{
  "chapter_id": "27",
  "slug": "irregular-verbs-in-the-past-part-1",
  "title": "Irregular Verbs in the Past - Part 1",
  "time_range_sec": [6872, 7316],
  "summary": "A large class of Spanish verbs uses irregular preterite stems (tuv-, estuv-, anduv-, pus-, conduj-, dij-, traj-, hic-, vin-) with shared unstressed endings -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -(i)eron.",
  "suggested_grammar_note_id": "preterite-vs-imperfect",
  "rules": [
    {"title": "Shared endings", "bullets": ["All irregular preterite verbs use: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron.", "No written accents on yo or él/ella forms (unlike regular preterites)."]},
    {"title": "j-stem verbs", "bullets": ["Verbs with stems ending in -j (decir → dij-, traer → traj-, conducir → conduj-) take -eron instead of -ieron.", "Example: dijeron (not dijieron), trajeron, condujeron."]},
    {"title": "hacer's spelling change", "bullets": ["Él/ella form: hizo (with z), not 'hico'.", "The c→z change preserves the soft 's' sound before o."]},
    {"title": "Verbs with prefixes", "bullets": ["Compound verbs follow the same pattern: detener → detuve, proponer → propuse, predecir → predije, prevenir → previne."]}
  ],
  "examples": [
    {"es": "Yo tuve un gato.", "en": "I had a cat.", "tags": ["tener", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Tú tuviste que hacer tu tarea.", "en": "You had to do your homework.", "tags": ["tener", "tener-que"]},
    {"es": "Estuve en Madrid con él.", "en": "I was in Madrid with him.", "tags": ["estar", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Yo puse mi teléfono aquí.", "en": "I put my phone here.", "tags": ["poner", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "¿Dónde pusiste mi camisa?", "en": "Where did you put my shirt?", "tags": ["poner", "question"]},
    {"es": "Yo te dije que voy a estar allí.", "en": "I told you I'm going to be there.", "tags": ["decir", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Él me dijo eso ayer.", "en": "He told me that yesterday.", "tags": ["decir", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Ellos nos dijeron que están ahí.", "en": "They told us they're there.", "tags": ["decir", "j-stem"]},
    {"es": "¿Qué hiciste ayer?", "en": "What did you do yesterday?", "tags": ["hacer", "question"]},
    {"es": "Yo hice mi tarea.", "en": "I did my homework.", "tags": ["hacer", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Nosotros hicimos la cama.", "en": "We made the bed.", "tags": ["hacer", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Ellos hicieron un pastel para nosotros.", "en": "They made a cake for us.", "tags": ["hacer", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "¿De dónde viniste?", "en": "Where did you come from?", "tags": ["venir", "question"]},
    {"es": "Yo vine de mi casa.", "en": "I came from my house.", "tags": ["venir", "preterite"]},
    {"es": "Yo conduje al trabajo.", "en": "I drove to work.", "tags": ["conducir", "preterite"]}
  ],
  "vocab": [
    {"es": "tener", "en": "to have", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "estar", "en": "to be (location/condition)", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "andar", "en": "to walk", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "poner", "en": "to put", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "conducir", "en": "to drive", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "traducir", "en": "to translate", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "producir", "en": "to produce", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "decir", "en": "to say/tell", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "traer", "en": "to bring", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "hacer", "en": "to do/make", "pos": "verb"},
    {"es": "venir", "en": "to come", "pos": "verb"}
  ],
  "conjugation_tables": [
    {"verb": "tener", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"tuve","tu":"tuviste","el":"tuvo","nosotros":"tuvimos","vosotros":"tuvisteis","ellos":"tuvieron"}},
    {"verb": "estar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"estuve","tu":"estuviste","el":"estuvo","nosotros":"estuvimos","vosotros":"estuvisteis","ellos":"estuvieron"}},
    {"verb": "andar", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"anduve","tu":"anduviste","el":"anduvo","nosotros":"anduvimos","vosotros":"anduvisteis","ellos":"anduvieron"}},
    {"verb": "poner", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"puse","tu":"pusiste","el":"puso","nosotros":"pusimos","vosotros":"pusisteis","ellos":"pusieron"}},
    {"verb": "conducir", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"conduje","tu":"condujiste","el":"condujo","nosotros":"condujimos","vosotros":"condujisteis","ellos":"condujeron"}},
    {"verb": "decir", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"dije","tu":"dijiste","el":"dijo","nosotros":"dijimos","vosotros":"dijisteis","ellos":"dijeron"}},
    {"verb": "traer", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"traje","tu":"trajiste","el":"trajo","nosotros":"trajimos","vosotros":"trajisteis","ellos":"trajeron"}},
    {"verb": "hacer", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"hice","tu":"hiciste","el":"hizo","nosotros":"hicimos","vosotros":"hicisteis","ellos":"hicieron"}},
    {"verb": "venir", "tense_id": "ind_preterito", "forms": {"yo":"vine","tu":"viniste","el":"vino","nosotros":"vinimos","vosotros":"vinisteis","ellos":"vinieron"}}
  ],
  "exercises": [
    {"sentence": "Ayer yo _____ que trabajar mucho. (tener)", "correct": "tuve", "distractor": "tení", "explanation": "Preterite of tener uses tuv- stem: tuve."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ en la playa el verano pasado. (estar)", "correct": "estuvimos", "distractor": "estábamos", "explanation": "Preterite of estar uses estuv-: estuvimos. 'Estábamos' is imperfect."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ las llaves en la mesa. (poner)", "correct": "puse", "distractor": "ponía", "explanation": "Preterite of poner uses pus-: puse."},
    {"sentence": "Ellos me _____ la verdad. (decir)", "correct": "dijeron", "distractor": "dijieron", "explanation": "j-stem verbs take -eron, not -ieron: dijeron."},
    {"sentence": "¿Qué _____ tú anoche? (hacer)", "correct": "hiciste", "distractor": "hizo", "explanation": "Tú preterite of hacer = hiciste."},
    {"sentence": "Ella _____ un pastel para mi cumpleaños. (hacer)", "correct": "hizo", "distractor": "hico", "explanation": "Él/ella form of hacer is hizo (with z) to preserve the soft sound."},
    {"sentence": "Yo _____ tarde a la fiesta. (venir)", "correct": "vine", "distractor": "vení", "explanation": "Preterite of venir uses vin-: vine."},
    {"sentence": "Nosotros _____ comida a la fiesta. (traer)", "correct": "trajimos", "distractor": "traímos", "explanation": "Preterite of traer uses traj-: trajimos."},
    {"sentence": "Tú _____ el coche al taller. (conducir)", "correct": "condujiste", "distractor": "conduciste", "explanation": "Preterite of conducir uses conduj-: condujiste."}
  ],
  "caveats": "OCR garbled stems (e.g. 'tovo' for tuvo, 'EST' for estuv-); reconstructed standard irregular preterite stems."
}
