que yo te entienda


You hope that they understand what you say


You hope that they understand what you say Tu esperas que ellos entiendan lo que tu dices


It’s necessary that we are here


It’s necessary that we are here Es necesario que estemos aqui


It’s important that you give me it now


It’s important that you give me it now Es importante que tu me lo des ahora


It’s good that she is happy


It’s good that she is happy Es bueno que ella sea feliz


It’s bad that I know what it is


It’s bad that I know what it is Es malo que yo sepa lo que es


It’s sad that they go without saying goodbye


It’s sad that they go without saying goodbye Es triste que ellos vayan sin decir adiés


The Present Subjunctive with: 1. Expressions 2. Conjunctions 3. Adjective clauses


The Pres ubj ive with: 1. ons 2.C ions 3. tive es


The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive


The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive Speaks of multiple-clause sentences that express states and conditions, beginning with a W.E.I.R.D. verb


The Past/Imperfect Subjunctive 1. Two conjugation patterns 2. Many irregular/stem-changing verbs


Regular -ar verbs: (past subjunctive) ara | aramos aras | arais ara | aran


Regular -ar verbs: (past subjunctive) hablara | hablaramos hablaras | hablarais hablara | hablaran hablar - to speak


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) iera iéramos ieras ierais iera ieran


Regular -er & -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) comiera/viviera | comiéramos/viviéramos comieras/vivieras | comierais/vivierais comiera/viviera | comieran/vivieran comer - to eat / vivir - to live


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive)


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) diera | diéramos dieras | dierais diera | dieran dar - to give


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) dijera | dijéramos dijeras | dijerais dijera | dijeran decir - to say/tell


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) estuviera | estuviéramos estuvieras | estuvierais estuviera | estuvieran estar - to be


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) hiciera | hiciéramos hicieras | hicierais hiciera | hicieran hacer - to do/make


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) fuera |fuéramos fueras | fuerais fuera | fueran ir & ser - to go & to be


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) fuera |fuéramos fueras |fuerais fuera | fueran ir & ser - to go & to be


Ser/Ir: (past simple) fui |fuimos fuiste | fuisteis fue | fueron


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) pudiera | pudiéramos pudieras | pudierais pudiera | pudieran poder - to can


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) supiera | supiéramos supieras | supierais supiera | supieran saber - to know


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) tuviera | tuviéramos tuvieras | tuvierais tuviera | tuvieran tener - to have


Irregular verbs: (past subjunctive) viniera | viniéramos vinieras | vinierais viniera | vinieran venir - to come


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive)


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) prefiriera | prefiriéramos prefirieras | prefirierais prefiriera | prefirieran preferir (ei) - to prefer


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) durmiera | durmiéramos durmieras | durmierais durmiera | durmieran dormir (ou) - to sleep


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) condujera | condujéramos condujeras | condujerais condujera | condujeran conducir - to drive


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) creyera | creyéramos creyeras | creyerais creyera | creyeran creer - to believe


Stem-Changing -ir verbs: (past subjunctive) oyera | oyéramos oyeras | oyerais oyera | oyeran oir - to hear


In the past subjunctive, any phrase UST bein the past simple or past imperfect, in order to be activated


Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo


Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo | wanted that you speak with me


Yo queria que tu hablaras conmigo | wanted that you speak with me | wanted you to speak with me


We hoped that he spoke in the meeting


We hoped that he spoke in the meeting Esperabamos que él hablara en la reunion


WEIRD verb We hoped that he spoke in the meeting Imperfect | Esperabamos que élhablara en la reunion


She decided that we eat something


She decided that we eat something Ella decidio que comicramos algo


You insisted that I run in the mornings


You insisted that I run in the mornings Tu insististe que yo corricra por las mananas


They recommended me that | write a letter They recommended me to write a letter


They recommended me that | write a letter They recommended me to write a letter Ellos me recomendaron que yo escribiera una carta


| needed you to receive this message | needed that you receive this message


| needed you to receive this message | needed that you receive this message Yo necesitaba que tu recibieras este mensaje


You were afraid that he gave you it


You were afraid that he gave you it Tu tenias miedo de que él te lo diera


He desired that we say something about that


He desired that we say something about that El deseaba que dijéramos algo sobre eso


We doubted that you were speaking


We doubted that you were speaking Dudamos que tu estuvieras hablando


We doubted that you were speaking We doubt sb We doubted Dudamos que tu estuvieras hablando


They wanted you to do the bed They wanted that you do the bed


They wanted you to do the bed They wanted that you do the bed Ellos querian que tu hicieras la cama


| hoped that you went to school


| hoped that you went to school Yo esperaba que tu fueras a la escuela


You wanted me to be happy


You wanted me to be happy Tu querias que yo fuera feliz


She hoped that | could find it


She hoped that | could find it Ella esperaba que yo pudiera encontrarlo


We needed you to put it here We needed that you put it here


We needed you to put it here We needed that you put it here Necesitabamos que tu lo pusieras aqui


They doubted that he knew what it was


They doubted that he knew what it was Ellos dudaban que él supiera lo que era


| hoped that they had a dog


| hoped that they had a dog Yo esperaba que ellos tuvieran un perro


You desired them to come here You desired that they come here


You desired them to come here You desired that they come here Tu deseabas que ellos vinieran aqui


He was afraid that | preferred this book


He was afraid that | preferred this book El tenia miedo de que yo prefiriera este libro


We doubted that you slept well


We doubted that you slept well Dudamos que tu durmieras bien


They wanted me to drive with safety They wanted that | drive with safety


They wanted me to drive with safety They wanted that | drive with safety Ellos querian que yo condujera con seguridad


| hoped that you believed in me


| hoped that you believed in me Yo esperaba que tu creyeras en mi


You desired that | heard you


You desired that | heard you Tu deseabas que yo te oyera


It was necessary that we went to the school


It was necessary that we went to the school Era necesario que fuéramos a la escuela


It was good that you spoke loud and clear


It was good that you spoke loud and clear Estuvo bien que tu hablaras alto y claro


It was sad that they had a bad night


It was sad that they had a bad night Era triste que ellos tuvieran una casa pequena


The Present Perfect Subjunctive


The Present Perfect Subjunctive Talks about what someone has done or what has happened in the subjunctive form


The Present Perfect: (conjugation of “haber”) he + [pa] | hemos + [pa] has + [pa] | habéis + [pa] ha + [pa] | han + [pa]


The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] | hayais + [pa] haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]


The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] haysis*[pal haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]


In the present perfect subjunctive, any sentence \ViUST bein some form of the present


| hope that you have slept well


| hope that you have slept well Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien


| hope that you have slept well esperar Yo espero que tu hayas dormido bien W.E.I.R.D verb activates Conjugation of past participle the subjunctive “haber”


| hope that you slept well


| hope that you slept well Yo espero que tu dormiste bien


| hope that you slept well Yo 4 bien


present past | hope that you slept well Yo 4 bien


| am happy that he has said the truth


| am happy that he has said the truth Yo estoy feliz de que él haya dicho la verdad


We don’t believe that you have eaten a lot


We don’t believe that you have eaten a lot No creemos que tu hayas comido mucho


It's possible that we have done something bad


It's possible that we have done something bad Es posible que hayamos hecho algo malo


It's impossible that they have written a book


It's impossible that they have written a book Es imposible que ellos hayan escrito un libro


| hope that you have resolved the problem


| hope that you have resolved the problem Yo espero que tu hayas resuelto el problema


You hope that he has studied for the test


You hope that he has studied for the test Tu esperas que él haya estudiado para la prueba


It’s sad that he has not passed it


It’s sad that he has not passed it Es triste que él no lo haya pasado


It’s sad that he has not passed it Es triste que él no lo haya pasado Ney


She doubts that we have come so fast


She doubts that we have come so fast Ella duda que hayamos venido tan rapido


They are worried that you have seen them


They are worried that you have seen them Ellos estan preocupados de que tu los hayas visto


It’s a shame that they have not given me it


It’s ashame that they have not given me it Es una lastima que ellos no me lo hayan dado


It’s a shame that they have not given me it Es una lastima que ellos no me lo hayan dado


The Past Perfect Subjunctive


The Past Perfect Subjunctive Speaks about what someone had done or what had happened in the subjunctive form


The Present Perfect Subjunctive: (conjugation of “haber”) haya + [pa] | hayamos + [pa] hayas + [pa] | hayais + [pa] haya + [pa] | hayan + [pa]


The Past Perfect Subjunctive: (Past/Imperfect Tense - Conjugation of “haber”) hubiera + [pa] | hubiéramos + [pa] hubieras + [pa] | hubierais + [pa] hubiera + [pa] | hubieran + [pa]


The Past Perfect Subjunctive: (Past/Imperfect Tense - Conjugation of “haber”) hubiera + [pa] | hubié amg + [pal] hubieras + [pa] ‘hubied + [pa] hubiera + [pa] | hu¥ieran’\ [pa]


In the past perfect subjunctive, any sentence \iUST be in the past/imperfect form


| doubted that you had arrived


| doubted that you had arrived Yo dudaba que tu hubieras llegado


You hoped that he had won the game


You hoped that he had won the game Tu esperabas que él hubiera ganado el juego


Was there anybody who had seen the movie?


Was there anybody who had seen the movie? éHabia alguien que hubiera visto la pelicula?


There was no one who had slept


There was no one who had slept No habia nadie que hubiera dormido


It was not true that I had called him


It was not true that I had called him No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado


It was not true that | had called him No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado


The Spanish Language And Its Fundamentals


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