# 38. Past Participles As Adjectives

> Source: [A Complete Guide To Every Fundamental In Spanish (The Conclusion)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=10646s)

Past participles in Spanish (`hablado`, `comido`, `vivido`) can act as adjectives describing the condition of a noun. As adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the noun and are typically paired with `estar`.

## Key Rules
- **Regular -ar** → drop `-ar`, add `-ado`: `hablar → hablado`.
- **Regular -er/-ir** → drop ending, add `-ido`: `comer → comido`, `vivir → vivido`.
- **-er/-ir with two vowels** require an accent on the `í`: `caer → caído`, `creer → creído`, `leer → leído`, `oír → oído`, `reír → reído`, `sonreír → sonreído`, `traer → traído`.
- **Common irregulars**: `abierto, dicho, descrito, descubierto, escrito, hecho, muerto, puesto, resuelto, roto, visto, vuelto, cubierto`.
- **As adjective**: must agree in gender/number — `cerrada, cerrados, cerradas`. Place after the noun: `la puerta cerrada`.
- **With estar**: describes a current state — `La puerta está cerrada` (it's closed right now).
- **Position**: as a regular adjective it follows the noun (`el libro abierto`).

## Conjugation / Pattern Tables

### Irregular past participles
| Infinitive | Participle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| abrir | abierto | opened |
| decir | dicho | said/told |
| describir | descrito | described |
| descubrir | descubierto | discovered |
| escribir | escrito | written |
| hacer | hecho | done/made |
| morir | muerto | dead |
| poner | puesto | put |
| resolver | resuelto | resolved |
| romper | roto | broken |
| ver | visto | seen |
| volver | vuelto | returned |
| cubrir | cubierto | covered |

## Examples
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| Yo cerré la puerta. | I closed the door. |
| La puerta está cerrada. | The door is closed. |
| La puerta cerrada. | The closed door. |
| El libro está abierto. | The book is open. |
| El libro abierto. | The open book. |
| Los textos están escritos. | The texts are written. |
| Los textos escritos. | The written texts. |
| La cama está hecha. | The bed is made. |
| El problema está resuelto. | The problem is resolved. |
| Mis respuestas están completas. | My answers are completed. |
| El día está muerto. | The day is dead. |
| El Día de los Muertos. | The Day of the Dead. |

## Notes & Gotchas
- Distinguish *I finished* (preterite: `Yo terminé`) from *I am finished* (state: `Yo estoy terminado/a`).
- Compound verb past participles do NOT agree in gender/number with `haber` — only when used as adjectives.
- Always pair condition descriptions with `estar`, not `ser` (state vs. essence).
