# 07. The Verb "Estar"

> Source: [video link](https://youtube.com/watch?v=YHDZSHCt1DE&t=1568s)

*Estar* is the second Spanish verb meaning "to be." It conjugates almost like a regular -ar verb but has an irregular *yo* form (*estoy*) and accent marks on *estás, está, están* to disambiguate it from demonstratives. While *ser* covers factual identity, *estar* covers what's happening **right now** — the present progressive, location, and conditions/emotions.

## Key Rules
- *Estar* covers three primary uses:
  1. **Present progressive** — *Yo estoy hablando.* (See Chapter 6.)
  2. **Location / spatial relationship** — *¿Dónde estás? / Yo estoy en la casa. / Yo estoy al lado de la casa.*
  3. **Health, conditions, and emotions** — temporary states that change over time. *Yo estoy feliz. / Tú estás ocupado. / Las puertas están abiertas.*
- Common rule of thumb: **estar = right now, will likely change**. Compare to *ser* = factual / unchanging identity.
- Accents are essential on *estás*, *está*, *están* because without them they collide with demonstratives:
  - *estás* (you are) vs *estas* (these, fem.).
  - *está* (he/she is) vs *esta* (this, fem.).
- The *yo* form is *estoy* (with -y) to avoid colliding with the demonstrative *esto* ("this," neutral).
- Adjective contrast (the classic ser/estar trap):
  - *Él es alto.* — He is tall (factual, physical trait).
  - *Yo estoy feliz.* — I am happy (emotion, will change).
  - *Él está alto.* would mean "He is feeling tall" (i.e., looks taller than usual) — almost never what you mean.
  - *Yo soy feliz.* would mean "I am a happy person in general" (a permanent characterization).
- A bonus minor use: **weather expressions** with *estar*: *Está nublado* (it's cloudy). *Hace* covers most other weather.

## Conjugation: estar (present indicative)

| Pronoun | Form |
|---------|------|
| yo | estoy |
| tú | estás |
| él / ella / usted | está |
| nosotros/as | estamos |
| vosotros/as | estáis |
| ellos/as / ustedes | están |

## Examples by Use

### Present progressive
| Spanish | English |
|---------|---------|
| Él está corriendo. | He is running. |
| Tú estás pensando. | You are thinking. |

### Location
| Spanish | English |
|---------|---------|
| ¿Dónde estás (tú)? | Where are you? |
| Yo estoy en la casa. | I am in the house. |
| Yo estoy al lado de la casa. | I am next to the house. |

### Conditions / emotions / health
| Spanish | English |
|---------|---------|
| Yo estoy bien. | I am good / fine. |
| Tú estás ocupado/a. | You are busy. |
| Las puertas están abiertas. | The doors are open. |
| Yo estoy feliz. | I am happy (right now). |

### Weather
| Spanish | English |
|---------|---------|
| Está nublado. | It is cloudy. |

## Notes & Gotchas
- *estoy* (I am) vs *esto* (this — neutral demonstrative): the final -y of estoy keeps them distinct.
- *estás* / *está* / *están* MUST be written with accents — without them you have demonstratives, not verb forms.
- Some textbooks teach "ser = permanent / estar = temporary" — that's a useful shorthand, but the deeper distinction is **factual identity (ser) vs. current state or location (estar)**.
- Adjectives describing emotion almost always go with *estar* (feliz, triste, enojado, cansado, ocupado, enfermo).
