{
  "chapter_id": "49",
  "slug": "past-subjunctive",
  "title": "Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)",
  "time_range_sec": [13867, 14313],
  "summary": "The past (imperfect) subjunctive expresses W.E.I.R.D.-triggered states and conditions when the main clause is in the preterite or imperfect. It has two interchangeable endings (-ra and -se), formed from the 3rd-person-plural preterite stem.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "subjunctive-triggers",
  "rules": [
    {
      "title": "When to use",
      "bullets": [
        "Triggered by a W.E.I.R.D. verb (Wish, Emotion, Impersonal, Recommendation, Doubt) in the preterite or imperfect.",
        "Whole sentence must be in the past — both main and subordinate clauses are past tense.",
        "Also used in contrary-to-fact si-clauses (Si yo fuera rico…)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Formation",
      "bullets": [
        "Take the 3rd-person plural preterite, drop -ron, add -ra/-ras/-ra/-ramos/-rais/-ran (or -se/-ses/-se/-semos/-seis/-sen).",
        "The nosotros form always has an accent on the stem vowel: habláramos, comiéramos, fuéramos.",
        "-ra forms dominate spoken Spanish; -se forms are more literary/Iberian."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Word order",
      "bullets": [
        "Negatives and object pronouns go before the conjugated verb: que él te lo diera, que no lo supiera."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo quería que tú hablaras conmigo.", "en": "I wanted you to speak with me.", "tags": ["regular-ar", "querer-trigger"]},
    {"es": "Esperábamos que él hablara en la reunión.", "en": "We hoped that he spoke in the meeting.", "tags": ["esperar-trigger"]},
    {"es": "Ella decidió que comiéramos algo.", "en": "She decided that we eat something.", "tags": ["regular-er"]},
    {"es": "Tú insististe que yo corriera por las mañanas.", "en": "You insisted that I run in the mornings.", "tags": ["regular-er"]},
    {"es": "Ellos me recomendaron que yo escribiera una carta.", "en": "They recommended that I write a letter.", "tags": ["recommendation"]},
    {"es": "Yo necesitaba que tú recibieras este mensaje.", "en": "I needed you to receive this message.", "tags": ["regular-ir"]},
    {"es": "Tú tenías miedo de que él te lo diera.", "en": "You were afraid that he gave you it.", "tags": ["irregular-dar", "object-pronouns"]},
    {"es": "Él deseaba que dijéramos algo sobre eso.", "en": "He desired that we say something about that.", "tags": ["irregular-decir"]},
    {"es": "Dudamos que tú estuvieras hablando.", "en": "We doubted that you were speaking.", "tags": ["irregular-estar", "progressive"]},
    {"es": "Ellos querían que tú hicieras la cama.", "en": "They wanted you to make the bed.", "tags": ["irregular-hacer"]},
    {"es": "Yo esperaba que tú fueras a la escuela.", "en": "I hoped that you went to school.", "tags": ["irregular-ir"]},
    {"es": "Tú querías que yo fuera feliz.", "en": "You wanted me to be happy.", "tags": ["irregular-ser"]},
    {"es": "Ella esperaba que yo pudiera encontrarlo.", "en": "She hoped that I could find it.", "tags": ["irregular-poder", "object-pronouns"]},
    {"es": "Necesitábamos que tú lo pusieras aquí.", "en": "We needed you to put it here.", "tags": ["irregular-poner"]},
    {"es": "Ellos dudaban que él supiera lo que era.", "en": "They doubted that he knew what it was.", "tags": ["irregular-saber"]},
    {"es": "Era necesario que fuéramos a la escuela.", "en": "It was necessary that we go to school.", "tags": ["impersonal-trigger"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "querer", "en": "to want", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "esperar", "en": "to hope/wait", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "dudar", "en": "to doubt", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "necesitar", "en": "to need", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "recomendar", "en": "to recommend", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "tener miedo de", "en": "to be afraid of", "pos": "phrase"},
    {"es": "reunión", "en": "meeting", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "carta", "en": "letter", "pos": "noun"},
    {"es": "mensaje", "en": "message", "pos": "noun"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hablara", "tu": "hablaras", "el": "hablara", "nosotros": "habláramos", "vosotros": "hablarais", "ellos": "hablaran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hablar",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_2",
      "forms": {"yo": "hablase", "tu": "hablases", "el": "hablase", "nosotros": "hablásemos", "vosotros": "hablaseis", "ellos": "hablasen"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "comer",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "comiera", "tu": "comieras", "el": "comiera", "nosotros": "comiéramos", "vosotros": "comierais", "ellos": "comieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "vivir",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "viviera", "tu": "vivieras", "el": "viviera", "nosotros": "viviéramos", "vosotros": "vivierais", "ellos": "vivieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "ser",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "fuera", "tu": "fueras", "el": "fuera", "nosotros": "fuéramos", "vosotros": "fuerais", "ellos": "fueran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "ir",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "fuera", "tu": "fueras", "el": "fuera", "nosotros": "fuéramos", "vosotros": "fuerais", "ellos": "fueran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "tener",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "tuviera", "tu": "tuvieras", "el": "tuviera", "nosotros": "tuviéramos", "vosotros": "tuvierais", "ellos": "tuvieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "hacer",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "hiciera", "tu": "hicieras", "el": "hiciera", "nosotros": "hiciéramos", "vosotros": "hicierais", "ellos": "hicieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "decir",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "dijera", "tu": "dijeras", "el": "dijera", "nosotros": "dijéramos", "vosotros": "dijerais", "ellos": "dijeran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "poder",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "pudiera", "tu": "pudieras", "el": "pudiera", "nosotros": "pudiéramos", "vosotros": "pudierais", "ellos": "pudieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "saber",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "supiera", "tu": "supieras", "el": "supiera", "nosotros": "supiéramos", "vosotros": "supierais", "ellos": "supieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "estar",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "estuviera", "tu": "estuvieras", "el": "estuviera", "nosotros": "estuviéramos", "vosotros": "estuvierais", "ellos": "estuvieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "venir",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "viniera", "tu": "vinieras", "el": "viniera", "nosotros": "viniéramos", "vosotros": "vinierais", "ellos": "vinieran"}
    },
    {
      "verb": "dar",
      "tense_id": "subj_imperfecto_1",
      "forms": {"yo": "diera", "tu": "dieras", "el": "diera", "nosotros": "diéramos", "vosotros": "dierais", "ellos": "dieran"}
    }
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Yo quería que tú _____ conmigo.", "correct": "hablaras", "distractor": "hablas", "explanation": "Querer in imperfect triggers past subjunctive in the subordinate clause."},
    {"sentence": "Si yo _____ rico, compraría una casa.", "correct": "fuera", "distractor": "soy", "explanation": "Contrary-to-fact si-clauses use the past subjunctive."},
    {"sentence": "Ella esperaba que yo _____ encontrarlo.", "correct": "pudiera", "distractor": "puedo", "explanation": "Esperar in past + W.E.I.R.D. trigger requires past subjunctive of poder."},
    {"sentence": "Ellos dudaban que él _____ lo que era.", "correct": "supiera", "distractor": "sabía", "explanation": "Dudar (Doubt) triggers subjunctive; past frame requires past subjunctive of saber."},
    {"sentence": "Era necesario que nosotros _____ a la escuela.", "correct": "fuéramos", "distractor": "íbamos", "explanation": "Impersonal expression in past + ir uses fuéramos (note accent on nosotros form)."},
    {"sentence": "Tú tenías miedo de que él te lo _____.", "correct": "diera", "distractor": "dio", "explanation": "Emotion in past triggers past subjunctive; dar → diera."},
    {"sentence": "Necesitábamos que tú lo _____ aquí.", "correct": "pusieras", "distractor": "pones", "explanation": "Past necesitar + W.E.I.R.D. trigger; poner → pusieras."},
    {"sentence": "Yo esperaba que ellos _____ un perro.", "correct": "tuvieran", "distractor": "tienen", "explanation": "Esperar in imperfect requires past subjunctive of tener."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR mangled accents and several Spanish phrases (e.g., 'noos'/'aan' for nosotros/han, 'predate' for preterite, missing tildes); restored from standard conjugation rules."
}
