[
  {
    "sentence": "Yo quiero que tú _____ español. (estudiar)",
    "correct": "estudies",
    "distractor": "estudias",
    "explanation": "querer triggers subjunctive; second clause has a new subject.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es necesario que nosotros _____ aquí. (estar)",
    "correct": "estemos",
    "distractor": "estamos",
    "explanation": "Impersonal expression triggers subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo sé que tú _____ la verdad. (decir)",
    "correct": "dices",
    "distractor": "digas",
    "explanation": "saber states a fact — indicative, not subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Dudo que él _____ a la fiesta. (venir)",
    "correct": "venga",
    "distractor": "viene",
    "explanation": "dudar (Doubt) triggers subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es un hecho que la Tierra _____ redonda. (ser)",
    "correct": "es",
    "distractor": "sea",
    "explanation": "Statement of fact uses indicative.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Espero que tú _____ bien. (estar)",
    "correct": "estés",
    "distractor": "estás",
    "explanation": "esperar (Emotion) triggers subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Recomiendo que ustedes _____ todos los días. (practicar)",
    "correct": "practiquen",
    "distractor": "practican",
    "explanation": "recomendar triggers subjunctive; -car → -quen spelling change.",
    "source_chapter": "46",
    "source_title": "Understanding the Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Quiero que tú _____ ahora. (hablar)",
    "correct": "hables",
    "distractor": "hablas",
    "explanation": "-ar verbs take -e endings in present subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Espero que él _____ algo nuevo. (aprender)",
    "correct": "aprenda",
    "distractor": "aprende",
    "explanation": "-er verbs take -a endings.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es importante que nosotros _____ a tiempo. (llegar)",
    "correct": "lleguemos",
    "distractor": "llegamos",
    "explanation": "-gar → -gue spelling change to keep hard g sound.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Dudo que ella _____ la verdad. (saber)",
    "correct": "sepa",
    "distractor": "sabe",
    "explanation": "saber is one of the 5 fully irregular verbs.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Quiero que tú _____ feliz. (ser)",
    "correct": "seas",
    "distractor": "eres",
    "explanation": "ser → sea, seas, sea…",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es necesario que él _____ al doctor. (ir)",
    "correct": "vaya",
    "distractor": "va",
    "explanation": "ir → vaya in present subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Quiero que nosotros _____ temprano. (dormir)",
    "correct": "durmamos",
    "distractor": "dormamos",
    "explanation": "-ir stem-changer: dormir changes o→u in nosotros.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Recomiendo que tú _____ este texto. (analizar)",
    "correct": "analices",
    "distractor": "analizas",
    "explanation": "-zar → -ce spelling change.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es bueno que yo _____ paciencia. (tener)",
    "correct": "tenga",
    "distractor": "tengo",
    "explanation": "Irregular yo verb: tengo → tenga across all persons.",
    "source_chapter": "47",
    "source_title": "Verbs in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Tú esperas que yo _____ el libro. (comprar)",
    "correct": "compre",
    "distractor": "compro",
    "explanation": "esperar (Emotion) triggers subjunctive; -ar takes -e.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Ella desea que nosotros _____ más. (escribir)",
    "correct": "escribamos",
    "distractor": "escribimos",
    "explanation": "-ir verb in subjunctive takes -a endings.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Te recomendamos que tú _____ este coche. (conducir)",
    "correct": "conduzcas",
    "distractor": "conduces",
    "explanation": "Irregular yo: conduzco → conduzcas.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Ellos dudan que él _____ mucho. (decir)",
    "correct": "diga",
    "distractor": "dice",
    "explanation": "Irregular yo: digo → diga.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es bueno que ella _____ feliz. (ser)",
    "correct": "sea",
    "distractor": "es",
    "explanation": "Impersonal expression triggers subjunctive; ser → sea.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es triste que ellos _____ sin decir adiós. (ir)",
    "correct": "vayan",
    "distractor": "van",
    "explanation": "ir is fully irregular: vayan.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo quiero que él _____ con sus amigos. (jugar)",
    "correct": "juegue",
    "distractor": "juega",
    "explanation": "Stem change u→ue plus -gar spelling change to gu.",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es importante que tú me lo _____ ahora. (dar)",
    "correct": "des",
    "distractor": "das",
    "explanation": "dar is fully irregular: dé, des, dé…",
    "source_chapter": "48",
    "source_title": "Examples in the Present Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo quería que tú _____ conmigo.",
    "correct": "hablaras",
    "distractor": "hablas",
    "explanation": "Querer in imperfect triggers past subjunctive in the subordinate clause.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Si yo _____ rico, compraría una casa.",
    "correct": "fuera",
    "distractor": "soy",
    "explanation": "Contrary-to-fact si-clauses use the past subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Ella esperaba que yo _____ encontrarlo.",
    "correct": "pudiera",
    "distractor": "puedo",
    "explanation": "Esperar in past + W.E.I.R.D. trigger requires past subjunctive of poder.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Ellos dudaban que él _____ lo que era.",
    "correct": "supiera",
    "distractor": "sabía",
    "explanation": "Dudar (Doubt) triggers subjunctive; past frame requires past subjunctive of saber.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Era necesario que nosotros _____ a la escuela.",
    "correct": "fuéramos",
    "distractor": "íbamos",
    "explanation": "Impersonal expression in past + ir uses fuéramos (note accent on nosotros form).",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Tú tenías miedo de que él te lo _____.",
    "correct": "diera",
    "distractor": "dio",
    "explanation": "Emotion in past triggers past subjunctive; dar → diera.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Necesitábamos que tú lo _____ aquí.",
    "correct": "pusieras",
    "distractor": "pones",
    "explanation": "Past necesitar + W.E.I.R.D. trigger; poner → pusieras.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo esperaba que ellos _____ un perro.",
    "correct": "tuvieran",
    "distractor": "tienen",
    "explanation": "Esperar in imperfect requires past subjunctive of tener.",
    "source_chapter": "49",
    "source_title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo espero que tú _____ dormido bien.",
    "correct": "hayas",
    "distractor": "has",
    "explanation": "Esperar triggers subjunctive; haber must be in present subjunctive (hayas).",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es posible que nosotros _____ hecho algo malo.",
    "correct": "hayamos",
    "distractor": "hemos",
    "explanation": "Impersonal expression triggers subjunctive form of haber.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "No creemos que tú hayas _____ mucho.",
    "correct": "comido",
    "distractor": "comer",
    "explanation": "After haya- forms you need a past participle, not an infinitive.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es triste que él no lo _____ pasado.",
    "correct": "haya",
    "distractor": "ha",
    "explanation": "Emotion (es triste) triggers subjunctive; the object pronoun lo goes before haya.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es imposible que ellos hayan _____ un libro.",
    "correct": "escrito",
    "distractor": "escribido",
    "explanation": "Escribir has the irregular past participle escrito.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Es una lástima que ellos no me lo _____ dado.",
    "correct": "hayan",
    "distractor": "han",
    "explanation": "Impersonal triggers subjunctive; both pronouns precede the haber form.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Ella duda que nosotros _____ venido tan rápido.",
    "correct": "hayamos",
    "distractor": "habíamos",
    "explanation": "Dudar triggers subjunctive in the present, not the past — use hayamos.",
    "source_chapter": "50",
    "source_title": "Present Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Yo dudaba que tú _____ llegado.",
    "correct": "hubieras",
    "distractor": "habías",
    "explanation": "Dudar in past triggers past perfect subjunctive of haber.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "No había nadie que _____ dormido.",
    "correct": "hubiera",
    "distractor": "había",
    "explanation": "Negative antecedent (nadie) plus past frame requires past perfect subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "No era cierto que yo lo _____ llamado.",
    "correct": "hubiera",
    "distractor": "había",
    "explanation": "Impersonal negation triggers subjunctive; the object pronoun lo precedes hubiera.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Si tú _____ estudiado, habrías aprobado.",
    "correct": "hubieras",
    "distractor": "habías",
    "explanation": "Past contrary-to-fact si-clause uses past perfect subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "Tú esperabas que él _____ ganado el juego.",
    "correct": "hubiera",
    "distractor": "ha",
    "explanation": "Esperar in past + past-of-past meaning needs hubiera + past participle.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  },
  {
    "sentence": "¿Había alguien que _____ visto la película?",
    "correct": "hubiera",
    "distractor": "ha",
    "explanation": "Indefinite/uncertain antecedent in past triggers past perfect subjunctive.",
    "source_chapter": "51",
    "source_title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive"
  }
]