{
  "chapter_id": "06",
  "slug": "the-present-progressive",
  "title": "The Present Progressive",
  "time_range_sec": [1399, 1568],
  "summary": "Form the present progressive (an action happening right now) with conjugated estar + the gerund: -ando for -ar verbs, -iendo for -er/-ir verbs, with spelling and stem-change exceptions like leyendo, durmiendo, diciendo.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "estar-gerund-progressive",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Formula",
      "bullets": [
        "Conjugated estar + gerund of the action verb.",
        "estar agrees with the subject; the gerund never changes form."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Building the gerund",
      "bullets": [
        "-ar → -ando (hablar → hablando).",
        "-er / -ir → -iendo (comer → comiendo; vivir → viviendo)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Spelling exception: vowel-stem verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "If the stem ends in a vowel, -iendo becomes -yendo to avoid 3 vowels in a row.",
        "leer → leyendo, traer → trayendo, oír → oyendo, construir → construyendo."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Stem-changing -ir verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "o → u: dormir → durmiendo, morir → muriendo.",
        "e → i: decir → diciendo, pedir → pidiendo, sentir → sintiendo, servir → sirviendo."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Usage scope",
      "bullets": [
        "Use only for actions in progress right now.",
        "Don't use for habitual or scheduled-future actions (use simple present instead)."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo estoy hablando.", "en": "I am speaking.", "tags": ["progressive"]},
    {"es": "Tú estás comiendo.", "en": "You are eating.", "tags": ["progressive"]},
    {"es": "Él está viviendo en Madrid.", "en": "He is living in Madrid.", "tags": ["progressive"]},
    {"es": "Estoy leyendo un libro.", "en": "I am reading a book.", "tags": ["progressive", "vowel-stem"]},
    {"es": "Estamos durmiendo.", "en": "We are sleeping.", "tags": ["progressive", "stem-change"]},
    {"es": "Ellos están diciendo la verdad.", "en": "They are telling the truth.", "tags": ["progressive", "stem-change"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros estamos trabajando.", "en": "We are working.", "tags": ["progressive"]},
    {"es": "Ella está pidiendo ayuda.", "en": "She is asking for help.", "tags": ["progressive", "stem-change"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "estar", "en": "to be (location/condition)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "leer", "en": "to read", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dormir", "en": "to sleep", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "decir", "en": "to say / to tell", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "pedir", "en": "to ask for / request", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "trabajar", "en": "to work", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "estar",
      "tense_id": "ind_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "estoy", "tu": "estás", "el": "está", "nosotros": "estamos", "vosotros": "estáis", "ellos": "están"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo estoy _____ con mi amigo. (hablar)", "correct": "hablando", "distractor": "hablado", "explanation": "-ar verbs form the gerund with -ando."},
    {"sentence": "Ella está _____ pizza. (comer)", "correct": "comiendo", "distractor": "comendo", "explanation": "-er verbs form the gerund with -iendo."},
    {"sentence": "Estoy _____ un libro. (leer)", "correct": "leyendo", "distractor": "leiendo", "explanation": "Vowel-stem: i becomes y to avoid three vowels."},
    {"sentence": "Los niños están _____. (dormir)", "correct": "durmiendo", "distractor": "dormiendo", "explanation": "Stem-change o→u in the gerund of dormir."},
    {"sentence": "Él está _____ la verdad. (decir)", "correct": "diciendo", "distractor": "deciendo", "explanation": "Stem-change e→i in the gerund of decir."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ trabajando ahora.", "correct": "estamos", "distractor": "somos", "explanation": "Progressive uses estar (action right now), not ser."}
  ],
  "caveats": null
}