{
  "chapter_id": "39",
  "slug": "present-perfect-tense",
  "title": "Present Perfect Tense",
  "time_range_sec": [10912, 11170],
  "summary": "The present perfect (pretérito perfecto) expresses what someone has done. It uses present-tense haber + past participle and the two pieces are inseparable.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": null,
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Formula",
      "bullets": [
        "Conjugated present 'haber' (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) + past participle.",
        "Past participle does NOT change for gender/number when in the perfect tense.",
        "Only as a standalone adjective does the participle agree."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Inseparability",
      "bullets": [
        "haber + participle can NEVER be split.",
        "Negation (no), DOPs, and IOPs all go BEFORE haber.",
        "Reflexive pronouns also precede haber."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "haber vs tener",
      "bullets": [
        "haber = auxiliary 'to have done'.",
        "tener = main verb 'to possess'.",
        "I have a dog → Yo tengo un perro. I have eaten → Yo he comido. I have had many friends → Yo he tenido muchos amigos."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo he hablado.", "en": "I have spoken.", "tags": ["regular"]},
    {"es": "Tú has comido.", "en": "You have eaten.", "tags": ["regular"]},
    {"es": "Él ha leído.", "en": "He has read.", "tags": ["accent"]},
    {"es": "¿Has leído el libro?", "en": "Have you read the book?", "tags": ["question"]},
    {"es": "Sí, yo lo he leído.", "en": "Yes, I have read it.", "tags": ["DOP"]},
    {"es": "No, yo no lo he leído.", "en": "No, I have not read it.", "tags": ["negative", "DOP"]},
    {"es": "John me lo ha dicho.", "en": "John has told it to me.", "tags": ["IOP", "DOP"]},
    {"es": "John no me lo ha dicho.", "en": "John has not told it to me.", "tags": ["negative"]},
    {"es": "Yo he tenido muchos amigos.", "en": "I have had a lot of friends.", "tags": ["haber-vs-tener"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros hemos vivido aquí.", "en": "We have lived here.", "tags": ["regular"]},
    {"es": "Ella ha escrito una carta.", "en": "She has written a letter.", "tags": ["irregular-participle"]},
    {"es": "¿Has visto la película?", "en": "Have you seen the movie?", "tags": ["irregular-participle"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "haber", "en": "to have (auxiliary)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "tener", "en": "to have (possess)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "ya", "en": "already", "pos": "adv"},
    {"es": "nunca", "en": "never", "pos": "adv"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "haber",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "he", "tu": "has", "el": "ha", "nosotros": "hemos", "vosotros": "habéis", "ellos": "han"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "ind_perfecto",
      "forms": {"yo": "he hablado", "tu": "has hablado", "el": "ha hablado", "nosotros": "hemos hablado", "vosotros": "habéis hablado", "ellos": "han hablado"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "ind_perfecto",
      "forms": {"yo": "he comido", "tu": "has comido", "el": "ha comido", "nosotros": "hemos comido", "vosotros": "habéis comido", "ellos": "han comido"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "escribir",
      "tense_id": "ind_perfecto",
      "forms": {"yo": "he escrito", "tu": "has escrito", "el": "ha escrito", "nosotros": "hemos escrito", "vosotros": "habéis escrito", "ellos": "han escrito"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ hablado con él. (haber)", "correct": "he", "distractor": "ha", "explanation": "yo + haber = he."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ comido demasiado. (haber)", "correct": "has", "distractor": "ha", "explanation": "tú + haber = has."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ vivido aquí cinco años.", "correct": "hemos", "distractor": "habemos", "explanation": "nosotros + haber = hemos."},
    {"sentence": "Ella ha _____ una carta. (escribir)", "correct": "escrito", "distractor": "escribido", "explanation": "Escribir is irregular: escrito."},
    {"sentence": "¿_____ visto la película? (tú, haber)", "correct": "Has", "distractor": "Hes", "explanation": "tú form is 'has'."},
    {"sentence": "John no me _____ ha dicho.", "correct": "lo", "distractor": "le", "explanation": "DOP 'lo' goes before haber along with IOP me."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ tenido muchos amigos.", "correct": "he", "distractor": "tengo", "explanation": "Use haber + tenido for 'have had'."},
    {"sentence": "I have to read = Yo _____ que leer.", "correct": "tengo", "distractor": "he", "explanation": "Obligation uses tener que, not haber."}
  ],
  "caveats": "Captions repeatedly elided syllables (Yol, abl). Reconstructed full forms with proper accents (leído, escrito)."
}