{
  "chapter_id": "51",
  "slug": "past-perfect-subjunctive",
  "title": "Past Perfect Subjunctive",
  "time_range_sec": [14549, 14730],
  "summary": "The past perfect (pluperfect) subjunctive uses the past subjunctive of haber (hubiera/hubiese series) plus a past participle to express what had happened in the subjunctive form. Both clauses must be in the past, and it commonly appears in past contrary-to-fact si-clauses.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "subjunctive-triggers",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "Formation",
      "bullets": [
        "Past subjunctive of haber + past participle.",
        "Two equivalent endings: hubiera/hubieras/hubiera/hubiéramos/hubierais/hubieran OR hubiese/hubieses/hubiese/hubiésemos/hubieseis/hubiesen."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "When to use",
      "bullets": [
        "Triggered by W.E.I.R.D. verbs in the past (preterite/imperfect).",
        "Refers to an action completed before another past action.",
        "Used in past contrary-to-fact si-clauses (Si hubiera sabido, lo habría dicho)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Word order",
      "bullets": [
        "haber + past participle is inseparable.",
        "Negatives and object pronouns go before the hubiera form: 'que yo lo hubiera llamado'."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo dudaba que tú hubieras llegado.", "en": "I doubted that you had arrived.", "tags": ["doubt"]},
    {"es": "Tú esperabas que él hubiera ganado el juego.", "en": "You hoped that he had won the game.", "tags": ["esperar-trigger"]},
    {"es": "¿Había alguien que hubiera visto la película?", "en": "Was there anybody who had seen the movie?", "tags": ["question", "irregular-pp"]},
    {"es": "No había nadie que hubiera dormido.", "en": "There was no one who had slept.", "tags": ["double-negative"]},
    {"es": "No era cierto que yo lo hubiera llamado.", "en": "It was not true that I had called him.", "tags": ["impersonal", "object-pronoun"]},
    {"es": "Era imposible que hubiéramos hecho eso.", "en": "It was impossible that we had done that.", "tags": ["impersonal", "irregular-pp"]},
    {"es": "Ella no creía que ellos hubieran venido.", "en": "She didn't believe that they had come.", "tags": ["doubt"]},
    {"es": "Si hubieras estudiado, habrías aprobado.", "en": "If you had studied, you would have passed.", "tags": ["si-clause", "contrary-to-fact"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "llegar", "en": "to arrive", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "ganar", "en": "to win", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "película", "en": "movie", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "cierto", "en": "true/certain", "pos": "adj"},
    {"es": "llamar", "en": "to call", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "nadie", "en": "no one", "pos": "noun"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "haber",
      "tense_id": "subj_pluscuamperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hubiera", "tu": "hubieras", "el": "hubiera", "nosotros": "hubiéramos", "vosotros": "hubierais", "ellos": "hubieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "haber",
      "tense_id": "subj_pluscuamperfecto_2",
      "forms": {"yo": "hubiese", "tu": "hubieses", "el": "hubiese", "nosotros": "hubiésemos", "vosotros": "hubieseis", "ellos": "hubiesen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "subj_pluscuamperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hubiera hablado", "tu": "hubieras hablado", "el": "hubiera hablado", "nosotros": "hubiéramos hablado", "vosotros": "hubierais hablado", "ellos": "hubieran hablado"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "subj_pluscuamperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hubiera comido", "tu": "hubieras comido", "el": "hubiera comido", "nosotros": "hubiéramos comido", "vosotros": "hubierais comido", "ellos": "hubieran comido"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "vivir",
      "tense_id": "subj_pluscuamperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hubiera vivido", "tu": "hubieras vivido", "el": "hubiera vivido", "nosotros": "hubiéramos vivido", "vosotros": "hubierais vivido", "ellos": "hubieran vivido"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo dudaba que tú _____ llegado.", "correct": "hubieras", "distractor": "habías", "explanation": "Dudar in past triggers past perfect subjunctive of haber."},
    {"sentence": "No había nadie que _____ dormido.", "correct": "hubiera", "distractor": "había", "explanation": "Negative antecedent (nadie) plus past frame requires past perfect subjunctive."},
    {"sentence": "No era cierto que yo lo _____ llamado.", "correct": "hubiera", "distractor": "había", "explanation": "Impersonal negation triggers subjunctive; the object pronoun lo precedes hubiera."},
    {"sentence": "Si tú _____ estudiado, habrías aprobado.", "correct": "hubieras", "distractor": "habías", "explanation": "Past contrary-to-fact si-clause uses past perfect subjunctive."},
    {"sentence": "Tú esperabas que él _____ ganado el juego.", "correct": "hubiera", "distractor": "ha", "explanation": "Esperar in past + past-of-past meaning needs hubiera + past participle."},
    {"sentence": "¿Había alguien que _____ visto la película?", "correct": "hubiera", "distractor": "ha", "explanation": "Indefinite/uncertain antecedent in past triggers past perfect subjunctive."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR garbled hubiera/hubiéramos repeatedly (e.g., 'hubié amg', 'hu¥ieran') and dropped tildes; reconstructed from standard conjugation."
}
