{
  "chapter_id": "47",
  "slug": "verbs-in-the-present-subjunctive",
  "title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive",
  "time_range_sec": [12921, 13473],
  "summary": "Form the present subjunctive by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings: -ar verbs use -e endings; -er/-ir verbs use -a endings. Five verbs are fully irregular.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "subjunctive-triggers",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Regular verbs — opposite vowel rule",
      "bullets": [
        "-ar verbs take -e endings: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en.",
        "-er and -ir verbs take -a endings: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.",
        "Drop the -o from the yo form of present indicative, then add the opposite endings."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Irregular yo verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "Take the irregular yo stem and apply it to all persons.",
        "tener (tengo) → tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan.",
        "Other examples: hacer→haga, decir→diga, oír→oiga, traer→traiga, venir→venga, ver→vea, conducir→conduzca."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "-car / -gar / -zar spelling changes",
      "bullets": [
        "-car → -que (marcar → marque) to keep hard k sound.",
        "-gar → -gue (pagar → pague) to keep hard g sound.",
        "-zar → -ce (organizar → organice) — z never before e/i in standard spelling."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Stem-changing verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "Same stem changes as the present indicative.",
        "-ar and -er stem-changers: nosotros and vosotros do NOT change.",
        "-ir stem-changers DO change in nosotros/vosotros: pedir → pidamos, sentir → sintamos, dormir → durmamos."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Five fully irregular verbs",
      "bullets": [
        "ser → sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean.",
        "estar → esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén (note accents).",
        "ir → vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan.",
        "saber → sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan.",
        "dar → dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den (dé carries accent vs preposition de).",
        "Also: haber → haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (used for present perfect subjunctive)."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "que yo hable", "en": "(that) I speak", "tags": ["regular-ar"]},
    {"es": "que tú comas", "en": "(that) you eat", "tags": ["regular-er"]},
    {"es": "que él viva", "en": "(that) he live", "tags": ["regular-ir"]},
    {"es": "que nosotros tengamos", "en": "(that) we have", "tags": ["irregular-yo"]},
    {"es": "que ellos digan", "en": "(that) they say", "tags": ["irregular-yo"]},
    {"es": "que yo pague", "en": "(that) I pay", "tags": ["spelling-change"]},
    {"es": "que tú duermas", "en": "(that) you sleep", "tags": ["stem-change"]},
    {"es": "que nosotros durmamos", "en": "(that) we sleep", "tags": ["stem-change-nosotros"]},
    {"es": "que él sea", "en": "(that) he be", "tags": ["irregular"]},
    {"es": "que nosotros vayamos", "en": "(that) we go", "tags": ["irregular"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "marcar", "en": "to mark", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "pagar", "en": "to pay", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "organizar", "en": "to organize", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "conducir", "en": "to drive", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "pedir", "en": "to ask for", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "sentir", "en": "to feel", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dormir", "en": "to sleep", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "hable", "tu": "hables", "el": "hable", "nosotros": "hablemos", "vosotros": "habléis", "ellos": "hablen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "coma", "tu": "comas", "el": "coma", "nosotros": "comamos", "vosotros": "comáis", "ellos": "coman"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "vivir",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "viva", "tu": "vivas", "el": "viva", "nosotros": "vivamos", "vosotros": "viváis", "ellos": "vivan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "tenga", "tu": "tengas", "el": "tenga", "nosotros": "tengamos", "vosotros": "tengáis", "ellos": "tengan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "decir",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "diga", "tu": "digas", "el": "diga", "nosotros": "digamos", "vosotros": "digáis", "ellos": "digan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "conducir",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "conduzca", "tu": "conduzcas", "el": "conduzca", "nosotros": "conduzcamos", "vosotros": "conduzcáis", "ellos": "conduzcan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "pagar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "pague", "tu": "pagues", "el": "pague", "nosotros": "paguemos", "vosotros": "paguéis", "ellos": "paguen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "marcar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "marque", "tu": "marques", "el": "marque", "nosotros": "marquemos", "vosotros": "marquéis", "ellos": "marquen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "organizar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "organice", "tu": "organices", "el": "organice", "nosotros": "organicemos", "vosotros": "organicéis", "ellos": "organicen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "dormir",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "duerma", "tu": "duermas", "el": "duerma", "nosotros": "durmamos", "vosotros": "durmáis", "ellos": "duerman"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "ser",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "sea", "tu": "seas", "el": "sea", "nosotros": "seamos", "vosotros": "seáis", "ellos": "sean"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "estar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "esté", "tu": "estés", "el": "esté", "nosotros": "estemos", "vosotros": "estéis", "ellos": "estén"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "ir",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "vaya", "tu": "vayas", "el": "vaya", "nosotros": "vayamos", "vosotros": "vayáis", "ellos": "vayan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "saber",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "sepa", "tu": "sepas", "el": "sepa", "nosotros": "sepamos", "vosotros": "sepáis", "ellos": "sepan"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "dar",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "dé", "tu": "des", "el": "dé", "nosotros": "demos", "vosotros": "deis", "ellos": "den"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "haber",
      "tense_id": "subj_presente",
      "forms": {"yo": "haya", "tu": "hayas", "el": "haya", "nosotros": "hayamos", "vosotros": "hayáis", "ellos": "hayan"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Quiero que tú _____ ahora. (hablar)", "correct": "hables", "distractor": "hablas", "explanation": "-ar verbs take -e endings in present subjunctive."},
    {"sentence": "Espero que él _____ algo nuevo. (aprender)", "correct": "aprenda", "distractor": "aprende", "explanation": "-er verbs take -a endings."},
    {"sentence": "Es importante que nosotros _____ a tiempo. (llegar)", "correct": "lleguemos", "distractor": "llegamos", "explanation": "-gar → -gue spelling change to keep hard g sound."},
    {"sentence": "Dudo que ella _____ la verdad. (saber)", "correct": "sepa", "distractor": "sabe", "explanation": "saber is one of the 5 fully irregular verbs."},
    {"sentence": "Quiero que tú _____ feliz. (ser)", "correct": "seas", "distractor": "eres", "explanation": "ser → sea, seas, sea…"},
    {"sentence": "Es necesario que él _____ al doctor. (ir)", "correct": "vaya", "distractor": "va", "explanation": "ir → vaya in present subjunctive."},
    {"sentence": "Quiero que nosotros _____ temprano. (dormir)", "correct": "durmamos", "distractor": "dormamos", "explanation": "-ir stem-changer: dormir changes o→u in nosotros."},
    {"sentence": "Recomiendo que tú _____ este texto. (analizar)", "correct": "analices", "distractor": "analizas", "explanation": "-zar → -ce spelling change."},
    {"sentence": "Es bueno que yo _____ paciencia. (tener)", "correct": "tenga", "distractor": "tengo", "explanation": "Irregular yo verb: tengo → tenga across all persons."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR mangled many subjunctive forms (e.g., 'EST' for esté, 'cond' for conduzca). Reconstructed from standard paradigm. Note dé and esté/estés/etc. carry accents."
}
