From 79c4c6e290532a8d9ec743b77f5e7e18b15cbc32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Trey t Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 10:56:34 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Add irregular verbs reference guides to grammar section Add two grammar notes under new "Irregular Verbs" category: - Most Common Irregular Verbs: 15 essential verbs with present and preterite forms plus example sentences - Types of Irregular Verbs: spelling changes, stem changes, and unique irregulars with patterns and examples Closes #5 Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) --- Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift | 175 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 175 insertions(+) diff --git a/Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift b/Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift index f93111c..5f43ae3 100644 --- a/Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift +++ b/Conjuga/Conjuga/Models/GrammarNote.swift @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ struct GrammarNote: Identifiable { seConstructions, estarGerundProgressive, spanishSuffixes, + commonIrregularVerbs, + typesOfIrregularVerbs, ] // MARK: - 1. Ser vs Estar @@ -1099,4 +1101,177 @@ struct GrammarNote: Identifiable { **Key insight:** Once you recognize root + suffix patterns, you can decode unfamiliar words. For example, *panadería* = *pan* (bread) + *-ero* (person) + *-ía* (place) = "place where the bread-person works" = bakery. The suffix system makes Spanish vocabulary highly predictable and composable. """ ) + + // MARK: - 22. Most Common Irregular Verbs + + private static let commonIrregularVerbs = GrammarNote( + id: "common-irregular-verbs", + title: "Most Common Irregular Verbs", + category: "Irregular Verbs", + body: """ + These 15 verbs are among the most used in Spanish — and they are all irregular. Mastering their forms is essential because you will encounter them in nearly every conversation. + + **ser** — to be (permanent) + + *yo soy, tú eres, él es* — Present + *yo fui, tú fuiste, él fue* — Preterite + *Soy estudiante.* — I am a student. + + **estar** — to be (temporary/location) + + *yo estoy, tú estás, él está* — Present + *yo estuve, tú estuviste, él estuvo* — Preterite + *Estoy cansado.* — I am tired. + + **ir** — to go + + *yo voy, tú vas, él va* — Present + *yo fui, tú fuiste, él fue* — Preterite (same as ser!) + *Voy al supermercado.* — I'm going to the supermarket. + + **haber** — to have (auxiliary) + + *yo he, tú has, él ha* — Present + *yo hube, tú hubiste, él hubo* — Preterite + *He comido ya.* — I have already eaten. + + **tener** — to have (possession) + + *yo tengo, tú tienes, él tiene* — Present + *yo tuve, tú tuviste, él tuvo* — Preterite + *Tengo dos hermanos.* — I have two siblings. + + **hacer** — to do / to make + + *yo hago, tú haces, él hace* — Present + *yo hice, tú hiciste, él hizo* — Preterite + *¿Qué haces?* — What are you doing? + + **poder** — to be able to / can + + *yo puedo, tú puedes, él puede* — Present + *yo pude, tú pudiste, él pudo* — Preterite + *No puedo dormir.* — I can't sleep. + + **querer** — to want / to love + + *yo quiero, tú quieres, él quiere* — Present + *yo quise, tú quisiste, él quiso* — Preterite + *Quiero agua, por favor.* — I want water, please. + + **decir** — to say / to tell + + *yo digo, tú dices, él dice* — Present + *yo dije, tú dijiste, él dijo* — Preterite + *¿Qué dices?* — What are you saying? + + **venir** — to come + + *yo vengo, tú vienes, él viene* — Present + *yo vine, tú viniste, él vino* — Preterite + *Vengo de la tienda.* — I'm coming from the store. + + **saber** — to know (facts) + + *yo sé, tú sabes, él sabe* — Present + *yo supe, tú supiste, él supo* — Preterite + *No sé la respuesta.* — I don't know the answer. + + **poner** — to put / to place + + *yo pongo, tú pones, él pone* — Present + *yo puse, tú pusiste, él puso* — Preterite + *Pon el libro en la mesa.* — Put the book on the table. + + **salir** — to leave / to go out + + *yo salgo, tú sales, él sale* — Present + *yo salí, tú saliste, él salió* — Preterite + *Salgo a las ocho.* — I leave at eight. + + **dar** — to give + + *yo doy, tú das, él da* — Present + *yo di, tú diste, él dio* — Preterite + *Dame un momento.* — Give me a moment. + + **ver** — to see + + *yo veo, tú ves, él ve* — Present + *yo vi, tú viste, él vio* — Preterite + *¿Ves eso?* — Do you see that? + + **Tip:** These verbs appear so frequently that you will naturally memorize them through practice. Focus on the present and preterite forms first — those are the ones you need every day. + """ + ) + + // MARK: - 23. Types of Irregular Verbs + + private static let typesOfIrregularVerbs = GrammarNote( + id: "types-of-irregular-verbs", + title: "Types of Irregular Verbs", + category: "Irregular Verbs", + body: """ + Spanish irregular verbs follow predictable patterns. Once you learn the pattern, you can conjugate dozens of verbs correctly. There are three main types of irregularity. + + **Spelling Changes** + + These verbs change their spelling to preserve the correct pronunciation. The sound stays the same — only the letters change. This happens because Spanish spelling rules require certain letter combinations before specific vowels. + + *c → qu* (before e): buscar → busqué, tocar → toqué, sacar → saqué + *g → gu* (before e): pagar → pagué, llegar → llegué, jugar → jugué + *z → c* (before e): empezar → empecé, almorzar → almorcé, cruzar → crucé + *g → j* (before a/o): coger → cojo, elegir → elijo, proteger → protejo + *gu → gü* (before e): averiguar → averigüé + *i → y* (between vowels): leer → leyó/leyeron, oír → oyó/oyeron + + *Busqué mis llaves por toda la casa.* — I looked for my keys all over the house. + *Llegué tarde al trabajo.* — I arrived late to work. + *Empecé a estudiar español el año pasado.* — I started studying Spanish last year. + + **Stem Changes** + + These verbs change a vowel in the stem when it is stressed. The change only happens in certain persons (usually all except nosotros and vosotros in the present tense). Common patterns: + + *e → ie:* pensar → pienso, querer → quiero, preferir → prefiero, cerrar → cierro, entender → entiendo + + *Quiero ir al cine.* — I want to go to the movies. + *Prefiero quedarme en casa.* — I prefer to stay at home. + + *o → ue:* poder → puedo, dormir → duermo, volver → vuelvo, encontrar → encuentro, recordar → recuerdo + + *No puedo encontrar mi teléfono.* — I can't find my phone. + *Duermo ocho horas cada noche.* — I sleep eight hours every night. + + *e → i* (only -ir verbs): pedir → pido, servir → sirvo, repetir → repito, seguir → sigo, vestirse → me visto + + *Pido una cerveza, por favor.* — I'll have a beer, please. + *Sigo estudiando todos los días.* — I keep studying every day. + + *u → ue:* jugar → juego (the only verb with this pattern!) + + *Juego al fútbol los sábados.* — I play soccer on Saturdays. + + **Unique Irregulars** + + These verbs have forms that don't follow any predictable pattern — you simply have to memorize them. The good news is that the most common ones (ser, ir, haber, etc.) are used so frequently that you learn them quickly through exposure. + + *ser:* soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son (present) — fui, fuiste, fue... (preterite) + *ir:* voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van (present) — fui, fuiste, fue... (preterite, same as ser!) + *haber:* he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han (present auxiliary) + *hacer:* hago (yo present), hice/hizo (preterite) + *decir:* digo (yo present), dije/dijo (preterite) + *tener:* tengo (yo present), tuve (preterite) + *venir:* vengo (yo present), vine (preterite) + + **The "go" verbs — yo forms ending in -go:** Many common verbs have an irregular *yo* form in the present tense that ends in *-go*, while all other persons are regular or follow a stem change. + + *tener → tengo, poner → pongo, salir → salgo, venir → vengo, hacer → hago, decir → digo, traer → traigo, oír → oigo, caer → caigo* + + *Tengo que salir ahora.* — I have to leave now. + *Pongo la mesa antes de cenar.* — I set the table before dinner. + + **Tip:** Use the Irregularity Drills in the Practice tab to focus on each type separately — spelling changes, stem changes, or unique irregulars. + """ + ) }